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BIM Implementation in Public Sector of Pakistan Construction Industry

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BIM Implementation in Public Sector of Pakistan Construction Industry

Conference Paper · August 2018

DOI: 10.1061/9780784481721.005

CITATIONS

4 authors, including:

Hafiz Zahoor Ahmad Khan Ahsen Maqsoom

National University of Sciences and Technology COMSATS University Islamabad
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BIM Implementation in Public Sector of Pakistan Construction Industry

Babar Ali1; Hafiz Zahoor2; Khwaja M. Mazher3; and Ahsen Maqsoom4
1
Postgraduate, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, National Univ. of Sciences
and Technology, Risalpur Campus, Pakistan 24080. E-mail: babar.ali@mce.nust.edu.pk
2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, National Univ. of
Sciences and Technology, Risalpur Campus, Pakistan 24080. E-mail:
hafiz.zahoor@mce.nust.edu.pk
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3
Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., Kowloon,
Hong Kong 999077. E-mail: mateen.mazher@connect.polyu.hk
4
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan 47040. E-mail: ashen.maqsoom@ciitwah.edu.pk

ABSTRACT
Construction sector of Pakistan has rapidly developed with a higher growth rate of 9.05
percent during the period 2016–2017. However, a poor record of completing the projects in
allocated time, cost, and with desired results is observed. One of the reasons for such poor
performance is sticking to the traditional management practices that can be easily overcome with
the implementation of building information modeling (BIM) tools. This study attempts to
educate the stakeholders of the public sector of construction industry in Pakistan, as to how BIM
can help them in minimizing the problems being faced during construction. BIM was
implemented on a running construction project of a government hospital. The results were then
presented to the key stakeholders, and they were asked to rank how BIM can help them in
overcoming the problems. The stakeholders were generally convinced to use BIM on future
construction projects, and agreed to take appropriate measures for BIM implementation in their
departments. This research is expected to help in enhancing the performance of construction
industry through BIM implementation.

INTRODUCTION
Construction is one of the important sectors in Pakistan. It is the largest employment
producing sector within the country as well as a vital factor for the economic development
(Maqsoom et al. 2013). The construction sector has registered a growth of 9.05 percent against
the last year growth of 14.6 percent (Pakistan Economic Survey 2017). Boom of construction in
different economic zones such as Energy, Architecture and Planning, Industrial and
Transportation, makes it a defining element for the economic progress of the country (Gardezi et
al. 2014). Though the industry is progressing, the quantum and rate of progress are yet not up to
the mark (Maqsoom et al. 2013; Shabbar et al. 2017). Construction industry of Pakistan, like
other countries around the world, has a poor record in terms of completing projects in allotted
time and cost (Gardezi et al. 2014; Maqsoom and Charoenngam 2014; Sohu et al. 2017; Shabbar
et al. 2017). Additionally, it has the issues of quality and meeting other project success factors
(Siddiqui et al. 2016). Moreover, many projects fail to accomplish their objectives due to time
and cost overruns; hence, Pakistan construction industry is unable to deliver as per the
government plan of progressive development (Maqsoom and Charoenngam 2014).
To overcome these problems, BIM has emerged as the most promising developments in the
architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. It helps architects, engineers, and

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constructors to visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment, and to identify the

