Nondestructive testing

Nondestructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis

techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the
properties of a material, component or system without causing
damage.[1] The terms nondestructive examination (NDE),
nondestructive inspection (NDI), and nondestructive evaluation
(NDE) are also commonly used to describe this technology.[2]
Because NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected,
it is a highly valuable technique that can save both money and time in
product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. The six most
frequently used NDT methods are eddy-current, magnetic-particle, X-ray vault used in Radiography
liquid penetrant, radiographic, ultrasonic, and visual testing.[3] NDT is
commonly used in forensic engineering, mechanical engineering,
petroleum engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, systems engineering, aeronautical engineering,
medicine, and art.[1] Innovations in the field of nondestructive testing have had a profound impact on medical
imaging, including on echocardiography, medical ultrasonography, and digital radiography.

NDT methods rely upon use of electromagnetic radiation, sound and other signal conversions to examine a
wide variety of articles (metallic and non-metallic, food-product, artifacts and antiquities, infrastructure) for
integrity, composition, or condition with no alteration of the article undergoing examination. Visual inspection
(VT), the most commonly applied NDT method, is quite often enhanced by the use of magnification,
borescopes, cameras, or other optical arrangements for direct or remote viewing. The internal structure of a
sample can be examined for a volumetric inspection with penetrating radiation (RT), such as X-rays, neutrons
or gamma radiation. Sound waves are utilized in the case of ultrasonic testing (UT), another volumetric NDT
method – the mechanical signal (sound) being reflected by conditions in the test article and evaluated for
amplitude and distance from the search unit (transducer). Another commonly used NDT method used on
ferrous materials involves the application of fine iron particles (either suspended in liquid or dry powder –
fluorescent or colored) that are applied to a part while it is magnetized, either continually or residually. The
particles will be attracted to leakage fields of magnetism on or in the test object, and form indications (particle
collection) on the object's surface, which are evaluated visually. Contrast and probability of detection for a
visual examination by the unaided eye is often enhanced by using liquids to penetrate the test article surface,
allowing for visualization of flaws or other surface conditions. This method (liquid penetrant testing) (PT)
involves using dyes, fluorescent or colored (typically red), suspended in fluids and is used for non-magnetic
materials, usually metals.

Analyzing and documenting a nondestructive failure mode can also be accomplished using a high-speed
camera recording continuously (movie-loop) until the failure is detected. Detecting the failure can be
accomplished using a sound detector or stress gauge which produces a signal to trigger the high-speed camera.
These high-speed cameras have advanced recording modes to capture some non-destructive failures.[4] After
the failure the high-speed camera will stop recording. The captured images can be played back in slow motion
showing precisely what happened before, during and after the nondestructive event, image by image.

Contents
Applications
Weld verification
Structural mechanics
 Relation to medical procedures
Notable events in academic and industrial NDT
ISO 9712:2012 — Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT
personnel
Methods and techniques
Personnel training, qualification and certification
Certification schemes
Levels of certification
Terminology
Reliability and statistics
See also
References
Bibliography

Applications
NDT is used in a variety of settings that covers a wide range of industrial activity, with new NDT methods and
applications, being continuously developed. Nondestructive testing methods are routinely applied in industries
where a failure of a component would cause significant hazard or economic loss, such as in transportation,
pressure vessels, building structures, piping, and hoisting equipment.

Weld verification

In manufacturing, welds are commonly used to join two or more metal parts. Because these connections may
encounter loads and fatigue during product lifetime, there is a chance that they may fail if not created to proper
specification. For example, the base metal must reach a certain temperature during the welding process, must
cool at a specific rate, and must be welded with compatible materials or the joint may not be strong enough to
hold the parts together, or cracks may form in the weld causing it to fail. The typical welding defects (lack of
fusion of the weld to the base metal, cracks or porosity inside the weld, and variations in weld density) could
cause a structure to break or a pipeline to rupture.

Welds may be tested using NDT techniques such as industrial radiography or industrial CT scanning using X-
rays or gamma rays, ultrasonic testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle inspection or via eddy
current. In a proper weld, these tests would indicate a lack of cracks in the radiograph, show clear passage of
sound through the weld and back, or indicate a clear surface without penetrant captured in cracks.

