3 Supports: Technical Guidelines For 400 KV and 220 KV Oh-Lines SVK TR 5:103 Supports 14 September, 2000

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES
FOR 400 kV AND 220 kV OH-LINES

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS
14 September, 2000
3 SUPPORTS
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14 September, 2000
Contents Page
3.1 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 5
3.2 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 DEFINITIONS................................................................................................................... 8
Support ............................................................................................................................. 8
Steel support .................................................................................................................... 8
Tubular steel support........................................................................................................ 8
Wooden support ............................................................................................................... 8
Concrete support.............................................................................................................. 8
Laminated wood support .................................................................................................. 8
Lattice ............................................................................................................................... 8
Beam ................................................................................................................................ 8
Bar .................................................................................................................................... 8
Main member ................................................................................................................... 9
Diagonal ........................................................................................................................... 9
Redundant ........................................................................................................................ 9
Thickness of material ....................................................................................................... 9
3.4 DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................. 9
3.5 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 9

3.5.1 Material............................................................................................................................ 9
3. 5.1.1 Steel ................................................................................................................................. 9
3.5.1.2 Staywire .......................................................................................................................... 10
3.5.1.3 Wood .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.5.1.4 Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.5.2 Design............................................................................................................................ 10
3.5.2.1 Steel supports................................................................................................................. 10
3.5.2.2 General requirements for steel design and detailing...................................................... 11
3.5.2.3 Wood .............................................................................................................................. 13
3.5.2.4 Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.5.2.5 Support electrical clearances ......................................................................................... 13
3.5.3 Load conditions............................................................................................................ 14
3.5.4 Workmanship and detailing ........................................................................................ 16
3.5.4.1 General........................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.4.2 Hot-dip galvanising ......................................................................................................... 16
3.5.4.3. Details............................................................................................................................. 17
3.5.5 Documentation ............................................................................................................. 22
3.5.5.1 Drawings and calculations.............................................................................................. 22
3.5.6 Plates and warning signs ............................................................................................ 25
3.5.6.1 General........................................................................................................................... 25
3.5.6.2 Warning signs................................................................................................................. 25
3.5.6.3 Number plates ................................................................................................................ 25
3.5.6.4 Aerial number plates ...................................................................................................... 25
3.5.6.5 Aerial warning signs ....................................................................................................... 25
3.5.6.6 Crossarm plates (line designation plates) ...................................................................... 26
3.5.6.7 Navigable waterway crossing signs................................................................................ 26
3.5.6.8 Prohibitory climbing signs............................................................................................... 26
3.5.6.9 Line orientation plates .................................................................................................... 26
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14 September, 2000
3.6 FABRICATION............................................................................................................... 26
3.6.1 inspection plan ............................................................................................................. 26
3.6.2 Workmanship................................................................................................................ 27
3.6.2.1 Materials ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.6.2.2 Dimensions..................................................................................................................... 27
3.6.2.3 Surface finish.................................................................................................................. 29
3.6.2.4 Welding .......................................................................................................................... 30
3.6.3 Specification deviations .............................................................................................. 30
3.6.4 Erection marking .......................................................................................................... 30
3.6.4.1 Bolted structures ............................................................................................................ 31
3.6.4.2 Welded structures .......................................................................................................... 31
3.6.5 Manufacturing requirements....................................................................................... 31
3.6.5.1 Mass production ............................................................................................................. 31
3.6.5.2 Machining ....................................................................................................................... 31
3.6.5.3 Welding .......................................................................................................................... 33
3.6.5.4 Fitting.............................................................................................................................. 33
3.6.5.5 Heat treatment................................................................................................................ 34
3.6.5.6 Hot-dip galvanising ......................................................................................................... 34
3.7 TESTING........................................................................................................................ 35
3.7.1 Routine tests................................................................................................................. 36
3.7.2 Samples......................................................................................................................... 36
3.7.3 Shop assembly ............................................................................................................. 36
3.7.4 Support test .................................................................................................................. 36
3.8 CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY....................................................................................... 36

3.8.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 36
3.8.2 Quality documentation ................................................................................................ 36
3.8.2.1 Certificate ....................................................................................................................... 37
3.8.2.2 Deviation report .............................................................................................................. 37
3.8.2.3 Separate reports and inspection companies .................................................................. 37
3.9 ASSEMBLY.................................................................................................................... 37
3.9.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 37
ENCLOSURE A ..................................................................................................................................... 38
3.A HINGED LATTICE COLUMN DESIGN CALCULATION............................................... 38

3.A.1 Euler load ...................................................................................................................... 38
3.A.2. Wind load ...................................................................................................................... 38
3.A.3. Beam calculation .......................................................................................................... 39
3.A.4 Initial distortion ............................................................................................................ 39
3.A.5. Main member ................................................................................................................ 39
3.A.5.1 Square-cross section...................................................................................................... 39
3.A.5.2 Triangular cross-section ................................................................................................. 40
3.A.6. Diagonals ...................................................................................................................... 40
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3.A.6.1 Square cross-section...................................................................................................... 40

3.A.6.2 Triangular cross-section ................................................................................................. 41
3.A.7. Buckling ........................................................................................................................ 41
3.A.8. Stay elongation............................................................................................................. 41
3.A.9. End sections ................................................................................................................. 42
3.A.10. Natural frequency......................................................................................................... 42
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3.1 REFERENCES
- Note that standards, regulations etc. which are referred to in these guidelines
are subject to continuous change and can be withdrawn, revised or replaced.
The contractor shall immediately inform the client of such changes.
BSK Bestämmelser för stålkonstruktioner
Bygg K Handboken Bygg del Konstruktionsteknik
ECCS No. 39 Recommendations for angles in lattice transmission towers
EN 10113 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels
IEC 652 Loading tests on overhead line towers
MNC 810 Allmänna konstruktionsstål - Plåt. Band. Stång. Smide -

Översikt
SMS 723 Toleranser - Tillåtna måttavvikelser när tolerans ej direkt utsatts.

Smältsvetsade konstruktioner. Metalliska material.
SS EN 10025 Varmvalsade formvaror av olegerat allmänt konstruktionsstål -

Tekniska leveransbestämmelser
SS ISO 216 Skrivpapper och vissa typer av trycksaker - Färdigformat - A -

och B -serien
SS ISO 898 Fästelement - Hållfasthetsfordringar
SS ISO 2320 Fästelement - Sexkantlåsmuttrar av stål - Hållfasthets - och

funktionsegenskaper
SS ISO 4014 Fästelement-Delgängade sexkantskruvar -

Produktklasserna A och B
SS ISO 4032 Fästelement-Sexkantsmuttrar, utförande 1 -

Produktklasserna A och B
SS ISO 4759/3 Fästelement - Toleranser för brickor avsedda för skruvar och
muttrar med gängdiameter 1-150 mm - Produktklass A och C
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SS ISO 5455 Ritningsregler - Skalor
SS ISO 9001 Kvalitetssystem - Krav vid konstruktion, utveckling, produktion,

installation och service.
SS 3192 Varmförzinkning av utvändigt gängade ståldetaljer
SS 3193 Metriska ISO-gängor - Varmförzinkning av utvändiga

grovgängor - Gängtoleranser och gränsmått
SS 02 01 30 Statistisk acceptanskontroll - Metoder och provtagningsplaner

för attributkontroll
SS 05 59 00 Behandling av stålytor före beläggning med målningsfärg och

liknande produkter - Visuell utvärdering av ytrenhet
SS 05 61 10 Impregnering av trä -kvalitetskrav
SS 06 52 01 Svetsarprövning
SS 06 61 01 Smältsvetsar i stål - Svetsklasser
SS 07 56 11 Metalliska formvaror - Märkning
SS-EN 10113 Varmvalsade prodkukter av svetsbara finkornstål för allmänna

konstruktionsändamål- Mikrolegerat stål – Stål S355N
SS 421 07 10 Isolation för elektriska friledningar för starkström
SS 424 08 06 Linor av hård förzinkad ståltråd för luftledningar - Fe 140 -linor
SS 436 01 01 Dimensionering av friledningar för starkström.