potential design, construction, or operational issues (Eastman et al. 2011; Ozorhon and Karahan
2016). The National Institute of Building Sciences defines BIM as “a digital representation of
physical and functional characteristics of a facility” (NIBS 2007). The concept of BIM was first
introduced by Chuck Eastman and Robert Aish in 1970 (Laiserin 2007). For more than twenty
years, this system of modeling was used under different names such as virtual building, product
model, and intelligent object (Ozorhon and Karahan 2016). This edge of BIM over traditional
computer aided drawing (CAD) model is that the model generated by BIM can be effectively
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used for planning, design construction, and operation of the facility (Azhar 2011). BIM is
gaining wide acceptance among Architects and Project Managers for efficient and effective
design and construction management (Charlesraj 2014).
BIM is not just a software but a process as well (Azhar 2011). It is the process of generating
and managing building data during its life cycle from concept to disposal in form of a digital
representation of physical and functional characteristics of building (Sistani and Rezaei 2012). It
brings along a new method of working which aims to revolutionize and make the construction
process more responsive to the end-user needs (Arayici et al. 2012). Mendelsohn (1997) found
that 75 percent of the problems faced on site are because of the design defects, which are
detected during the execution phase of the projects; consequently leading to rework (Oyewobi et
al. 2011).
To overcome the problems of rework to a greater extent, BIM can be utilized. Amongst the
continuous BIM benefits gained by the industry practitioners include cost and time savings,
quality and performance improvements, clash detection, improved accuracy, enhanced
collaboration and communication, better presentation and documentation process, improved
planning and design, and better visualization, cost estimation, facility management and
sustainability (Ismail et al. 2017). In recent years, BIM has become much more active in the
construction industry due to its visualization ability and information traceability (Wang and
Chong 2014).
BIM is progressively enforced in developed countries, however, cultivation of BIM
technology in developing countries like Pakistan is still lagging ((Ismail et al. 2017; Masood et
al. 2014). The public as well as private sector organizations are still reluctant to adopt BIM due
to unawareness (Porwal & Hewage 2013). One way to facilitate BIM adoption may be to make it
a mandatory requirement for the public projects by the government. The government’s mandate
would unquestionably become one of the main drivers in encouraging the construction industry
players to engage BIM into their practice (Ismail et al. 2017). The case study tested in this paper
is also a publically funded construction project, on which, traditional Design-bid-build delivery
method with lowest bid procurement was adopted. The study attempts to promote the benefits of
implementing BIM among public sector stakeholders.
According to Lee et al. (2014), BIM technologies were mandated by the US and UK
government entities to empower design and construction, and to meet the enlightened owners’
targets. As a result, BIM adoption in North America rose steeply from 28% to 71% between
2007 and 2012, and the UK and other regions also observed similar dramatic expansions (NIBS
2007; SmartMarket Report 2014). Based on the findings of research by Azhar (2011), 75% of
construction companies in Southeast US are using or considering to use BIM in their companies,
and 75% of them prefer to employ candidate with BIM skills rather than those who lack BIM
knowledge. UK government decided not to include any contractor in future government
contracts without BIM (BuildingSMART 2010). Over one third of the industry in Western

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Europe adopted BIM. BIM is also being adopted by the contractors in other regions such as
Japan, South Korea and Austria/New Zealand (Masood et al. 2014). Singapore has planned to
shift about 80% of their construction industry on BIM (Fatima et al. 2015). China is also
advancing in implementing BIM, especially by the large firms, within its AEC industry (Ismail et
al. 2017).

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Unfortunately, Pakistan lags far behind when it comes to infrastructure development due to
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fraudulent practices in the construction sector (Maqsoom et al. 2013). The critical risks in
construction industry of Pakistan include quality, premature failure of facility, lack of planning
and management, change in design/scope of work, corruption, claims and disputes,
inadequate/incorrect design, and quantity variations (Shabbar et al. 2017). Similarly, the main
reason for major delays and cost overruns have been reported as mistakes and error in design,
variations, delays in preparation and approval of drawings, discrepancies between drawings and
specifications, unrealistic time and cost estimate, improper planning, poor coordination between
project stakeholders, and poor contract management (Gardezi et al. 2014). In a traditional
construction project, after the construction drawings, specifications, and addendum are issued to
the selected contractor to start constructing the facility, the contractor becomes bound to review
the details and inform for any changes at the earliest. Analysing and overlaying CAD files and
sheet drawings is time consuming work; it lacks in visibility and is prone to errors and missing
information (Fatima et al. 2015). As a result, project managers need to spend significant time and
effort to find out the useful information (such as plans and specifications) for field management,
and for communicating to construction participants at the site and offices (Park et al. 2016). It
ultimately results in conflicts at later stages, thus, project objectives are compromised.
Looking at the wonders of BIM in modern construction, local researchers in the developing
countries, like Pakistan, started to inculcate the usefulness of BIM among key stakeholders to
eliminate the construction industry’s problems. Fatima et al. (2015) distributed a questionnaire to
construction managers and project managers of the companies registered with Pakistan
Engineering Council to inquire about the current status of BIM in Pakistan. The results showed
that 51% people have medium knowledge about BIM, 10-12 % people have almost no
knowledge of BIM and 8% people don’t know about the benefits and use of BIM. Similarly
Masood et al. (2014) conducted survey on the same area and found that in Pakistan only 27% of
AEC organizations are using BIM in one way or other whereas 73% organizations are neither
using BIM nor involved in BIM adoption process in any capacity. These results clearly show the
lagging of Pakistan construction industry in BIM adaptation. Accordingly, some studies were
conducted regarding the barriers to BIM implementation amongst the Pakistani construction
players (Masood et al. 2014). Most needed aspects in implementation of BIM are identified as
awareness and education (Ismail et al. 2017; Masood et al. 2014).
To convince the stakeholders of Pakistan construction industry for gaining maximum
benefits of BIM, drawings and construction data of an already executed building should be
redrafted using BIM concepts and then the advantages of BIM should be highlighted in
comparison to traditional design approach (Masood et al. 2014). This recommendation is acted
upon practically as a case study in this research in an attempt to increase the awareness and
interest in implementing BIM among the key stakeholders of Pakistan construction industry.

