A

MI
CROPROJECTREPORT
ON
“
REMOTESENSI
NG”
Submi
tt
edBy
Mr
.Bi
raj
darAt
ulSant
osh[
Rol
lNo.
5]
Ms.Khambal
eSwat
iSant
osh[
Rol
lNo.
18]
Ms.RautPooj
aRav
indr
a[Rol
lNo.
28]
Ms.AnuseKaj
alSanj
ay[
Rol
lNo.
1]

Inthepart
ialf
ulf
il
lmentoftherequi
rementof
Dipl
omai nCiv
ilEngi
neeri
ng
ApprovedBy,
Mahar
ashtr
aStateBoardofTechnicalEducat
ion,
Mumbai

UnderTheGui
danceOf
Mi
ss.Ni
ral
iP.
R

Depar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing

AnEducat
ionEmpoweredbyindust
ry.
FABTECHTECHNICALCAMPUSCOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG&
RESEARCHPOLYTECHNI C(SHI
FT),SANGOLA
Year2020-
21

1
 AnEducat
ionEmpower
edbyindust
ry.
..
FABTECHTECHNI CALCAMPUSCOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG&
RESEARCHPOLYTECHNIC(SHI
FT),SANGOLA
Cer
ti
fi
cat
e
Thi
sist
ocer
ti
fyt
hat
Mr
.Bi
raj
darAt
ulSant
osh[
Rol
lNo.
5]
Ms.Khambal
eSwat
iSant
osh[
Rol
lNo.
18]
Ms.RautPooj
aRav
indr
a[Rol
lNo.
28]
Ms.AnuseKaj
alSanj
ay[
Rol
lNo.
1]
OfSY[
Civ
il
]hav
esat
isf
act
ori
l
yandsuccessf
ull
ycompl
etedt
hei
rmi
cro
pr
ojectent
it
ledas,
“
REMOTESENSI
NG”
Andhav
esubmi
tt
edt
hismi
cropr
ojectr
epor
tinpar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lmentoft
he
r
equi
rement
sfort
heSubj
ect/Cour
seADVANCEDSURVEYI
NG oft
he
MSBTEdur
ingacademi
cyear2020-
21.
Dat
e:

ProjectGuide Pri
nci
pal H.O.
D
(
Mi ss.Niral
iP.R) (
Mr.PawarS.
L) (
Mr.Mul
eV.
V)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I woul
dliketoexpressmyspecialthanksofgratit
udeto
mypr ojectgui
deMi ss.Niral
iP.
R,Headoft heDepartmentMr.
MuleV. Vaswel lasourpr i
nci
palMr.PawarS.L.whogav eme
thegoldenoppor t
unit
yt odothi
swonderfulproj
ectont hetopi
c
"Remote Sensing"whi ch al
so hel
ped me i n doi
ng a lotof
Researchandi camet oknowaboutsomanynewt hi
ngs

Iam r
eall
ythankf
ultothem.Secondl
yIwoul
dalsoli
keto
t
hankmypar entsandfri
endswhohel pedmealoti
nf i
nal
izi
ng
t
hispr
ojectwit
hinthel
imit
edtimeframe.

Mr.Bi
raj
darAtulSantosh[RollNo.5]
Ms.KhambaleSwat iSantosh[RollNo.
18]
Ms.RautPooj
aRav indra[RollNo.28]
Ms.AnuseKajal
Sanj ay[Roll
No. 1]

3
 I
NDEX

Sr
.no Ti
tl
e Pageno.