Definitioner och beräkningsgrunder
SS 436 01 02 Dimensionering av friledningar för starkström

Ledare
SS 436 01 04 Dimensionering av friledningar för starkström - Stolpar.
AISI Cold Formed Steel Design Manual

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14 September, 2000
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering November 1985
Bestämmelser för betongkonstruktioner B6 (1968)
EBR U7:86 Varningsskyltning av luftledningar för besiktning från luften
EBR U8 Varningsskyltning av luftledningar och sjökablar inom område

för sjötrafik
IIW röntgenatlas
EBR handbok UNDERHÅLL LEDNINGAR 0,4 – 420 kV

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3.2 SCOPE
These guidelines are applicable to supports made from steel, wood or concrete for
400 kV and 220 kV overhead lines.
3.3 DEFINITIONS
Technical terms and definitions used in these guidelines:
Support
Structure made from steel, wood or concrete intended to carry one or more
overhead line circuits.
Steel support
Lattice or beam design intended to carry one or more overhead line circuits.
Tubular steel support

Tapered steel design with tubular concentric or polygonal cross-section.
Wooden support
Support of pressure impregnated pine.
Concrete support
Tapered reinforced concrete design with circular cross-section.
Laminated wood support

Impregnated wooden support of waterproof laminated wood.
Lattice
Arrangement of individual rolled steel sections bolted together intended to transfer
axial compression and tension forces.
Beam
A homogenous or welded built-up steel element intended to withstand and transfer
imposed loads by bending and shear stress.
Bar
Element with a uniform cross-section throughout its longitudinal axis intended to
withstand and transfer imposed structural loads.
Bars are usually made by hot rolling or cold forming. Aluminium bars can be
formed by extruding.
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Main member
Principal part of the lattice design intended to withstand and transfer imposed
structural loads.
Diagonal
Secondary part of the lattice design intended to withstand and transfer imposed
structural loads for the purpose of supporting the main members.
Redundant
A low loaded support element for the purpose of supporting and restraining other
structural members.
Thickness of material
Thickness of the material in question related to the cross-section of the element.
3.4 DESCRIPTION
Supports shall carry insulator strings, phase conductors and shieldwires for one or
more circuits. The supports can either be stayed or self supporting.
3.5 REQUIREMENTS
3.5.1 MATERIAL
Unless otherwise specified, all material delivered shall correspond to the latest
available edition of the appropriate Swedish Standard and Code of Practice or
alternatively foreign standards that the client deems to be equivalent or superior.
If no standard is applicable or exists, which is the case in respect of patents for

special material, all such material and workmanship shall be of the best quality
and detailed information shall be submitted to the client for approval.
If the standard to be followed is not written in Swedish or English the supplier

shall submit a translated copy in Swedish or English for the standards in question.
The contractor shall timeously inform the client regarding the applicable standards
for the materials to be supplied.
The material shall be inspected and tested to verify compliance with the applicable
specifications or standards.
3. 5.1.1 Steel
Structural steel can be coal, coal-manganese, micro-alloyed or cold-formed steel
in accordance with the product range and properties given in MNC 810.
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The number of steel qualities in a support should be limited to two with yield
points within the ranges 220-275 MPa and 350-420 MPa.
The applicable impact property class for steel is to be chosen in accordance with
BSK clause 7:21. With the exception of steel grade S355N, impact property class
C is valid for steel with a yield point exceeding 340 MPa. Steel to impact property
class D is to be used for cold-formed profiles.
BSK clauses 7:22 and 9:72 are applicable for steel plates which are subject to
tensile load in the direction of the plate thickness. Testing procedures shall be
specified on the workshop drawings.
A minimum bending radius of 10 mm is recommended for cold-formed angle

sections with a thickness of 6-8 mm. No advantage is to be taken of an increase in
the yield point resulting from cold-forming.
3.5.1.2 Staywire
Staywire shall conform to Swedish Standard SS 424 08 06 or an equivalent.
3.5.1.3 Wood
Wooden poles shall preferably be of pine and fulfil the requirements of Swedish
Standard SS 436 01 04.
Wooden poles shall be pressure impregnated to class A in accordance with the

requirements of Swedish Standard SS 05 61 10.
For glued laminated wood Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04 is applicable.
3.5.1.4 Concrete
Concrete poles shall fulfil the requirements of Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04.
3.5.2 DESIGN
3.5.2.1 Steel supports

Design calculations for steel supports shall be performed in accordance with
Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04.
Structural parts shall have dimensions such that they will not be damaged due to
vibrations or alternating stresses.
Members which are principally only subject to tensile loads but which, due to
deformation in adjacent parts, can also be subject to compressive loads shall be
designed for compressive load.
The partial factor Jf for loads due to dead weight during the erection of supports is
2.7 for bolted gusset plates and 1.65 for other parts of the lattice structure.
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Members subject to combined bending and compression shall be designed in

accordance with BSK clause 6:25.
The supplier shall for all steel sections, regardless of their method of manufacture,
submit to the client for approval buckling curves, radii of gyration and effective
length factors.
When selecting partial factors the properties of the steel and its method of
manufacture shall be considered.
The AISI "Cold-formed Steel Design Manual ", modified for the ultimate limit
state method in accordance with ASCE "Journal of Structural Engineering"
November 1985 pages 2427-2445, is to be used for cold-formed bars. The increase
in the partial factor is made by reducing the calculated buckling stress fa. The
stress fa is to be calculated with E = 203160 N/mm2, G=77790 N/mm2 and Fy =
fyk.
fcd 0, 91 fa for slenderness ratios < 20
fcd 0, 77 fa for slenderness ratios > 60
Linear interpolation to determine the value of fcd is to be used for intermediate

values of slenderness ratios. The value of fcd is calculated with Jn=1.1 and Jm=1.0.
The design value of resistance for stays is stated in section 4 of Swedish Standard
SS 436 01 04.
Hinged lattice columns are to be designed in accordance with enclosure A.
For crossarms with straps connecting the crossarm tip to the tower body the
buckling of the complete crossarm over its entire length must be considered in
addition to buckling of individual members.
3.5.2.2 General requirements for steel design and detailing

In addition to the requirements stipulated in clause 3.5.2.1 the following are
applicable for steel design and detailing:-
The slenderness ratio for main members comprising angle sections with split panel
type bracing and a panel height L is to be calculated as follows:
x support, or part of support, subject to compression 0, 8 L iK
x support, or part of support, subject to bending 0, 7 L iK

For cylindrical members 1, 0 L iK is applicable
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Redundant members which support main members, or other parts, shall be

designed to withstand a compressive force of 1.7 % of the maximum load of the
main member or the other part.
The slenderness ratio is to be increased, in accordance with section B2 of Swedish

Standard SS 436 01 04, for angle sections having bolted connections in one leg
only.
For calculation of slenderness ratios further reference is made to ECCS No. 39

