Chapter Three1

Chapter
Three
Files and Directories
Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.)

2
The PHP Date() Function

¡ The PHP date() function formats a
timestamp to a more readable date
and time.
¡ A timestamp is a sequence of
characters, denoting the date and/or
time at which a certain event
occurred.
Syntax
¡ date(format,timestamp)
Tuesday, January 12,
2021
3
Date()Function parameters
Parameters Description
Format Required . Specifies the
format
Timestamp Optional. Specifies a

timestamp .Default is the
current date and time

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Cont. …
¡ The required format parameter in the date()
function specifies how to format the date/
time.
Here are some characters that can be used:
¡ d -‐ Represents the day of the month (01 to
31)
¡ m -‐ Represents a month (01 to 12)
¡ Y -‐ Represents a year (in four digits)

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Example:
<?php
echo date(“Y/m/d”).”<br/>”; //2019/04/15
echo date(“Y.m.d”).”<br/>”; //2019.04.15
echo date(“Y-‐m-‐d”); //2019-‐04-‐15
?>

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Adding a Timestamp
¡ specifies a timestamp.
¡ the current date and time will be
used as a default timestamp.
Syntax for mktime()
mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst)
¡ To go one day in the future we simply
add one to the day argument of
mktime().
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Example:
<?php
$tomorrow=mktime(0,0,0,date(“m”),date(“d”)+1,date(“Y”));
echo “tomorrow is:”.date(“Y/m/d”,$tomorrow);
//output:tomorrow is :2019/04/tomorrow’s day
?>

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PHP Include File

¡ You can insert the content of one PHP file
into another PHP file before the server
executes it, with the include() or
require() function.
¡ The two functions are identical in every

way, except how they handle errors:
¡ include() generates a warning, but the
script will continue execution
¡ require() generates a fatal error, and the
script will stop

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PHP Include File

¡ These two functions are used to create
functions, headers, footers, or elements that
will be reused on multiple pages.
¡ Server side includes saves a lot of work.
¡ This means that you can create a standard

header, footer, or menu file for all your web
pages.
¡ When the header needs to be updated, you can
only update the include file, or when you add
a new page to your site, you can simply
change the menu file (instead of updating the
links on all your web pages).
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header() function
¡ Page redirecting function

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Example:
header(“location:”)
$result = mysql_query ("INSERT INTO users (id,
real_name, username, password, email) VALUES
('$ID', '$real_name', '$username',
'$userpass','$email')");
if(!$result)
{
echo "<b>User not added:</b> ";
header("location:admin_home.php");
echo "<b>User not added:</b> ",
mysql_error();
exit;
}
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PHP File Upload
¡ Create an Upload-‐File Form

¡ To allow users to upload files
from a form can be very useful.

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PHP File Upload

<form action="upload.php" method="POST”
enctype=“multipart/form-‐data”>
<lable for="file">Filename:</lable>
<input type="file" name="upload">
<br/><br/>
<input type="submit" name="submit1">
</form>
/*The enctype attribute of the <form> tag

specifies which content-‐type to use when
submitting the form. */
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Cont. …
¡ By using the global PHP $_FILES
array you can upload files from a
client computer to the remote
server.
¡ The first parameter is the form's
input name and the second index can
be either "name", "type", "size",
"tmp_name" or "error". Like this:

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Cont. …
¡ $_FILES["file"]["name"] -‐ the name of the
uploaded file
¡ $_FILES["file"]["type"] -‐ the type of the

uploaded file
¡ $_FILES["file"]["size"] -‐ the size in bytes

of the uploaded file
¡ $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] -‐ the name of the

temporary copy of the file stored on the
server
¡ $_FILES["file"]["error"] -‐ the error code
resulting from the file upload
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upload.php file
<?php
if($_FILES["file"]["error"]>0) {
echo "Error:".$_FILES["file"]["error"]; }
else
{
echo "Upload:".$_FILES["file"]["name"]."<br/>";
echo "Type:".$_FILES["file"]["type"]."<br/>";
echo "Size:".($_FILES["file"]["size"]/
1024)."Kb<br/>";
echo "Stored in:".$_FILES["file"]
["tmp_name"]."<br/>";
}
?>
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Restrictions on Upload

¡ In this script we add some
restrictions to the file upload.
¡ The user may only upload .gif
or .jpeg files and the file size
must be under 20 kb:

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Restrictions on Upload

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Saving the Uploaded File

¡ The examples above create a
temporary copy of the uploaded files
in the PHP temp folder on the
server.
¡ The temporary copied files
disappears when the script ends.
¡ To store the uploaded file we need
to copy it to a different location:

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Note: This example saves the file to a new folder called
"upload"
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PHP File Handling

¡ The fopen() function is used to open files
in PHP.
Opening a File
¡ The fopen() function is used to open files

in PHP.
¡ The first parameter of this function

contains the name of the file to be opened
and the second parameter specifies in which
mode the file should be opened:

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Modes Description
r Read only. Starts at the beginning of the file
r+ Read write. Starts at the beginning of the file
w Write only. Opens and clears the contents or creates a new file
if it doesn’t exist.
w+ Read/write. Opens and clears the contents or creates a new file
if it doesn’t exist.
a Append. Opens and writes to the end of the file or creates a
new file if it doesn’t exist.
a+ Read/append. Preserves file content by writing to the end of
the file
x Write only. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file
already exists
x+ Read/write. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
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Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$file=fopen(“demo2.php”,”r”) or exit(“unable to open
file!”);
?>
</body>
</html>

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Some Useful File

Functions
¡ fclose():Closes a file or URL
Eg.fclose(fh);
¡ feof():Tests for end-‐-‐of-‐-‐file
Eg. feof(fh);
¡ fgetc():Gets a character from a
file.
Eg. fgetc(fh);
¡ fgets(): Gets a line from a file
Eg. fgets(fh);
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Opening a File for Reading

¡ B e f o r e o p e n i n g a f i l e y o u n e e d t o
determine whether or not the file exists
and is accessible for reading.
¡ The file_exists() function checks to see

if the file exists, and the is_readable()
function will return true if a file exists
and has read permission.
¡ Four PHP functions are used for reading

text from a file:fgets(), fgetc(), fread(),
and file_get_contents().

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<?php 26
$filename=“text.txt";
$fh=fopen("$filename”,"r");
if (!file_exists($filename))
{ // Check for file existence
print "No such file or directory";
exit(); }
else {
while(!feof($fh))
{
$content= fgets($fh);
echo $content;
} fclose($fh); }
?>

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Closing a File
¡ The fclose() function is used to

close an open file:
<?php
$file=fopen(“demo2.php”,”r”) or
exit(“unable to open file!”);
fclose($file);
?>

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Check End-‐of-‐file
¡ The feof() function checks if the "end-‐of-‐
file" (EOF) has been reached.
¡ The feof() function is useful for looping

through data of unknown length.
¡ Note: You cannot read from files opened in

w, a, and x mode
¡ Syntax: if(feof($file))echo “end of file”;

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Reading a File Line by Line
¡ The fgets() function is used to read

a single line from a file.
¡ Note: After a call to this function
the file pointer has moved to the
next line.

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Example
¡ The example below reads a file line by
line, until the end of file is reached:
<?php
$file=fopen(“text.txt”,”r”) or
exit(“unable to open file”);
while(!feof($file))
{
echo fgets($file).”<br>”;
}
fclose($file);
?>
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Reading a File Character by

Character
¡ The fgetc() function is used to read

a single character from a file.
¡ Note: After a call to this function
the file pointer moves to the next
character.

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Con’t
¡ Fread()
¡ fread()function takes a filehandle
and length as its argument and
return a specified number of
characters.
¡ Format
¡ $file=fopen("$filename”,"r");
¡ $contents=fread($file,5);

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Reading a File Character by

Character
¡ The example below reads a file character by
character, until the end of file is
reached:
<?php
$file=fopen(“text.txt”,”r”) or exit(“unable to
open file”);
while(!feof($file))
{
echo fgetc($file).”<br>”;
}
fclose($file);
?>

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Reading from Files Without a

Filehandle
¡ PHP provides functions that allow you to
read the contents of a file without first
opening a filehandle.
¡ file_get_contents():
¡ Reads and returns entire file in a string.
¡ Format
$contents=file_get_contents("datafile.txt");

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Opening a File for Writing

and Appending
The fwrite() and fputs() Functions
¡ The fwrite() function writes a string text to a
file .
¡ It takes three arguments:

¡ the filehandle returned by fopen() ,
¡ a string that will write to the file
¡ an optional length argument(how many bytes to
write to the file.)
¡ Format :
fwrite (filehandle,string,[int length]);

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<?php
$name="Aster";
$address="AA";
$email="ate234@gmail.com";
$title="Student";
$outputstring="$name\t$address\t$email\t$title\n";
$filename=”text.txt";
$filehandle=fopen($filename,"w");
fwrite($filehandle,
$outputstring,strlen($outputstring));
echo "Writing data successfully";

fclose($filehandle);
?>

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Opening a File for Writing
¡ The file_put_contents()Function
¡ also writes a string to a file and
returns the number of bytes
written,but does not require a
filehandle. Otherwise it is the
same as fwrite() and fputs().