1 I
ntr
oduct
ion
5

Def
ini
ti
onof
2
6
Remot
esensi
ng

3 Ty
pes
7

4 Dev
ices
8

5 Appl
i
cat
ions
10

Adv
ant
agesand
6
11
Di
sadv
ant
ages

7 Concl
usi
on
13

8 Bi
l
iogr
aphy
14

4
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Remot esensi ngistheacqui siti
onofi nformationaboutan
objectorphenomenonwi t
houtmaki ngphy si
cal contactwith
theobj ectandt husisi ncont rasttoon-siteobser vati
on.The
termi sappl i
edespeci allytoacqui r
inginformat i
onaboutt he
Earth.Remot esensingi susedi nnumer ousfields,incl
uding
geogr aphy,landsur veyingandmostEar thsciencedi sci
plines
(forexampl e, hydr
ology ,ecology,met eorol
ogy ,oceanography ,
glaciology,geology);italsohasmi l
itary,
intel
l
igence,
commer cial,economi c,planning,andhumani t
ar i
anappl i
cations,
amongot her s.

Remot esensi ngistheartandsci enceofr ecording, measuring,

andanal yzinginf
ormat i
onaboutaphenomenonf rom a
distance.Humanswi ththeai doft heireyes, noses, andear s
areconst antl
yseeing,smelling,andhear ingt hingsf r
om a
distanceast heymov ethroughanenv i
ronment .Thus, humans
arenat ur
allydesignedtober emot esensor s.Inor dertostudy
l
ar geareasoft heEarth’
ssur facegeogr apher susedev ices
knownasr emot esensors.Thesesensor sar emount edon
platfor
mssuchashel icopters,planes, andsat ell
it
est hatmake
i
tpossi bl
ef orthesensorst oobser v
et heEar t
hf rom abov e.

Incurrentusage,thet erm" remot esensi ng"gener al

lyrefersto
theuseofsat el
li
teorai rcr
af t
-basedsensort echnologiest o
detectandclassifyobj ectsonEar th.I
tincludest hesurfaceand
theatmospher eandoceans, basedonpr opagatedsignal s(e.
g.
elect
romagnet i
cradi ation).Itmaybespl itinto"acti
ve"remot e
sensing(whenasi gnal isemi ttedbyasat ell
i
teoraircrafttothe
objectanditsrefl
ect i
ondet ectedbyt hesensor )and" passive"
remot esensi
ng( whent her eflect
ionofsunl i
ghtisdetectedby
thesensor).

5
DEFI
NITI
ONOFREMOTESENSI
NG:
Remotesensi ngisthepr ocessofdetecti
ngandmoni t
ori
ng
thephy si
calcharacter
isti
csofanar eabymeasur i
ngits
ref
lectedandemi ttedradiat
ionatadi st
ance( t
ypi
cal
lyfr
om
satell
i
teoraircraft
).Specialcamerascollectr
emotel
ysensed
i
mages, whi
chhel presearchers"sense"t
hingsabouttheEart
h.

6
TYPESOFREMOTESENSI
NG

Therear
et wot y
pesofremotesensi
ng:
1.Acti
ver emotesensi
ng.
2.Passi
v eremotesensi
ng.

 Activeremotesensi
ng: Activesensorsemi tenergyin
ordertoscanobject
sandar easwhereuponasensort hen
detectsandmeasurest her adiati
onthati
sr ef
lectedor
backscatter
edfrom thetarget .RADARandLi DARar e
exampl esofacti
veremot esensi ngwherethet i
medel ay
betweenemi ssi
onandr eturni smeasured,establi
shi
ng
thelocati
on,speedanddi rectionofanobject.

 Passiveremot esensi
ng: Passivesensorsgatherradi
ati
on
thatisemit t
edorr efl
ectedbyt heobjectorsurr
ounding
areas.Reflectedsunli
ghti sthemostcommonsour ceof
radi
ationmeasur edbypassi vesensors.Examplesof
passiveremot esensor sincl
udef il
m photogr
aphy,inf
rar
ed,
charge-coupleddev i
ces, andradiometers.