"Recommendations for angles in lattice transmission towers".
Slenderness ratios are not to be reduced due to multiple bolt member connections.
For steel members buried underground the following rust factors in millimetres
shall be applied:
Zinc covering Rust factor

g/m2 mm
1550 1.5
1200 2.0
1000 3.0
Bolts 3.0
The table above implies that the calculated thickness of material shall be increased
by the rust factor value when determining the required thickness of material. An
appropriate steel quality should be chosen to ensure that the zinc coating will be a
minimum of 1550 g/m2.
The ratio of the free length of a member and the radius of gyration, L/r, shall not
exceed:
L/r
a) Members in compression
Main members 120
Other members 200
Redundant members 250
b) Members in tension 350
The stress in members in tension shall be calculated using the nett area after
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14 September, 2000
deducting the area of bolt holes. The nett area of angle sections having bolted
connections in one leg only is to be further reduced by 10%.
Bolts are to be designed in accordance with BSK as normally tightened bolts. Nuts
are to be secured by damaging the bolt thread with punch marks or chisel blows
after tightening.
If packers are used between members in a bolted joint the load is to be increased
in accordance with BSK clause 6:42.
Minimum thicknesses of material shall be:
Open Hollow
sections sections
Main members in tower body and crossarm 6 4

Earthwire peak members 5 4
Other members 4 3
Redundant members 3 2,5
Gusset plates 6 Or the minimum thickness
of connecting details.
Members buried underground 7 7
The maximum length of members should not exceed twelve (12) metres due to
transportation considerations.
3.5.2.3 Wood
Wooden supports shall be designed in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436
01 04 using resistance values as stated in table 3.
Glued laminated supports shall be designed in accordance with enclosure D of

3.5.2.4 Concrete
Concrete supports are to be designed in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436
01 04.
3.5.2.5 Support electrical clearances

The minimum clearance between phase conductors and earthed parts of the
support shall be in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 421 07 10.
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Where there is the possibility that a stay broken by flashover will cause structural
collapse the clearance between the phase conductors and stays shall be in
accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436 01 02.
Relative displacement of supports and insulator strings shall be considered. The

angle of the conductor in the vertical plane and, for angle supports the horizontal
line deviation angle, shall also be considered.
For work on energised circuits the following safety distances are applicable:
System Distance in air to the outer Distance in air to the outer

voltage extremity of the danger area extremity of the safe area
(kV) (m) (m)
220 1.6 3.6
400 2.5 4.5
3.5.3 LOAD CONDITIONS

Supports and all component parts thereof shall be designed to withstand without
failure ultimate limit state load combinations as specified in Swedish Standard SS
436 01 04.
Wind and ice loads are to be calculated in accordance with Swedish Standard SS
436 01 01. Consideration must be given to increased loads in areas where wind
speeds and ice loads can be expected to exceed those stated in Swedish Standard
SS 436 01 01.
All members on which a linesman can stand shall be designed for a load of 1.3
kN, acting at the most unfavourable point, without causing permanent
deformation. The load of 1.3 kN includes the partial factor Jf and the stress it
causes in the steel shall be calculated with the elastic modulus Wx and be limited
to fyd. For inclined members the load shall be assumed to act perpendicular to the
direction of the member.
The wind load on non-lattice crossarms is to be calculated with the drag factor
C=2.0 for all members except those that are cylindrical for which C=1.2 shall
apply. Crossarms with only tension straps attached to the conductor attachment
points are regarded as non-lattice crossarms.
The wind load on supports is to be divided into transverse and longitudinal

components relative to the direction of the line. For lattice supports these
components are then to be distributed on several nodes.
WT Wk cos 4 (transverse to the line)

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WL Wk sin 4 (longitudinal with the line)
where Wk = wind load in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436 01 01.

4 = angle of incidence of the wind with face 1 of the tower panel in a
horizontal plane according to the load case in question. The support
and the conductor can have different angles of incidence.
The face with the greatest product, Ap P , shall apply for lattice supports with
triangular cross-section.
Wind load on conductors and shieldwires transverse to the direction of line is:
WT q k a h d P sin 2 90 4 q
where qk = dynamic wind pressure in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436

01 01.
ah = wind span
d = conductor diameter inclusive of ice cover when loaded with ice.
P = drag factor in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436 01 01.
Wind loads on staywires are to be calculated with the drag factor P=1.2.
Wk 4
Face 1 (Ap P1)
Face 2 (Ap P1)
Line direction
Support (leg,
crossarm)
Supports are to be designed for the following cases of angles of incidence:
4 to supports 4 to conductors
0 0
20 0
45 45
60 45
90 90
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14 September, 2000
Support legs with eccentricity shall also be designed for a load case with a reduced
wind load, 0.25 qk, on the legs and staywires together with a simultaneous full
wind load on crossarms and conductors.
3.5.4 WORKMANSHIP AND DETAILING
3.5.4.1 General
All work, methods of work and workmanship, whether fully specified herein or
not, shall be of the highest quality. The generally accepted requirements and
commonly recognised good practice for first class work of this nature are to be
followed in all respects. All work shall be to the satisfaction and approval of the
Purchaser. Such approval will not release the manufacturer from his
responsibilities arising from damages due to poor workmanship.
3.5.4.2 Hot-dip galvanising

Hot-dip galvanised structures shall have a well-adhered coating. The coating shall
be even as far as shape and characteristics permit. Contaminations of flux and
hard zinc or accumulations on mating surfaces shall not be allowed. After coating
the surface of all members shall be such that they can be handled without the risk
of hand injuries.
Hollow closed spaces shall be provided with ventilation holes to prevent the
danger of explosion when the structure is immersed in the zinc bath.
All ferrous parts shall be hot-dip galvanised in accordance with annex C of

Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04 and the Swedish standard stated therein.
By painting with zinc rich paint the corrosion protection can be improved for
ungalvanised , already galvanised structures or members with damages to the zinc
layer.
The paint must contain a high zinc content of approximately 92-95 % calculated
on the dry pigment. This will ensure that the zinc particles are in electrical contact
with each other and with the steel surface. The paint requires an alkali-resistant
binder such as epoxy resin, polystyrene, chlorinated rubber or similar. A suitable
paint is Roval Galvano or equivalent.
The use of zinc rich paint requires the surface to be carefully prepared, well
cleaned and dry. Good results have been obtained when the steel surfaces have
been heated to +40 / +50°C before painting. Two coats of paint are recommended.
High zinc content paint shall not be used on surfaces subjected to wear.
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14 September, 2000
3.5.4.3. Details
3.5.4.3.1 Members
All diagonal bracing for hinged standard support legs shall be identical in all
respects with the exception of those for end sections. The use of gusset plates or
packing for the attachment of diagonal bracings to the main members shall be
avoided as far as possible. This can be achieved either by increasing the flange
thickness or by utilising a larger bolt diameter.
Support leg joints and both end sections for hinged support legs shall be provided
with plan bracings. Additional plan bracings shall be provided in sections where
required due to design considerations such as stiffness, stability or other factors.
At their point of intersection diagonals shall be connected with a minimum of one

bolt.
3.5.4.3.2 Member joints

Joints in all members shall either be of the gusset plate or overlapping type.
The number of bolts in a joint shall be equal in both flanges.
Main member joints in support legs shall be located directly above the position of
plan or diagonal bracings .
3.5.4.3.3 Bolts and accessories

Bolts in towers shall be Swedish steel structural bolts SB or equivalent. They shall
have metric threads, be of strength class 8.8 and fulfil the requirements of Swedish
Standards SS ISO 898/1 and SS ISO 4014 product class A.
Nuts shall be of strength class 8 and fulfil the requirements of Swedish Standards
SS ISO 898/2 and SS ISO 4032.
Bolts and nuts shall be marked according to Swedish Standard SS ISO.
Washers shall fulfil the requirements of Swedish Standard SS ISO 4759/3 with the
exception of the thickness tolerance which shall be ±0.5 mm.
Washers shall have a minimum hardness of 160 HV and a minimum yield point of
220 N/mm2.
Special bolts, such as for articulation and foundations, which cannot be

interchanged with other bolts, are excluded from these specifications.
The Contractor shall submit for the approval of the Purchaser, detailed
descriptions of bolts, nuts, and washers.
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14 September, 2000
Each lot to be delivered shall be inspected by the manufacturer. The control

program stated below shall then be executed.
Sample sizes and acceptable AQL values are stipulated in tables 1 and 2
respectively of Swedish Standard SS 02 01 30.
Structural steel bolts, as described in Swedish Standard SS ISO 4014, shall be

inspected as follows:
Inspection
level AQL
Gauging of da, r, d, S and

thread tolerance S-3 1.5
Other dimensions
(incl. thickness of zinc coating) S-3 4.0
Marking S-3 0.1
Hardening flaws S-3 0.1
Material composition S-3 0.1
Strength test S-2 0.1