Welding techniques may also be actively monitored with acoustic emission techniques before production to
design the best set of parameters to use to properly join two materials.[5] In the case of high stress or safety
critical welds, weld monitoring will be employed to confirm the specified welding parameters (arc current, arc
voltage, travel speed, heat input etc.) are being adhered to those stated in the welding procedure. This verifies
the weld as correct to procedure prior to nondestructive evaluation and metallurgy tests. The American
Welding Society (AWS) has a Certified Welding Inspector Certification (https://www.aws.org/certification/pag
e/certified-welding-inspector-2) for professional welders preforming NDT inspections.

Structural mechanics
Structure can be complex systems that undergo different loads
during their lifetime, e.g. Lithium-ion batteries.[6] Some complex
structures, such as the turbo machinery in a liquid-fuel rocket,
can also cost millions of dollars. Engineers will commonly model
these structures as coupled second-order systems, approximating
dynamic structure components with springs, masses, and
dampers. The resulting sets of differential equations are then used
to derive a transfer function that models the behavior of the
system.

In NDT, the structure undergoes a dynamic input, such as the tap

of a hammer or a controlled impulse. Key properties, such as
displacement or acceleration at different points of the structure,
are measured as the corresponding output. This output is
recorded and compared to the corresponding output given by the
transfer function and the known input. Differences may indicate 1. Section of material with a
an inappropriate model (which may alert engineers to surface-breaking crack that is
unpredicted instabilities or performance outside of tolerances), not visible to the naked eye.
failed components, or an inadequate control system.
2. Penetrant is applied to the
Reference standards, which are structures that intentionally surface.
flawed in order to be compared with components intended for 3. Excess penetrant is removed.
use in the field, are often used in NDT. Reference standards can
4. Developer is applied, rendering
be with many NDT techniques, such as UT,[7] RT[8] and VT.
the crack visible.

Relation to medical procedures

Several NDT methods are related to clinical procedures, such as radiography,

ultrasonic testing, and visual testing. Technological improvements or upgrades in
these NDT methods have migrated over from medical equipment advances,
including digital radiography (DR), phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), and
endoscopy (borescope or assisted visual inspection).

Notable events in academic and industrial NDT

Chest radiography
1854 Hartford, Connecticut – A boiler at the Fales and Gray Car indicating a peripheral
works explodes,[9][10] killing 21 people and seriously injuring 50. bronchial carcinoma.
Within a decade, the State of Connecticut passes a law requiring
annual inspection (in this case visual) of boilers.
1880–1920 – The "Oil and Whiting" method of crack detection[11] is used in the railroad
industry to find cracks in heavy steel parts. (A part is soaked in thinned oil, then painted with a
white coating that dries to a powder. Oil seeping out from cracks turns the white powder brown,
allowing the cracks to be detected.) This was the precursor to modern liquid penetrant tests.
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers what are now known as X-rays. In his first paper he
discusses the possibility of flaw detection.
1920 – Dr. H. H. Lester begins development of industrial radiography for metals.
1924 – Lester uses radiography to examine castings to be installed in a Boston Edison
Company steam pressure power plant.
1926 – The first electromagnetic eddy current instrument is available to measure material
thicknesses.
 1927-1928 – Magnetic induction system to detect flaws in railroad track developed by Dr. Elmer
Sperry and H.C. Drake.
1929 – Magnetic particle methods and equipment pioneered (A.V. DeForest and F.B. Doane.)
1930s – Robert F. Mehl demonstrates radiographic imaging using gamma radiation from
Radium, which can examine thicker components than the low-energy X-ray machines available
at the time.
1935–1940 – Liquid penetrant tests developed (Betz, Doane, and DeForest)
1935–1940s – Eddy current instruments developed (H.C. Knerr, C. Farrow, Theo Zuschlag, and
Fr. F. Foerster).
1940–1944 – Ultrasonic test method developed in USA by Dr. Floyd Firestone, who applies for
a U.S. invention patent for same on May 27, 1940 and is issued the U.S. patent as grant no.
2,280,226 on April 21, 1942. Extracts from the first two paragraphs of this seminal patent for a
nondestructive testing method succinctly describe the basics of ultrasonic testing. "My
invention pertains to a device for detecting the presence of inhomogeneities of density or
elasticity in materials. For instance if a casting has a hole or a crack within it, my device allows
the presence of the flaw to be detected and its position located, even though the flaw lies
entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends out to the surface." Additionally, "The
general principle of my device consists of sending high frequency vibrations into the part to be
inspected, and the determination of the time intervals of arrival of the direct and reflected
vibrations at one or more stations on the surface of the part." Medical echocardiography is an
offshoot of this technology.[12]
1946 – First neutron radiographs produced by Peters.
1950 – The Schmidt Hammer (also known as "Swiss Hammer") is invented. The instrument
uses the world's first patented non-destructive testing method for concrete.
1950 – J. Kaiser introduces acoustic emission as an NDT method.