7
Act
iveRemot
eSensi
ngDev
ices
Eachact ivesensorinr emot esensingdi r
ectsi t
ssignal t
othe
objectandt hencheckst heresponse–t her ecei
vedquant it
y.
Themaj ori
tyofdevicesempl oymi crowavessi ncetheyar e
rel
ativ
el yimmunet oweat hercondi t
ions.Activeremot esensing
techniquesdifferbywhatt heytransmi t(
li
ghtorwav es)and
whatt heydetermine( e.g.,di
stance,height,atmospher i
c
conditions,et
c.).

 Radarisasensorassisti
nginr angi
ngwi thradi
osi gnal
s.
I
tsspecifi
cfeatur
eistheant ennaemi tt
ingi
mpul ses.
Whent heenergyfl
owi nradaractiv
er emotesensing
meet sanobstacl
e,i
tscattersbackt othesensortosome
degree.Basedonitsamountandt r
av el
ingti
me,itis
possibl
etoestimatehowf arthetargetis.

 Lidardetermi
nesdistancewi t
hlight.Li
daracti
veremote
sensingimpli
estransmi t
ti
nglightimpulsesandchecking
thequant i
tyr
etr
ieved.Thetargetlocati
onanddi st
anceare
understoodbymul ti
ply
ingthet i
mebyt hespeedofl i
ght.
 Laseralti
metermeasur eselevati
onwi t
hlidar
.

 Rangingi
nstr
ument sest
imatetherangeei
therwi
thoneor
twoident
icaldev
icesondif
ferentpl
atf
ormssendi
ng
signal
stoeachother.

 Sounderst
udi
esweathercondi
ti
onsvert
ical
l
ybyemi
tt
ing
i
mpulses,i
ncasei
tfal
lstotheacti
vecat
egory.

 Scatter
ometeri
saspeci
fi
cdev
icet
omeasur
ebounced
(backscat
ter
ed)r
adi
ati
on.

8
Passi
veRemot
eSensi
ngDev
ices

Themostpopularpassi
ver
emotesensi
ngexamplesofdev
ices
arev
ari
oustypesofradi
ometer
sorspect
romet
ers.

I
nst
rumentnamescl
ear
lyi
dent
if
ywhatt
heymeasur
e:

 Spect
romet
erdi
sti
ngui
shesandanal
yzesspect
ral
bands.

 Radiometerdet
erminesthepowerofradiati
onemi
tt
edby
theobjecti
npart
icul
arbandranges(v
isible,
IR,
microwave).

 Spect
roradi
ometerfi
ndsoutt
hepowerofr
adi
ati
oni
n
sever
albandranges.

 Hy per
spectralradi
ometeroperateswiththemostaccur at
e
typeofpassi v
esensorthatisusedi nremotesensing.Due
toextremelyhighresol
ution,i
tdiff
erenti
ateshundredsof
ulti
matelynarrowspectralbandswithinvi
sibl
e,NIRand
MI Rregi
ons.

I
magingr
adiometerscanst
heobj
ectorasur
facet
o
r
epr
oducetheimage.

 Soundersensest
heat
mospher
iccondi
ti
onsv
ert
ical
l
y.

 Accelerometerdetectschangesi
nspeedperuni
toft
ime
(e.
g.,
linearorrot
ational
).

9
Appl
i
cat
ionsofRemot
eSensi
ng

Remotesensi
ngcanbeappliedtov
ari
ousfiel
dsofstudy
.Thefol
l
owi
ng
ar
ejustafewappl
icat
ionsofthi
scont
inual
l
y -
dev
elopi
ngsci
ence.