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14 September, 2000
Nuts for structural steel bolts shall be inspected as follows:
Inspection
level AQL
Gauging of S and thread tolerance S-3 1.5
Other dimensions
Marking S-3 0.1
Material composition S-3 0.1
Strength test S-2 0.1
Locking properties in
accordance with Swedish Standard S-3 1.5
SS ISO 2320
Washers for structural steel bolts shall be inspected as follows:
Inspection
level AQL
Gauging
Strength test by
hardness testing S-2 1.5
The supplier shall at the clients request provide test results.
Other types of bolts, nuts and washers which are not in accordance with the above
mentioned Swedish Standards shall be approved by the client.
Structural steel bolts with nuts and washers shall be hot-dip galvanised according
to annex C of Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04 and Swedish standards stated
therein.
The threads of nuts shall be protected with suitable oil so that they can endure 6
months outdoor storage without any rust damage to the threads. This does not
apply for nuts treated with friction reducing agent.
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14 September, 2000
After assembly, the nuts shall be locked by damaging the threads twice with punch
marks or chisel blows. The use of other locking methods is subject to the approval
of the client.
Bolts for articulation shall be locked by means of a cotter pin through the bolt on
the outside of the nut.
3.5.4.3.4 Bolted connections

Bolted connections shall conform to the requirements of section C3 of Swedish
Standard SS 436 01 04.
Angle section members with bolts in one flange only shall have the bolts placed
between the projection of the axis of the centre of gravity and the centre line of the
flange.
Bolts holes are to be placed such that socket wrenches can be used on bolts when
assembling without fouling member flanges.
The bolt hole diameters shall be equal to the bolt diameter plus 1.5 mm.
3.5.4.3.5.1 Fall protection arrangement

Supports shall be provided with an arrangement that prevents the risk of personnel
who are working and moving in supports from falling. Should personnel fall the
arrangement shall also reduce the risk of injuries.
The arrangement shall be suited to the work situation to ensure that it is actually
used. The pace of work may not be considerably impaired and it shall be possible
to be in varying working positions and motions when using the arrangement.
The design shall particularly consider the risks which are related to falling taking
place above or in proximity of live parts.
In the case of falling it shall be possible for the distressed personnel to put
themselves out of danger.
When using the arrangement it shall be possible to rescue distressed personnel

within a maximum time of 10 to 15 minutes to reduce the risk of aggravated
injuries.
3.5.4.3.5.2 Climbing arrangements

All support legs, in supports consisting of several support legs, shall be provided
with step-bolts in one main member. The step-bolts shall be located in diagonally
opposite main members relative to the position in the other support leg. The
design of the step-bolts shall be approved by the client.
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14 September, 2000
The distance between step-bolts should be 300 to 400 mm and shall, if possible,
be common in each respective support.
Step-bolts shall withstand a load of 1.5 kN without permanent deformation. Steel

quality and manufacturing methods shall be such that if the step-bolt is loaded to
failure the failure will be non-brittle.
Safety clearance distances shall be observed when climbing on the outside of the
supports. Long support legs, where climbing is performed inside, shall be
equipped with a horizontal rest platform midway between ground level and the
crossarm.
When detailing the support climbing arrangements consideration must be given to

the fact that the shieldwire can be in two different positions, either in the running-
out block or in the clamp.
Supports where climbing with step-bolts is not convenient are to be fitted with
ladders, rest platforms and anti-climbing devices. A rest platform is to be fitted at
the lower end of each section of ladder where horizontal movement has to take
place to allow for further climbing. The section of ladder which is closest to the
ground shall, at the lower end, be provided with a horizontal rest platform and a
lockable anti-climbing device. The anti-climbing device shall consist of a 2 metre
high pivoting door, made from steel sheet, which in the locked position shall be in
contact with the rungs of the ladder. The width of the ladder shall be 400-450 mm
with rungs 20mm minimum diameter spaced at 300-400mm.
Ladder rungs shall withstand a load of 1.5 kN with no permanent deformation and
a load of 2.6 kN with a maximum of 7 mm deformation of which 2 mm can be
permanent. Ladders together with attachments shall be designed for an ultimate
load of 2.6 kN for every 2 metres.
The load acting on ladder rungs is to be distributed over 100 mm of their length.
Alternative climbing arrangements shall be submitted to the client for approval.
A 1.6 metre long horizontal footstep for working purposes can in some cases be
required in the shieldwire peak. The load on this for a linesman shall be in
accordance with clause 3.5.3.
3.5.4.3.6 Conductor attachments

Shieldwire attachments shall be interchangeable. The attachment detail shall allow
adequate space for a vertical angle of entry of the shieldwire into the clamp of 20
degrees.
It shall be possible to position a derrick for working with the shieldwire.

22

14 September, 2000
The attachment of suspension insulator sets to crossarms shall be designed such

that the pivot point of the insulator swing is as close as possible to the lower edge
of the crossarm and allows swing transverse to the direction of the line.
The attachment of V-string insulator sets to crossarms shall be designed such that
the upper pivot point of the insulator swing is as close as possible to the lower
edge of the crossarm and allows swing longitudinally in the direction of the line.
The attachment of tension insulator sets to crossarms shall be designed such that
the innermost pivot point of the insulator set is as close as possible to the crossarm
and allows swing transverse to the direction of the line.
3.5.4.3.7 Stays
Stays shall conform to Swedish Standard SS 424 08 06 or equivalent. The
characteristic ultimate tensile strength shall be a minimum of fuk = 1370 N/mm2.
The ends of staywires shall be equipped with protection housings.
For double stay systems, the minimum bending radius at attachment points is 80
mm for 142 mm2, 90 mm for 185 mm2 and 155 mm for 284 mm2 staywire.
Pre-forming of stays can be done in the same way as described for reinforcing bars
in "Bestämmelser för betongkonstruktioner, armering" B6 Chapter 8:31 (1968).
Other bending methods shall be approved by the Purchaser.
When pre-forming stays careful observations should be made to ensure that

individual strands are not damaged or cracked and that separation of strands is not
unacceptably large.
Test bending shall be performed at the clients request. The test is then to be
approved by the client.
Stays shall be marked with yellow and black housings immediately above ground
level.
3.5.5 DOCUMENTATION
A summary of documentation requirements is contained in chapter 14.
3.5.5.1 Drawings and calculations