(Basic Source for above: Hellier, 2001) Note the number of advancements made during the WWII era, a time
when industrial quality control was growing in importance.

1955 – ICNDT (https://www.icndt.org/) founded. World organizing body for Nondestructive

Testing.
1955 – First NDT World Conference takes place in Brussels, organized by ICNDT. NDT World
Conference takes place every four years.
1963 – Frederick G. Weighart's[13] and James F. McNulty (U.S. radio engineer)'s[14] co-
invention of Digital radiography is an offshoot of the pairs development of nondestructive test
equipment at Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California. See James F.
McNulty also at article Ultrasonic testing.
1996 – Rolf Diederichs founded the first Open Access NDT Journal in the Internet. Today the
Open Access NDT Database NDT.net
1998 – The European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing (EFNDT) was founded in May
1998 in Copenhagen at the 7th European Conference for Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT).
27 national European NDT societies joined the powerful organization.
2008 – NDT in Aerospace Conference was established DGZfP and Fraunhofer IIS hosted the
first international congress in Bavaria, Germany.
2008 – Academia NDT International has been officially founded and has its base office in
Brescia (Italy) www.academia-ndt.org
2012 – ISO 9712:2012 ISO Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel (https://www.iso.or
g/standard/57037.html)
2020 – Indian Society for Non-destructive Testing (ISNT) (https://isnt.in) Accreditation
Certification from NABCB for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel as per ISO
9712:2012
ISO 9712:2012 (https://www.iso.org/standard/57037.html) — Non-
destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT
personnel
This International Standard specifies requirements for principles for the qualification and certification of
personnel who perform industrial non-destructive testing (NDT).

The system specified in this International Standard can also apply to other NDT methods or to new techniques
within an established NDT method, provided a comprehensive scheme of certification exists and the method
or technique is covered by International, regional or national standards or the new NDT method or technique
has been demonstrated to be effective to the satisfaction of the certification body.

The certification covers proficiency in one or more of the following methods: a) acoustic emission testing; b)
eddy current testing; c) infrared thermographic testing; d) leak testing (hydraulic pressure tests excluded); e)
magnetic testing; f) penetrant testing; g) radiographic testing; h) strain gauge testing; i) ultrasonic testing; j)
visual testing (direct unaided visual tests and visual tests carried out during the application of another NDT
method are excluded).

Methods and techniques

NDT is divided into various methods of nondestructive testing, each
based on a particular scientific principle. These methods may be
further subdivided into various techniques. The various methods and
techniques, due to their particular natures, may lend themselves
especially well to certain applications and be of little or no value at all
in other applications. Therefore, choosing the right method and
technique is an important part of the performance of NDT.

Acoustic emission testing (AE or AT)

Blue etch anodize (BEA)
Dye penetrant inspection or liquid penetrant testing (PT or
LPI)
An example of a 3D replicating
Electromagnetic testing (ET) or electromagnetic inspection
technique. The flexible high-
(commonly known as "EMI")
resolution replicas allow surfaces to
Alternating current field measurement (ACFM) be examined and measured under
laboratory conditions. A replica can
Alternating current potential drop measurement
be taken from all solid materials.
(ACPD)
Barkhausen testing
Direct current potential drop measurement (DCPD)
Eddy-current testing (ECT)
Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors, and wire rope
Magnetic-particle inspection (MT or MPI)
Magnetovision
Remote field testing (RFT)
Ellipsometry
Endoscope inspection
Guided wave testing (GWT)
Hardness testing
Impulse excitation technique (IET)
Microwave imaging
Terahertz nondestructive evaluation (THz)
Infrared and thermal testing (IR)
Thermographic inspection X-Ray, Optical and Terahertz image
Scanning thermal microscopy of a packaged IC.[15]
Laser testing
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry
Holographic interferometry
Self-mixing laser interferometry
Low coherence interferometry
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Profilometry
Shearography
Leak testing (LT) or Leak detection
Hydrostatic test
Absolute pressure leak testing (pressure change)
Bubble testing
Halogen diode leak testing
Hydrogen leak testing
Mass spectrometer leak testing
Tracer-gas leak testing method for helium, hydrogen and refrigerant gases
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and NMR spectroscopy
Metallographic replicas[16][17]
Spectroscopy
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR)
(Far-infrared =) Terahertz spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Optical microscopy
Positive material identification (PMI)
Radiographic testing (RT) (see also Industrial radiography and Radiography)
Computed radiography
Digital radiography (real-time)
Neutron imaging
SCAR (small controlled area radiography)
X-ray computed tomography (CT)
Resonant inspection