 Geol
ogy
:Remot
esensi
ngcanhel
pmapl
arge,
remot
ear
eas.Thi
s
makesi tpossi bleforgeol ogi st
st ocl assifyanar ea'
srockt ypes,
studyitsgeomor phology ,andt rackchangescausedbynat ural
eventssuchasf l
oodsandl andslides.
 Ag ri
culture: Remot esensi ngi salsohel pful whenst udying
vegetat i
on.Phot ographst akenr emot elyal l
owbi ogeogr aphers,
ecologist s,agri
culturali
sts, andf orest erstoeasi lydetectwhat
vegetat i
oni spr esentinanar eaaswel lasitsgrowt hpot enti
al and
conditionsopt i
mal forsur vival.
 Land-usepl anning: Thosest udyingl anddev elopmentcanappl y
remot esensi ngtost udyi
ngandr egul atingl andusagesov erwi de
expanses.Thedat aobtainedcanbeusedf orcityplanningandt he
modi fi
cat ionoft heenv ir
onmentmor egener al
ly.
 Ge ographi cinformat i
onsy stem mappi ng( GIS):Remot esensi ng
i
magesar eusedast heinputdat af orr aster-baseddigitalelevation
model sorDEMs.Ai rphot osut il
i
zedt hr oughGI Scanbedi giti
zed
i
ntopol ygonst hatar elaterputi ntoshapef i
lesformapmaki ng.

10
Adv
ant
agesofr
emot
esensi
ng:
 Largear eacover
age:Remotesensingall
owscov er
ageof
verylargeareaswhichenabl
esregional
sur v
eysona
vari
etyoft hemesandidenti
fi
cat
ionofextremelyl
arge
features.

 Remotesensi
ngal
lowsforeasycol
l
ect
ionofdat
aov
era
var
iet
yofscal
esandresol
uti
ons.

 Remot el
ysenseddat acaneasi
lybeprocessedand
analy
zedf astusingacomputerandthedatauti
li
zedf
or
vari
ouspur poses.

 Datacol
lectedthr
oughremotesensi
ngisanal
yzedatt
he
l
aborat
orywhi chmini
mizest
hewor kt
hatneedstobe
doneont hefi
eld.

 Remot
esensingal
lowsf
ormaprevisi
onatasmallt
o
medi
um scal
ewhichmakesi
tabitcheaperandf
ast
er.

11
Di
sadv
ant
agesofr
emot
esensi
ng:
 Remotesensi
ngi
saf ai
rl
yexpensi
vemet
hodofanaly
sis
especi
all
ywhenmeasuri
ngoranal
yzi
ngsmal
l
erareas.

 Powerfulacti
veremotesensi
ngsyst
emssuchasr adars
thatemitthei
rownelect
romagnet
icradi
ati
oncanbe
i
ntrusi
veandaf f
ectt
hephenomenonbeinginvest
igat
ed.

 Theinstr
umentsusedinr
emotesensi
ngmaysometi
mes
beun-cal
ibr
atedwhichmayl
eadtoun-cal
i
brat
edr
emote
sensi
ngdata.

 Somet i
mesdiff
erentphenomenabeinganaly
zedmayl
ook
thesamedur i
ngmeasur ementwhi
chmayl eadt
o
classi
fi
cat
ionerr
or.

 Theimagebeinganal
yzedmaysomet imesbei
nter
fer
ed
byotherphenomenathatar
enotbeingmeasur
edandthi
s
shoul
dalsobeaccountedfordur
inganal
ysi
s.

12
 CONCLUSI
ON

From aboveinformationabout' RemoteSensing'wecan

concludethat.
..
..
..
Al
thoughremot esensingt echni
queshav eprimari
lybeen
vi
ewedasameansf orgat heringdatathatar
et henint
erpret
ed
byt heuser,
theyareincreasinglyservi
ngotherrolesin
scienti
fi
candappl i
edr esearch.

13
 BI
LIOGRAPHY
GOOGLESEARCH:

 Appl
i
cat
ionsofRemot
esensi
ng.

 Act
iveandPassi
veRemot
esensi
ngI
nst
rument
sand
Dev
ices.

 Adv
ant
agesofr
emot
esensi
ng.

 Di
sadv
ant
agesofr
emot
esensi
ng.

BOOK:

 ALay
bor
ator
yManual
ForAdv
ancedSur
vey
ing.

 Adv
ancedSur
vey
ing(
TECHMAX)

14