The contractor shall prepare all drawings required for the work.
The contractor shall present the drawings in such a way that they unambiguously
specify how all details are to be made.
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14 September, 2000
All designs shall be in accordance with these guidelines and shall take due
consideration of the requirements regarding manufacture and assembly. The
contractor shall be responsible for all his designs.
The contractor shall furnish the client with workshop drawings, erection drawings
and calculations for review as called for in this specification or that can be
required to verify compliance with the contract or for any other reasons as
requested by the client.
The contractor shall furnish the client with copies of drawings and calculations
which the latter shall review. In this respect the contractor shall ensure that the
drawings are produced timeously to allow time for review and amendments to be
made before they are used for manufacturing or construction purposes.
Drawings prepared by the contractor, which are subject to review by the client,
may not be used for manufacturing or construction purposes before they have been
approved by the client.
The review of drawings by the client does not release the contractor from any of
his obligations in accordance with these guidelines, or from his responsibility of
ensuring that the designs and drawings are correct.
Design calculations are to be reviewed and approved by the client.
Before finalisation the design of each complicated detail shall be submitted to the
client for review and approval. Should the clients review reveal the need for
further actions to be taken, such as more detailed inspections, such actions shall be
deemed to be included in the contractors obligations.
SI units shall be used in all documents, calculations and drawings.
Drawings and calculations shall include details of the body of the support, support
leg lengths and foundations that have been included on the support assembly
drawing. The following drawings and calculations shall be submitted to the client
for his review and approval.
a) Assembly drawings giving principal dimensions and a list materials for each
support type.
b) Clearance diagram verifying the required electrical clearances.
c) Workshop drawings:
All workshop drawings for crossarms and support legs shall show the structure
assembled with all members in place. The dimension of each member and the
dimension and length of bolts shall be clearly indicated. In addition the item
number of each member is to be indicated.
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14 September, 2000
The total weight is to be given for every type of crossarm and for every length
of support leg. This weight shall include the steel members, hot-dip
galvanising, bolts and all fittings except stays and stay fittings.
d) Erection drawings shall preferably be size A2 with item numbers and bolt
dimensions appearing distinctly in legible figures.
e) Calculations:
Calculations shall include load and cross-sectional calculations.
For members in lattice structures and stays the following shall be presented in
tabular form as applicable: Actual forces, allowable compression and tensile
forces, buckling length, slenderness ratios, number of bolts, bolt dimensions,
allowable shear and bearing forces, ruling load case, steel quality. Calculations
of important welds are also to be presented.
The wind load on supports is to be stated for every point of application.
Loads and moments on foundations and stay anchors are to be given in tabular
form for each load case. The foundation load and its components vertically,
transverse and longitudinally to the line are to be given. Moments shall be
given around the acting axis transverse and longitudinally to the line.
f) Construction memo
g) Drawing list
The size of drawings shall conform to Swedish Standard SS ISO 216:

x A1 (594x841 mm)
x A2 (420x594 mm)
x A3 (297x420 mm)
x A4 (210x297 mm)
Sizes larger than A1 should be avoided
The scale of the drawings shall conform to Swedish Standard SS ISO 5455.
All dimensions given on the drawings shall be in mm with the text being in
Swedish or English.
Every drawing shall have a provision in the lower right –hand corner for the
client’s title and drawing number if the client so wishes. A panel for indicating the
revision status shall be included on every drawing.
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14 September, 2000
3.5.6 PLATES AND WARNING SIGNS
3.5.6.1 General
Plates and signs shall be mounted in accordance with the handbook of EBR
“UNDERHÅLL LEDNINGAR 0,4 – 420 Kv” chapter 301K and EBR U7:86
"Varningsskyltning av luftledningar för besiktning från luften" and EBR U8
"Varningsskyltning av luftledningar och sjökablar inom område för sjötrafik"
3.5.6.2 Warning signs

All supports shall be fitted with the sign "SVENSKA KRAFTNÄT, VISTAS EJ
NÄRA STOLPE OCH STAG VID ÅSKVÄDER".
Signs are to be mounted so that they are clearly visible to anybody passing by.
Warning signs for lines with portal supports are usually to be fitted to only one of
the support legs.
The sign is usually to be fitted to the left support leg so that it can be read looking
towards the higher support numbers. An appropriate height above ground level is
1.5 metres.
3.5.6.3 Number plates

Every support is to be fitted with a plate giving support number, line designation
and the text "SVENSKA KRAFTNÄT".
The plate is to be fitted to the left support leg so that it can be read looking
towards the higher support numbers.
Where permanent ladders are fitted to the supports the plates are to be fitted to the
ladder side of the support. At road crossings, where the line runs parallel with a
road and where permanent ladders are fitted to the supports, the plates are to be
fitted on the road side of the support irrespective of the position of the ladder.
3.5.6.4 Aerial number plates

Every fifth support is to be fitted with aerial number plates.
3.5.6.5 Aerial warning signs

Lines that cross under another line are to be fitted with aerial warning signs.
The signs shall be fitted to the left support leg above the crossarm seen in the
direction of flight towards the crossing. For supports with no shieldwire peak the
sign is to be place immediately beneath the crossarm.
Three supports on each side of the crossing shall be fitted with signs. The signs
shall have one, two and three markings respectively.
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14 September, 2000
Signs with one marking are to be placed a minimum of 100 metres before the
crossing and signs with three markings shall be placed a minimum of 300 metres
before the crossing.
3.5.6.6 Crossarm plates (line designation plates)

Crossarm plates are to be fitted to the three supports closest to a substation or a
junction in the line.
Crossarm plates are to be fitted to every support between a substation and a

junction in the line if the junction is located within five supports from the
substation
For supports with several circuits each line shall be marked with line designation
plates either fitted to the crossarm or at the insulator attachment point. These
plates are to be fitted to every support and normally on both sides.
Crossarm plates are to be fitted at every insulator attachment point on both sides
of the support where several circuits with different phase configurations are being
carried.
3.5.6.7 Navigable waterway crossing signs

The Swedish National Maritime Administration shall be contacted regarding the
necessity of installing signs where power lines cross navigable waterways.
3.5.6.8 Prohibitory climbing signs

Signs are to be fitted to support legs where the safety distance can be infringed
during climbing.
3.5.6.9 Line orientation plates

Line orientation plates shall be installed at appropriate locations near roads to
facilitate orientation of vehicles during trouble shooting and maintenance work on
the line. The plates are to be fitted to poles.
3.6 FABRICATION
3.6.1 INSPECTION PLAN
Before manufacturing is started, an inspection plan shall be drawn up by the
contractor and presented to the client for his review and approval. This inspection
plan shall be based on the workshop drawings.
The inspection plan shall include testing of cold-formed profiles to ensure that
there can be no possibility of hydrogen embrittlement.
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14 September, 2000
3.6.2 WORKMANSHIP
Workmanship, manufacturing, marking, and packing shall fulfil the requirements
stipulated in the client’s technical specifications.
The contractor and his suppliers shall afford the client every opportunity to
monitor and inspect the manufacture and testing of materials in the rolling mills,
foundries and manufacturing workshops.
3.6.2.1 Materials
The material shall have the quality specified for each individual member.
The material shall be free from exterior and interior deficiencies, such as cracks,
laminations, pipes, slag pockets, etc. which can reduce strength, serviceability or
detrimentally affect the suitability of the material with respect to processing and
machining. Steel surfaces may not have more rust than grade C as stated in
In order to identify material quality colour marking complying with Swedish

Standard SS 07 56 11 shall be used.
3.6.2.2 Dimensions
Dimensions shall accurately comply with those given in every individual case.
Those that are dependent on the position of the structure and on its underlay shall
generally be applicable when the structure is placed on a flat and stable underlay.
Dimensions are valid at room temperature and before surface coating. However,
dimensions are valid for galvanised coated threads after surface coating, see
Swedish Standard SS 3193.
The following tolerances are applicable unless otherwise stated:
Applicable tolerances for welded structures are class A as given in SMS 723
Tables 1 and 2.
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14 September, 2000
Table 1
Permissible deviations for linear dimensions.
Nominal dimension Permissible deviation

mm mm
(0) - 30 r1
(30) - 120 r1
(120) - 315 r1
(315) - 1000 r2
(1000) - 2000 r3
(2000) - 4000 r4
(4000) - 8000 r5
(8000) - 12000 r6
(12000) - 16000 r7
(16000) - 20000 r8
(20000) and greater r9
Table 2
Permissible deviations for angular dimensions.
Reference length Permissible angular-