Resonant acoustic method (RAM)[18]

Scanning electron microscopy
Surface temper etch (Nital Etch)
 Ultrasonic testing (UT)
Acoustic resonance technology (ART)
Angle beam testing
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) (non-contact)
Laser ultrasonics (LUT)
Internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
Phased array ultrasonics (PAUT)
Thickness measurement
Time of flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants (TOF)
Vibration analysis
Visual inspection (VT)
Pipeline video inspection
Weight and load testing of structures
Corroscan/C-scan
3D computed tomography
Industrial CT scanning
Heat Exchanger Life Assessment System
RTJ Flange Special Ultrasonic Testing

Personnel training, qualification and certification

Successful and consistent application of nondestructive testing techniques depends heavily on personnel
training, experience and integrity. Personnel involved in application of industrial NDT methods and
interpretation of results should be certified, and in some industrial sectors certification is enforced by law or by
the applied codes and standards.[19]

NDT professionals and managers who seek to further their growth, knowledge and experience to remain
competitive in the rapidly advancing technology field of nondestructive testing should consider joining
NDTMA, a member organization of NDT Managers and Executives who work to provide a forum for the
open exchange of managerial, technical and regulatory information critical to the successful management of
NDT personnel and activities. Their annual conference at the Golden Nugget in Las Vegas is a popular for its
informative and relevant programming and exhibition space

Certification schemes

There are two approaches in personnel certification:[20]

1. Employer Based Certification: Under this concept the employer compiles their own Written
Practice. The written practice defines the responsibilities of each level of certification, as
implemented by the company, and describes the training, experience and examination
requirements for each level of certification. In industrial sectors the written practices are usually
based on recommended practice SNT-TC-1A of the American Society for Nondestructive
Testing.[21] ANSI standard CP-189 outlines requirements for any written practice that conforms
to the standard.[22] For aviation, space, and defense (ASD) applications NAS 410 (https://www.
aia-aerospace.org/standards/) sets further requirements for NDT personnel, and is published
 by AIA – Aerospace Industries Association (https://www.aia-aerospace.org/standards/), which
is made up of US aerospace airframe and powerplant manufacturers. This is the basis
document for EN 4179[23] and other (USA) NIST-recognized aerospace standards (https://www.
nist.gov/about-nist) for the Qualification and Certification (employer-based) of Nondestructive
Testing personnel. NAS 410 (https://global.ihs.com/search_res.cfm?&csf=AIA&input_doc_num
ber=NAS410&input_doc_title=&org_code=AIA%2FNAS) also sets the requirements also for
"National NDT Boards", which allow and proscribe personal certification schemes. NAS 410 (h
ttps://global.ihs.com/search_res.cfm?&csf=AIA&input_doc_number=NAS410&input_doc_title=
&org_code=AIA%2FNAS) allows ASNT Certification as a portion of the qualifications needed
for ASD certification.[24]
2. Personal Central Certification: The concept of central certification is that an NDT operator
can obtain certification from a central certification authority, that is recognized by most
employers, third parties and/or government authorities. Industrial standards for central
certification schemes include ISO 9712,[25] and ANSI/ASNT CP-106[26] (used for the ASNT
ACCP [27] scheme). Certification under these standards involves training, work experience
under supervision and passing a written and practical examination set up by the independent
certification authority. EN 473[28] was another central certification scheme, very similar to ISO
9712, which was withdrawn when CEN replaced it with EN ISO 9712 in 2012.