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Opening a File for Appending

¡ When a file is opened for
appending, the write will start
at the end of the file.
¡ If the file does not exist, it
will be created.

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<?php
39
$name="Aster";
$address="AA";
$email="ate234@gmail.com";
$title="Student";
$outputstring="$name\t$address\t$email\t$title\n";
$filename="info.txt";
$filehandle=fopen($filename,"a");
fwrite($filehandle, $outputstring);
echo "Data added sucssfully";
$text= file_get_contents("$filename");
echo "<pre>$text</pre>";
fclose($filehandle);
?>
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File Checks
¡ Before performing operations on
files or directories, it is a good
practice to verify whether or not
the file even exists, if it is
readable, writable, executable, and
so on.
¡ PHP provides a set of functions for
testing the status of a file.

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File Testing Functions

¡ file_exists():
¡ Checks if the file or directory exists.
¡ It returns TRUE if it does, and FALSE if it
does not.
¡ Format
file_exists ( string filename );
¡ Example:
if ( file_exists(“demo.php");
¡ is_dir():Checks if the filename is a
directory.
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cont
¡ is_file():
¡ Checks if the filename is a file.
¡ It takes the name of the file as its argument
¡ returns TRUE if the file is a regular file,
and FALSE if it is not.
¡ Format: is_file ( string filename )

¡ Example: if ( is_file(”demo.php")
{ print "True"; }

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Con’t
¡ is_file():
¡ Checks if the file name is a file.
¡ It takes the name of the file as its argument and
returns TRUE if the file is a regular file, and
FALSE if it is not.
Format
is_file (string filename)
Example:
if ( is_file("myfile.php"){ print "True”;}

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Con’t
¡ is_readable() :
¡ Checks if the file is readable.
¡ It takes the filename as its argument and
returns TRUE if the filename exists and is
readable.
¡ Format
is_readable ( string filename );
Example:
if ( is_readable("file.txt"))
{
echo "File is readable<br />”; }
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Con’t
¡ is_writable():
¡ Checks if the file is writable.
Format
is_writable ( string filename )
Example:
if (is_writable($filename))
{
echo "$filename is writable";
}
¡ stat():gives information about the file.

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Creating, Copying,
Renaming, and Deleting
Files
• Functions to Manipulate Files
¡ copy() Copies a file.
¡ rename() Renames a file.
¡ unlink() Removes a file.

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The copy() Function:

Making a Copy of a File
¡ The copy() function will return true if the file
was correctly copied, or false if there was an
error.
¡ To copy a file, you will need write permission on

the directory where the new copy will be stored.
¡ Format
bool copy(string source_file,string

destination_file)

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The copy() Function:

Example
<?php
$oldfilename="info.txt ";
$newfilename="test.txt";
if(copy($oldfilename,$newfilename))
{
echo "Copy succeeded!\n<br />”; exit(); }
else
{
echo "Copy failed\n<br />"; }
?>
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The rename() Function:

Renaming and/or Moving a File
¡ The rename() function is used to give a
file or directory another name.
¡ It returns true on success, and false if it

fails.
¡ Format
rename(string old_file,string new_file)
Example:
¡ rename(“test.txt", “def.txt");

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The unlink() Function:

Removing a File
¡ The unlink() function is used to remove a
file. It returns true if it can remove the
file and false if not.
¡ Format
unlink ( string filename )
¡ Example:
unlink("datafile.txt");
// Deletes the file from the directory

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Directories
¡ PHP supports a number of functions to
allow you to work with directories in the
file system.
¡ From a PHP script, you can open a directory

and read its contents ,you can change to a
new directory, list the current working
directory, remove a directory, and so on.