(shortest leg of angle) deviation
mm 'D mm*)
(0) 315 ± 0,33°(± 20') ±6

(315) - 1000 ± 0,25°(± 15') ± 4,5
(1000) and greater ± 0,17°(± 10') ±3
*) Valid for a measuring length of 1000 mm (mm/m). For other measuring length
the deviation dimension is proportional to the measuring length.
For bolted connections the tolerances in table 3 are applicable, unless otherwise
stated on the drawing.
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14 September, 2000
Table 3
Normal dimension Permissible deviation

mm mm
(0) - 30 ±1
(30) - l20 ± 1,5
(120) - 315 ±2
(315) - 500 ±3
(500) - 1000 ± 3,5
(1000) and greater ±4
In addition to the tolerances given above the following shall apply:
a) Bolt and rivet holes + 0,30 mm

- 0,15 mm
b) Holes centres in the same connection group ± 1 mm
c) Width and height of lattice support at
location of crossarm. ± 2 mm
d) Width and height of lattice crossarm
at connection to support ± 2 mm
e) The difference in diagonal measurements in a cross-section of a lattice support
or crossarm may not be greater than 0,75 times the tolerance in Table 1 or
Table 3 respectively.
f) Longitudinal relative displacement of the main members in a lattice support
may not exceed ± 2 mm
g) The distortion of supports, crossarms or members may not exceed the length
multiplied by 0.0015.
h) The degree of twist about its own longitudinal axis for a tower leg or crossarm
may be up to 3° per 10 m with a maximum of 5°. For lengths less than 3,5 m
the twist may be a maximum of 1°.
3.6.2.3 Surface finish

Surfaces of members incorporated in the structure shall be free from slag,
weldspatter, scale, cracks, drilling and hole punching burrs, etc. Flame cut
surfaces shall have a quality corresponding to cutting class Sk 2 of BSK part 8:13
unless otherwise stated.
Surfaces intended for hot-dip galvanising shall be free from paint, grease, oil and
other contamination that may inhibit the pickling process which precedes
galvanising.
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14 September, 2000
Contact surfaces on both sides of a bolt hole shall be even so that the washer/nut
and bolt head lie flat. Raised characters or other forms of unevenness around a
hole shall be ground off.
3.6.2.4 Welding
Welding shall only be used where specifically directed and then be performed and
inspected according to BSK in addition to any other instructions given in each
particular case.
Welds shall meet quality requirements in accordance with welding class WC of

Swedish Standard SS 06 61 01. Cavities and gaps, usually starting points for
corrosion attack and which may be acid pockets during hot-dip galvanising, shall
be filled with a covering weld.
For radiographic testing welds shall as minimum meet the requirements of mark
green (3) according to IIW:s Reference Radiographic Chart. If a higher mark is
required this shall be stated on the relevant drawing.
3.6.3 SPECIFICATION DEVIATIONS

Any proposed deviation from the specification, or other contractual terms and
conditions which may have an effect with regard to function, strength,
interchangeability and serviceable life, shall be referred to the client for his
consideration and decision.
When delivering the members concerned, the manufacturer shall ensure that the
deviation report is included in the documentation package. He shall also certify
that any conditions applicable to the acceptance of any deviations have been
fulfilled.
3.6.4 ERECTION MARKING

In cases where specific erection marking specifications are not given the following
marking specifications will apply.
Steel structures consisting of only a few parts, and where in all probability any
confusion cannot occur, do not need to be marked. In all other cases all parts shall
be marked.
Erection marking, before surface coating should, as a rule, be made by machine

stamping with 10 mm high characters on angle sections including flats and plates
up to 8 mm thick. For material thicknesses greater than 8 mm, channels and H-
beams included, the marking should be made with 15mm high characters. Erection
marking shall be performed and placed in such a way that there is no risk of stress
concentration. On angle sections and beams the marking shall be made 100-150
mm from the last hole in a group of holes at one end and on the side of a flange
31

14 September, 2000
facing outwards. If this area is not suitable for marking, it shall be made further in
towards the middle of the angle section or beam. Erection marking of main
members in support legs shall be placed at the lower end. For main members in
crossarms the erection marking shall be placed the end of the joint or at any end if
there is no joint. In certain cases the position of the erection marking is to be
indicated on the relevant drawing.
Stamped designations forming the erection mark shall be separated from each
other by a point.
If the erection marking is not distinct after hot-dip galvanising, it shall be painted
in a colour contrasting sharply with the surface and be of good durability such as
quick-drying PVC. Marking with markers is not allowed.
The erection marking shall be placed on the outside of the structure in such a way
that makes it visible after assembly. Otherwise the marking shall be placed as
mentioned above.
A marking reference drawing shall be made by the contractor. Two copies shall be
submitted to the client before the steelwork is delivered or at the latest the same
day.
3.6.4.1 Bolted structures

Details for bolted connections shall be marked according to a system such that the
individual detail can be unambiguously identified on the relevant drawing.
3.6.4.2 Welded structures

Welded parts, which are to be fitted together, shall have mark designations on the
external side of the joint in such a way that the markings on the different units will
be situated immediately opposite each other.
3.6.5 MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS
3.6.5.1 Mass production

In mass production corresponding parts shall be fully interchangeable. Before
mass production is commenced, jigs and fixtures shall be checked for rigidity to
ensure that dimensions given on the drawings can be maintained. When
production is in progress, jigs and fixtures shall be regularly checked to ensure
that they have not been altered by wear or damage.
3.6.5.2 Machining
3.6.5.2.1 Cutting
Sharp edges created by sawing or shearing shall be removed. Cracks and
unevenness on sheared surfaces shall be removed by suitable means.
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14 September, 2000
Flame cut surfaces shall have a surface quality corresponding to cutting class Sk 2
of BSK part 8:13.
If a higher cutting class is required this will be indicated on the relevant drawing.
3.6.5.2.2 Bending
Bending may be done at room temperature for plates and flats if the thickness of
material does not exceed the following values:
Steel with ultimate stress Thickness of material
Lower than 470 N/mm2 25 mm

470 N/mm2 and above 20 mm
Plates and flats with thicknesses exceeding the values above, and rolled sections
irrespective of dimensions, shall be bent at a red heat of approximately 850°C.
Material with an ultimate stress higher than 430 N/mm2 may not be quenched
with water.
Cold working to elongate material is not allowed.
Cold bending is only permitted when fabrication trials have shown that the
material withstands cold working without cracks or dangerous stresses occurring
which, in conjunction with subsequent hot-dip galvanising, can cause
intercrystalline crack formation.
If the bending procedure is complicated, or when regarded as necessary, the steel

manufacturer's instructions should be obtained.
3.6.5.2.3 Holes
Steel according to Swedish Standards SS EN 10025 and SS 14 21 32 together with
EN 10113, or equivalent, may be punched to full-size provided that the thickness
does not exceed 13mm and the diameter of the hole exceeds the thickness of the
material. In other cases, the holes are to be punched or drilled to a diameter that is
at least 3 mm less than the nominal hole diameter and subsequently reamed or
drilled to the final diameter.
The stipulated hole tolerance shall be maintained for the entire depth of the hole.
Sharp edges after punching and drilling shall be removed. Cracks after punching
are not allowed.
Cutting and punching shall not be performed at a steel temperature lower than
+5°C.
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14 September, 2000
3.6.5.2.4 Incorrect holes

Incorrect holes shall neither be partly nor wholly filled by welding.
3.6.5.3 Welding
The manufacturer may only carry out welding after the client has approved the
applicable welding method.
Approval will be granted after assessing whether the following conditions have
been met:
3.6.5.3.1 Premises and equipment

Welding is to be performed in premises and with equipment suitable for the
purpose. The equipment shall be well suited for the type of welding to be
performed so that the correct quality is achieved. All equipment shall be regularly
checked and maintained.
3.6.5.3.2 Filler metal