In the United States employer based schemes are the norm, however central certification schemes exist as well.
The most notable is ASNT Level III (established in 1976-1977), which is organized by the American Society
for Nondestructive Testing for Level 3 NDT personnel.[29] NAVSEA 250-1500 (https://www.precoinc.com/ind
ustrial/about/certifications-standards) is another US central certification scheme, specifically developed for use
in the naval nuclear program.[30]

Central certification is more widely used in the European Union, where certifications are issued by accredited
bodies (independent organizations conforming to ISO 17024 (https://blog.ansi.org/2019/07/ansi-iso-iec-17024-
accreditation-personnel/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwOz6BRCgARIsAKEG4FUhIC2SOCQFMrfQcqZ5nRN2-omwi
O7AjI265n-WX4zm-drnfBsXotAaAn5nEALw_wcB) and accredited by a national accreditation authority like
UKAS (https://www.ukas.com/)). The Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC) actually enforces central
personnel certification for the initial testing of steam boilers and some categories of pressure vessels and
piping.[31] European Standards harmonized with this directive specify personnel certification to EN 473.
Certifications issued by a national NDT society which is a member of the European Federation of NDT (http
s://www.efndt.org/) (EFNDT (https://www.efndt.org/)) are mutually acceptable by the other member societies
[32] under a multilateral recognition agreement.

Canada also implements an ISO 9712 central certification scheme, which is administered by Natural
Resources Canada, a government department.[33][34][35]

The aerospace sector worldwide sticks to employer based schemes.[36] In America it is based mostly on the
Aerospace Industries Association's (AIA) AIA-NAS-410 [37] and in the European Union on the equivalent
and very similar standard EN 4179.[23] However EN 4179:2009 includes an option for central qualification
and certification by a National aerospace NDT board or NANDTB (https://www.bindt.org/NANDTB/)
(paragraph 4.5.2).

Levels of certification

Most NDT personnel certification schemes listed above specify three "levels" of qualification and/or
certification, usually designated as Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 (although some codes specify Roman
numerals, like Level II). The roles and responsibilities of personnel in each level are generally as follows (there
are slight differences or variations between different codes and standards):[25][23]
 Level 1 are technicians qualified to perform only specific calibrations and tests under close
supervision and direction by higher level personnel. They can only report test results. Normally
they work following specific work instructions for testing procedures and rejection criteria.
Level 2 are engineers or experienced technicians who are able to set up and calibrate testing
equipment, conduct the inspection according to codes and standards (instead of following work
instructions) and compile work instructions for Level 1 technicians. They are also authorized to
report, interpret, evaluate and document testing results. They can also supervise and train
Level 1 technicians. In addition to testing methods, they must be familiar with applicable codes
and standards and have some knowledge of the manufacture and service of tested products.
Level 3 are usually specialized engineers or very experienced technicians. They can establish
NDT techniques and procedures and interpret codes and standards. They also direct NDT
laboratories and have central role in personnel certification. They are expected to have wider
knowledge covering materials, fabrication and product technology.

Terminology
The standard US terminology for Nondestructive testing is defined in standard ASTM E-1316.[38] Some
definitions may be different in European standard EN 1330.

Indication
The response or evidence from an examination, such as a blip on the screen of an
instrument. Indications are classified as true or false. False indications are those caused by
factors not related to the principles of the testing method or by improper implementation of the
method, like film damage in radiography, electrical interference in ultrasonic testing etc. True
indications are further classified as relevant and non relevant. Relevant indications are those
caused by flaws. Non relevant indications are those caused by known features of the tested
object, like gaps, threads, case hardening etc.
Interpretation
Determining if an indication is of a type to be investigated. For example, in electromagnetic
testing, indications from metal loss are considered flaws because they should usually be
investigated, but indications due to variations in the material properties may be harmless and
nonrelevant.
Flaw
A type of discontinuity that must be investigated to see if it is rejectable. For example, porosity
in a weld or metal loss.
Evaluation
Determining if a flaw is rejectable. For example, is porosity in a weld larger than acceptable
by code?
Defect
A flaw that is rejectable – i.e. does not meet acceptance criteria. Defects are generally
removed or repaired.[38]

Reliability and statistics

Probability of detection (POD) tests are a standard way to evaluate a nondestructive testing technique in a
given set of circumstances, for example "What is the POD of lack of fusion flaws in pipe welds using manual
ultrasonic testing?" The POD will usually increase with flaw size. A common error in POD tests is to assume
that the percentage of flaws detected is the POD, whereas the percentage of flaws detected is merely the first
step in the analysis. Since the number of flaws tested is necessarily a limited number (non-infinite), statistical
methods must be used to determine the POD for all possible defects, beyond the limited number tested.
Another common error in POD tests is to define the statistical sampling units (test items) as flaws, whereas a
true sampling unit is an item that may or may not contain a flaw.[39][40] Guidelines for correct application of
statistical methods to POD tests can be found in ASTM E2862 Standard Practice for Probability of Detection
Analysis for Hit/Miss Data and MIL-HDBK-1823A Nondestructive Evaluation System Reliability
Assessment, from the U.S. Department of Defense Handbook.