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PHP Directory Functions

¡ chdir():
¡ Changes the directory.
¡ chroot():
¡ Changes the root directory.
¡ closedir():
¡ Closes a directory
¡ Handle previously opened with opendir().
¡ getcwd()
¡ Gets the current working directory.
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¡ opendir():
¡ Returns a directory handle that can be
used with readdir(),closedir().
¡ readdir():
¡ Reads the next file from a directory
handle opened with opendir().
¡ rmdir():
¡ Deletes a directory.
¡ It must be empty and have write
permission.
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¡ scandir():
¡ Returns an array of files and
directories from a given path.
¡ unlink():
¡ Deletes a file from a directory.

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Opening and Reading from

a Directory
¡ When you open a directory with the
opendir() function, you create a
directory handle to allow access to
the directory as it is stored on the
disk by the operating system
regardless of its internal
structure.
¡ Once it is opened, you can access
the directory with the PHP functions

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Opening and Reading from

a Directory
¡ The opendir() Function
¡ The opendir() function is used to open
a directory, similar to the fopen()
function for opening files.
¡ Once a handle to the directory is
returned, the other directory
functions, such as readdir(),
rewindir(),and closedir(), can be
applied to the directory filehandle.
¡ If the directory cannot be opened,
false will be returned.

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Opening and Reading from a

Directory
¡ Format
opendir(string path)
¡ Example:
//$dirhandle is a resource similar to a filehandle
$dirhandle=opendir("/home/john");

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The readdir() Function

¡ A directory can be read by anyone who has
read permission on the directory.
¡ When we speak of reading a directory, we

are talking about looking at its contents
with the readdir() function.
¡ readdir() reads an entry from a directory

handle, given as its argument, and returns
the name of a file from the directory.

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The readdir() Function

¡ Format
readdir (resource dir_handle )
¡ Example:
$dirhandle=opendir("/home");
//Gets one file from the directory.
//Use a loop to get them all
one_file=readdir($dirhandle);

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Example
<?php
$dir=opendir(“C:/xampp/htdocs/IS");
//List all files in the directory
while($file=readdir($dir))
{ echo $file,"<br />”; }
closedir($dirhandle);
?>

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2021

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Chapter

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.)

The PHP Date() Function

Timestamp Optional. Specifies a

Tuesday, January 12,

Here are some characters that can be used:

¡ m -­‐ Represents a month (01 to 12)

¡ Y -­‐ Represents a year (in four digits)

Tuesday, January 12,

Tuesday, January 12,

Tuesday, January 12,

PHP Include File

¡ The two functions are identical in every

Tuesday, January 12,

PHP Include File

¡ This means that you can create a standard

¡ Page redirecting function

Tuesday, January 12,

PHP File Upload

¡ Create an Upload-­‐File Form

Tuesday, January 12,

PHP File Upload

<input type="file" name="upload">

<input type="submit" name="submit1">

/*The enctype attribute of the <form> tag

Tuesday, January 12,

¡ $_FILES["file"]["type"] -­‐ the type of the

¡ $_FILES["file"]["size"] -­‐ the size in bytes

¡ $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] -­‐ the name of the

Restrictions on Upload

Tuesday, January 12,

Restrictions on Upload

Tuesday, January 12,

Saving the Uploaded File

Tuesday, January 12,

PHP File Handling

¡ The fopen() function is used to open files

¡ The first parameter of this function

Tuesday, January 12,

Tuesday, January 12,

Some Useful File

Opening a File for Reading

¡ The file_exists() function checks to see

¡ Four PHP functions are used for reading

Tuesday, January 12,

Tuesday, January 12,

¡ The fclose() function is used to

Tuesday, January 12,

¡ The feof() function is useful for looping

¡ Note: You cannot read from files opened in

¡ Syntax: if(feof($file))echo “end of file”;

Tuesday, January 12,

Reading a File Line by Line

¡ The fgets() function is used to read

Tuesday, January 12,

Reading a File Character by

¡ The fgetc() function is used to read

Tuesday, January 12,

Tuesday, January 12,

Reading a File Character by

Tuesday, January 12,

Reading from Files Without a

Tuesday, January 12,

¡ m -‐ Represents a month (01 to 12)

¡ Y -‐ Represents a year (in four digits)

¡ Create an Upload-‐File Form

¡ $_FILES["file"]["type"] -‐ the type of the

¡ $_FILES["file"]["size"] -‐ the size in bytes

¡ $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] -‐ the name of the