Only filler metal intended for the parent metal and the welding method in question
is allowed. Such materials are to be handled and stored so as to ensure the correct
quality.
3.6.5.3.3 Responsible staff

The manufacturer shall have competent staff which have the necessary
qualifications to supervise the work and thus ensure the correct quality.
3.6.5.3.4 Competent tradesmen

Welder's competence shall be tested according to Swedish Standard SS 06 52 01 -
Approval Testing of Welders - or an equivalent standard. Only approved welders
shall be used.
3.6.5.3.5 Welding method

Welding methods should be well established and documented in a method
statement. A method test may be required.
3.6.5.3.6 Inspection
Welding conditions are to be inspected regularly before and during welding.
Inspections are to be carried out after welding to ensure that stipulated
requirements have been met.
3.6.5.4 Fitting
Structural members are to be straight before assembly. When any member is being
fitted it shall not be forced into place in such a manner that it becomes distorted.
34

14 September, 2000
Members incorporated in the steel structure which are not provided with complete
dimensions on a drawing shall be fitted with the aid of accurately made jigs or
templates.
3.6.5.5 Heat treatment

Complicated welded plate details and thick plates where flame cutting has been
used, shall be normalised. The normalising requirement is to be given on the
drawing for each individual member.
Other heat treatment may be specified or agreed in each particular case.
3.6.5.6 Hot-dip galvanising

Hot-dip galvanised structures shall have a well-adhered coating. The coating shall
be even as far as shape and characteristics permit. Contaminations of flux and
hard zinc or accumulations on mating surfaces shall not be allowed. After coating
the surface of all members shall be such that can be handled without the risk of
hand injuries.
Hollow closed spaces shall be provided with ventilation holes to prevent the
danger of explosion when the member is immersed in the zinc bath.
The weight of the zinc coating is to be given in each individual case. Unless
otherwise specified the weights must not be less than those given in the following
table:
Zinc weight g/m2

(Zinc thickness Pm)
Average value for Min value for

agreed number individual
of samples sample
Rolled steel in air 610 500

t d 6 mm (85 Pm) (70 Pm)
Rolled steel in air 685 610

t > 6 mm (95 Pm) (85 Pm)
Rolled steel in the ground 1010 830

t d 6 mm (140 Pm) (115 Pm)
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14 September, 2000
Zinc weight g/m2

(Zinc thickness Pm)
Average value for Min value for

agreed number individual
of samples sample
Rolled steel in the ground 1550 1370

t > 6 mm (215 Pm) (190 Pm)
Wedge secured steel in rock 830 720

(115 Pm) (100 Pm)
Cast iron and malleable iron 610 500

(85 Pm) (70 Pm)
Small parts which are centrifuged 395 360

(55 Pm) (50 Pm)
Nuts, bolts and washers 325 325

(45 Pm) (45 Pm)
The table conforms with Annex C of Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04.
3.7 TESTING
Testing shall be performed according to the standard that has been approved by
the client. Where no standard exists all test details shall be submitted to the client
for approval.
The contractor shall keep the client informed regarding:
x Progress of the manufacturing in order that inspection and testing can be

performed in the presence of the clients representative.
x To which standard the test is to be performed.
Before every inspection and test the contractor shall make sure that the work is
completely in accordance with the specifications and that it is ready for inspection
and testing.
Test loads shall be ultimate loads as specified in Clause 3.5.3 and Chapter 5 of
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14 September, 2000
3.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS

Routine tests shall be performed by the contractor in accordance with the
applicable standard and the client’s instructions.
3.7.2 SAMPLES
Representative samples of all materials from lots ready for despatch, selected at
random by the client, shall be subject to tests in order to verify their conformity
with the specification.
3.7.3 SHOP ASSEMBLY

One support of each type and height ordered, including every combination of leg
extensions, shall be assembled at the manufacturer’s premises in the presence of
the client to the extent necessary to ensure correct fit of parts, adequate bolt
lengths and proper field erection. Any defect shall be corrected to the client’s
satisfaction before delivery.
3.7.4 SUPPORT TEST

If requested by the client one support complete with fittings and leg extensions, if
any, shall undergo full-scale testing, in accordance with IEC Publication 652
"Loading tests on overhead line towers", at a testing station to be agreed. The
support shall be hot-dip galvanised and erected on rigid foundations.
The manufacturer shall prepare a comprehensive testing programme which is to be

approved by the client prior to testing. Loads are to be calculated according to
Chapter 5 of Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04.
3.8 CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY

3.8.1 GENERAL
As a part of his obligations the contractor shall prepare a quality assurance
programme, in accordance with Swedish Standard SS ISO 9001, which is to be
reviewed and approved by the client before work commences.
All quality documentation related to the work shall be readily available for the
client’s representative’s information until completion of the work.
3.8.2 QUALITY DOCUMENTATION

Before delivery from the manufacturer the contractor shall submit quality
documentation to the client.
The quality documentation shall contain the following documents:

37

14 September, 2000
3.8.2.1 Certificate
A certificate, duly signed by the contractors representative who is authorised to
sign such Q.A. documents, which includes:
x sufficient information to identify the part

x references to those Standards and requirements which have been followed for
the manufacturing and inspection
x reports for specified inspections that have been performed confirming that the
required results have been attained
No part of the works shall be despatched to site before it has passed all the tests
and has been inspected and found to comply, in every respect, with the stipulations
of the specification to the satisfaction of the client who will issue the certificate of
delivery.
3.8.2.2 Deviation report

Deviation reports together with every report related to major re-working.
3.8.2.3 Separate reports and inspection companies

Certificates for inspections that require separate reports, e.g. samples of materials,
non-destructive investigations, analysis, design and shop assembly reports.
Certificate from an independent inspection company, if such an organisation has

been employed.
3.9 ASSEMBLY
3.9.1 GENERAL
The assembly shall be performed in accordance with the relevant instructions such
that damage to the surface coating and structural distortions do not occur.
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14 September, 2000
ENCLOSURE A
3.A HINGED LATTICE COLUMN DESIGN CALCULATION

P P
qT qL MG
L
J
L
l
D
P
P
P= axial foundation load (ultimate limit state)
MG = moment from stay load and load on crossarm (ultimate limit state)
3.A.1 EULER LOAD

PE 0,95 S 2 E I/L2 ! 1,6 P
3.A.2. WIND LOAD

The wind load for the vertical projection of square cross-sections in the ultimate
limit state transverse to the line is -
qT
1,3q k 1 0,2 sin 2 24 A p P q lad 1,0 sin 2 4/ tan 2 D cos 4
The wind load for the vertical projection of square cross-sections in the ultimate
limit state longitudinally along the line is -
qL sin
1,3q k 1 0,2 sin 2 24 A p P qlad 2
D cos 2 D sin 2 4 sin 4
Where Ap = the effective area for H = 1.0 metre of the support leg length L.
qlad = Ap.P for a ladder which is only to be considered if the support leg is
fitted with a ladder.
D = inclination of the support leg considering stay elongation and the
deflection of the support
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14 September, 2000
The term 1 0,2 sin 2 24 is to be set to 1.0 for equilateral triangular cross-
sections.
3.A.3. BEAM CALCULATION

For non-computerised calculations the wind load qT and the dead weight qD are to
be projected perpendicular towards L.
new qT qT sin 2 D
new q D q D cos D
The maximum moments MTW, MLW and MD and the maximum deflections yTW,
yLW, yD and yMG are to be calculated. The shear forces TTW, TLW and TD are to be
calculated at the point where the taper starts. Designations TW indicate transverse
wind, LW longitudinal wind, D dead weight and MG indicate moment MG.
3.A.4 INITIAL DISTORTION