See also
Destructive testing
Failure analysis
Forensic engineering – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention
Inspection – Organized examination or formal evaluation exercise
Magnetovision
Maintenance testing
Materials science – Interdisciplinary field which deals with discovery and design of new
materials, primarily of physical and chemical properties of solids
Predictive maintenance – Determining the condition of in-service equipment in order to
estimate when maintenance should be performed
Product certification
Quality control – Project management process making sure produced products are good
Reliability engineering – Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability
in the lifecycle management of a product or a system
Risk-based inspection
Robotic non-destructive testing – Method of inspection using remotely operated tools
Stress testing
Terahertz nondestructive evaluation

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22. ANSI/ASNT CP-189: ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel, (2006)
23. EN 4179: "Aerospace series. Qualification and approval of personnel for non-destructive
testing" (2009)
24. AIA NAS410
25. ISO 9712: Non-destructive testing -- Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (2012)
26. ANSI/ASNT CP-106: "ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel" (2008)
27. "ASNT Central Certification Program", ASNT Document ACCP-CP-1, Rev. 7 (2010)
28. EN 473: Non-destructive testing. Qualification and certification of NDT personnel. General
principles, (2008)
29. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 1.25.
ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
30. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 1.26.
ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
31. Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment, Annex I,
paragraph 3.1.3
32. EFNDT/SEC/P/05-006: Agreement for EFNDT multilateral recognition of NDT personnel
certification schemes (http://www.efndt.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=McGXzQepYA0%3D&tabi
d=408&mid=1707) (2005)
33. http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/smm-mms/ndt-end/index-eng.htm : The NDT Certifying Agency
(CANMET-MTL)
34. The relevant national standard for Canada is CAN/CGSB-48.9712-2006 "Qualification and
Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel.", which complies with the requirements of
ISO 9712:2005 and EN 473:2000.
35. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 1.27.
ISBN 978-0-07-028121-9.
36. R. Marini and P. Ranos: "Current Issues in Qualification and Certification of Non-Destructive
Testing Personnel in the Aerospace Industry (http://www.ndt.net/article/ecndt2006/doc/Th.3.6.5.
pdf)", ECNDT 2006 - Th.3.6.5
37. AIA-NAS-410: "Aerospace Industries Association, National Aerospace Standard, NAS
Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel"
38. ASTM E-1316: "Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations", The American
Society for Testing and Materials, in Volume 03.03 NDT, 1997
39. T. Oldberg and R. Christensen (1999). "Erratic Measure" (http://www.ndt.net/article/v04n05/oldb
erg/oldberg.htm). 4 (5). NDT.net.
40. T. Oldberg (2005). "An Ethical Problem in the Statistics of Defect Detection Test Reliability" (htt
p://www.ndt.net/article/v10n05/oldberg/oldberg.htm). 10 (5). NDT.net.

Bibliography
ASTM International, ASTM Volume 03.03 Nondestructive Testing
ASTM E1316-13a: "Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations" (2013)
ASNT, Nondestructive Testing Handbook
Bray, D.E. and R.K. Stanley, 1997, Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool for Design,
Manufacturing and Service; CRC Press, 1996.
Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-
028121-9.
Shull, P.J., Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker
Inc., 2002.
EN 1330: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Nine parts. Parts 5 and 6 replaced by
equivalent ISO standards.
EN 1330-1: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. List of general terms (1998)
EN 1330-2: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms common to the non-destructive
testing methods (1998)
EN 1330-3: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in industrial radiographic
testing (1997)
EN 1330-4: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in ultrasonic testing (2010)
EN 1330-7: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in magnetic particle testing
(2005)
EN 1330-8: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in leak tightness testing
(1998)
EN 1330-9: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in acoustic emission testing
(2009)
EN 1330-10: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in visual testing (2003)
 EN 1330-11: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in X-ray diffraction from
polycrystalline and amorphous materials (2007)
ISO 12706: Non-destructive testing. Penetrant testing. Vocabulary (2009)
ISO 12718: Non-destructive testing. Eddy current testing. Vocabulary (2008)

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