HYDROCARBONS

Pharm 122L - Preliminary Term

Prepared by: Mary Grace S. Biagtan, RP h, MS P harm

OVERVIEW
01
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBONS

02
PART 1: ALKANES

03
PART 2: ALKENES

04
PART 3: ALKYNES
HYDROCARBONS
• contain only H and C
• Saturated: all C to C bonds are single
• Unsaturated: contain C to C multiple
bonds

• Alkanes (C-C)
• Alkenes (C=)
• Alkynes (C≡C)
 HYDROCARBONS

ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES

each carbon atom HC with one or HC with one or

has four single more carbon–carbon more carbon-
double bonds carbon triple bonds
bonds
 Chemical Reactions
characteristics of a substance that describe the way the substance
undergoes or resists change to form a new substance

Physical Properties Applications

can be measured and examples of products and
observed without their pharmaceutical and
changing the composition industrial uses
or identity of a substance
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALKANES & CYCLOALKANES

• Insoluble in water
• Density: 0.6 g/mL to 0.8 g/mL
• Boiling Point: increases as the C-
chain length increases
• Cycloalkanes have higher BP than
non-cyclic counter parts
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF ALKANES

• State
• Gas: 1-4 C atoms
• Liquid: 5-17 C atoms
• Solid: 18 or more
 #1: The density difference between
alkanes & cycloalkanes and water
Fun Fact
explains why oil spills in aqueous
environments spread so quickly.

#2: Samgyupsal grill pan stove

makes use of portable butane gas
(hydrocarbon with 4C atoms).
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF
ALKANES & CYCLOALKANES

• Combustion
• Halogenation
• Oxidation
• Type
• Reactants
• Catalysts
• Products
I. Combustion
• alkane + oxygen that proceeds with the
evolution of heat and light
• products: carbon dioxide + water

Combustion of Methane and Propane

CH4 + O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O + heat energy
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O + heat energy
Application
“the exothermic nature of alkane combustion
reactions explains the extensive use of alkanes as
fuels”
Natural Gas Gasoline as
Propane in
in Home Transportation
Barbecue Units
Heating Fuel
2. Incomplete Combustion
• occur if insufficient oxygen is present during the
process
• products: CO2, carbon monoxide and elemental
carbon

Incomplete Combustion of Propane

C3H8 + 2O2 → 3C + 4H2O
 Fun Fact
The appearance of deposits of
black carbon (soot) on the
bottom of the pot is a physical
evidence that incomplete
combustion is occurring.
3. Halogenation
• alkane + halogen in which one or more
halogen atoms are incorporated into
molecules of the alkane
• Fluorination, chlorination, bromination, or
iodination

Bromination of Cyclohexane
Reaction with Bromine Water
“UV light splits the bromine molecule into two
reactive radicals, resulting in a very slow loss of
amber bromine color.”

Bromination of Ethane
4. Oxidation
• loss of electrons or gain of oxygen, resulting
in an increase in oxidation state by a
molecule, atom or ion

“Alkanes are relatively

inert to chemical oxidizing
agents such as potassium
Potassium
Permanganate
Solution
permanganate.”
 Alkane-Containing
Products
• Halothane
• Hexane
• Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

• Uses
• Other Names
• Structure
 Halothane

• AKA: Fluorothane

• MF: C2HBrClF3

• IUPAC Name: 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

• Use: General Anesthetic

• ROA: Inhalation
 Hexane

• Molecular Formula: C6H14

• Properties:

• clear colorless liquids with a petroleum-like odor

• less dense than water and insoluble in water

• flammable and explosive

• Uses: solvent, paint thinner, and chemical reaction medium

 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

• AKA Sodium monododecyl sulfate

• MF: C12H25O4SNa

• combined content of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate is not

more than 8%

• Uses: An emulsifying agent/detergent, and wetting agent in

ointments, tooth powders, and other pharmaceutical preparations,
and in the metal, paper, and pigment industries.
HYDROCARBONS
Thank you very much for your

time and attention!