The initial distortion is L/600 in the most unfavourable direction.
x diagonally for square cross-sections, see clause 3.A.5.1.

x 0 and 60 degrees for triangular cross-sections, see clause 3.A.5.2.
3.A.5. MAIN MEMBER

The symbol + depends on the wind direction, the support leg inclination and the
main member in question.
In the figure CG denotes the centre of gravity of the cross-section.
3.A.5.1 Square-cross section

x
A1 A2
y CG y
c1 c2
A1 e A2
a b
x
The main member forces are
40

14 September, 2000
§ P/ 2 A1 2 A2 r M TW r M D a/I x r M LW M G / 2 c1 /I y ·
¨ ¸
Q1 A1 ¨ P r yTW r yi r y D e a/I x / 1 P/PE r ¸
¨ ¸
© r P y LW r y i y MG c1 /I y / 1 P/PE ¹
§ P A1 2 A2 r M TW r M D b I x r M LW M G 2 c 2 I y ·
¨ ¸
Q2 A2 ¨ P r yTW r y i r y D e b I x 1 P PE r ¸
¨ ¸
© r P y LW r y i y MG c 2 I y 1 P PE ¹
where yi 0, 71 L 600
3.A.5.2 Triangular cross-section

x
A2
y CG y
A1 c
A2
e
a b
x
The main member forces are
§ P/ A1 2 A2 r M TW r M D a/I x ·
Q1 A1 ¨¨ ¸
© P r yTW r yiy r y D e a/I x / 1 P/PE ¹
¸
§ P A1 2 A2 r M TW r M D b I x r M LW M G 2 c I y ·
¨ ¸
Q2 A2 ¨ P r yTW r y iy r y D e b I x 1 P PE r ¸
¨ ¸
¨ r P y r y y c I 1 P P ¸
© LW ix MG y E ¹
For Q1 is yiy L 600
For Q2 is yiy L 600 cos 60q and yix L 600 sin 60q
3.A.6. DIAGONALS
The shear force 0.017P is always to be added.
The symbol + depends on the diagonal in question.
3.A.6.1 Square cross-section

The force in one diagonal is
41

14 September, 2000
D DT 0,017 P 2 cos J
D DL 0,017 P 2 cos J
where DT TTW r TD 2 cos J

DL TLW r M G L 2 cos J
3.A.6.2 Triangular cross-section

The force in one diagonal is
D DT 0,017 P 1,5 cos J
D DL 0, 017 P 1, 5 cos J
where DT TTW r TD 2 cos 30q TLW r M G L 3 TLW r M G L e 3 b cos J

DL TLW r M G L 1,5 TLW r M G L e 3 b cos J
3.A.7. BUCKLING
The following applies when calculating the main member buckling load capacity
x For quadratic cross-section is O 0, 8 l rK
x For cold-formed profiles O is to be taken at the greatest of 0.8l/rK and l/rx.
K K
l x x
K K
The support buckling load capacity is also to be checked considering the support
leg as a built-up compression member in accordance with the handbook Bygg K
18:35.
3.A.8. STAY ELONGATION

The elongation of stays will alter the inclination angle of support legs and stays.
This will increase the load in support legs and stays compared with the loads
derived from nominal inclination angles.
42

14 September, 2000
3.A.9. END SECTIONS

The end sections shall be braced to the end plate to avoid bending in the main
members due to eccentric load.
The end sections shall be calculated with an eccentricity of 25 mm.
CL
P
25 mm
3.A.10. NATURAL FREQUENCY

The natural frequency shall be greater than 2 Hz.
For a uniform beam the formula is f S 2 L2 EI m ! 2
where EI (Nm2) is calculated in the weakest direction

m (kg/metre) inclusive of zinc and bolts
L (metres)

3 Supports: Technical Guidelines For 400 KV and 220 KV Oh-Lines SVK TR 5:103 Supports 14 September, 2000

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3 Supports: Technical Guidelines For 400 KV and 220 KV Oh-Lines SVK TR 5:103 Supports 14 September, 2000

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TECHNICAL GUIDELINES

FOR 400 kV AND 220 kV OH-LINES

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

3.1 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 5

3.2 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 8

3.5 REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 9

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

3.8 CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY....................................................................................... 36

3.A HINGED LATTICE COLUMN DESIGN CALCULATION............................................... 38

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

3.A.6.1 Square cross-section...................................................................................................... 40

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

BSK Bestämmelser för stålkonstruktioner

Bygg K Handboken Bygg del Konstruktionsteknik

ECCS No. 39 Recommendations for angles in lattice transmission towers

EN 10113 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels

IEC 652 Loading tests on overhead line towers

MNC 810 Allmänna konstruktionsstål - Plåt. Band. Stång. Smide -

SMS 723 Toleranser - Tillåtna måttavvikelser när tolerans ej direkt utsatts.

SS EN 10025 Varmvalsade formvaror av olegerat allmänt konstruktionsstål -

SS ISO 216 Skrivpapper och vissa typer av trycksaker - Färdigformat - A -

SS ISO 898 Fästelement - Hållfasthetsfordringar

SS ISO 2320 Fästelement - Sexkantlåsmuttrar av stål - Hållfasthets - och

SS ISO 4014 Fästelement-Delgängade sexkantskruvar -

SS ISO 4032 Fästelement-Sexkantsmuttrar, utförande 1 -

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

SS ISO 5455 Ritningsregler - Skalor

SS ISO 9001 Kvalitetssystem - Krav vid konstruktion, utveckling, produktion,

SS 3192 Varmförzinkning av utvändigt gängade ståldetaljer

SS 3193 Metriska ISO-gängor - Varmförzinkning av utvändiga

SS 02 01 30 Statistisk acceptanskontroll - Metoder och provtagningsplaner

SS 05 59 00 Behandling av stålytor före beläggning med målningsfärg och

SS 05 61 10 Impregnering av trä -kvalitetskrav

SS 06 61 01 Smältsvetsar i stål - Svetsklasser

SS 07 56 11 Metalliska formvaror - Märkning

SS-EN 10113 Varmvalsade prodkukter av svetsbara finkornstål för allmänna

SS 421 07 10 Isolation för elektriska friledningar för starkström

SS 424 08 06 Linor av hård förzinkad ståltråd för luftledningar - Fe 140 -linor

SS 436 01 01 Dimensionering av friledningar för starkström.

SS 436 01 02 Dimensionering av friledningar för starkström

SS 436 01 04 Dimensionering av friledningar för starkström - Stolpar.

AISI Cold Formed Steel Design Manual

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering November 1985

Bestämmelser för betongkonstruktioner B6 (1968)

EBR U7:86 Varningsskyltning av luftledningar för besiktning från luften

EBR U8 Varningsskyltning av luftledningar och sjökablar inom område

EBR handbok UNDERHÅLL LEDNINGAR 0,4 – 420 kV

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

Tubular steel support

Laminated wood support

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

If no standard is applicable or exists, which is the case in respect of patents for

If the standard to be followed is not written in Swedish or English the supplier

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

A minimum bending radius of 10 mm is recommended for cold-formed angle

Wooden poles shall be pressure impregnated to class A in accordance with the

For glued laminated wood Swedish Standard SS 436 01 04 is applicable.

3.5.2.1 Steel supports

SvK TR 5:103 SUPPORTS

Members subject to combined bending and compression shall be designed in

fcd 0, 91  fa for slenderness ratios < 20

fcd 0, 77  fa for slenderness ratios > 60

fcd 0, 91 fa for slenderness ratios < 20

fcd 0, 77 fa for slenderness ratios > 60

x support, or part of support, subject to compression 0, 8 L iK

x support, or part of support, subject to bending 0, 7 L iK

WT Wk cos 4 (transverse to the line)

WL Wk sin 4 (longitudinal with the line)