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RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This case study was aimed to apply the principles of BIM on a public sector building project
in the construction industry of Pakistan, and then highlight the BIM advantages by comparing it
with the traditional approach followed on the same project. It was achieved through following
objectives:
To implement the process of BIM and create an n-D model of a public sector
construction project suffering from poor construction performance.
To develop a consensus among the stakeholders regarding advantages of BIM
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implementation in overcoming the problems.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The selected project is a government funded project of District Headquarter hospital in
Mardan city of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) of Pakistan. It is a Medical Complex
having a covered area of 45281 sq ft, capacity of 650 beds and designed to accommodate all the
provisions of a standard hospital.
In first phase, under study project is observed and authorities involved in construction were
interviewed regarding the problems they are facing in the construction, causing delays and cost
overruns from their baseline.
In second phase, the authorities were asked to provide all the necessary data that will be used
in the creation of BIM model. The flow of our BIM process involved creation of 3D model of
District Headquarter hospital Mardan using the tools of Autodesk Revit, including Architectural,
Structural and MEP models. The models were exported to Autodesk Navisworks, for detecting
the clashes between all the three models, and also for the 4D simulation together with scheduling
in Primavera P6. Quantities take-off of construction works of the project was also performed in
Autodesk Navisworks.

Table 1. Participants Details.

Client Consultant Government Contractor
(Communication & Works KPK) (NESPAK) (AAA)
Exp
Exp Exp
Position No Position No Year Position No
Years Years
s
Project 1 25 General 1 28 Project 1 20
Director Manager Manager
Superintendent 2 18-20 Resident 1 20 Constructio 2 15-18
Engineer Engineer n Manager
Executive 2 10-16 Assistant 2 10- Planning 1 12
Engineer Resident 12 Manager
Engineer
Divisional 3 5-8 Designer 3 10- Site 3 7-9
Officer 15 Engineer
Sub Engineer 2 10-12 Quantity 2 10-12
Surveyor
Total 10 7 9

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After the generation of results, the public sector authorities and other key stakeholders
involved in the project were invited for a presentation regarding the results generated from BIM
process and its edge over the traditional approaches they are following on site. A total of 26
stakeholders as shown below in Table 1 were invited from the client, consultant and contractor
teams for the presentation of BIM process applied on the site.
After explaining the BIM process applied on site, stakeholders were presented with a
questionnaire to assess whether they find BIM process advantageous as compared with the
traditional approach of construction, and if it can help them in overcoming the problems they
experience on site. A 5-point Likert scale was used with 1 representing ‘Strongly Disagree’ to 5
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representing ‘Strongly Agree’ (Zahoor et al. 2017).

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Interview results: The problems faced during construction were identified through detailed
observations and inquiring from key construction stakeholders by conducting semi-structured
interviews. The identified problems are listed below on the basis of frequency of occurrence in
the project:
Mistakes and error in design that causes rework
Variations in scope and quantities
Delays in preparation and approval of drawings
Delay in payments
Poor planning/management
Poor coordination between stakeholders.
Analysis using BIM process: Many observations were made after applying the BIM
process to the case study building as shown in Figure 1. The 3D visualization in Autodesk
Revit was used to visualize all the clashes among the objects of the model. Major confl icts
between stairs Vs columns and beams top level differences were observed in one floor
using BIM; otherwise, it would have been a rigorous process of looking in detail each and
every part of the project in the traditional CAD modelling.

Figure 1. Revit 3D view of model.

Due to lack of collaboration between the architect and engineer, there were numerous
ambiguities and inaccuracies in the architectural, structural and MEP drawings. The linked
structural and MEP model (shown in Figure 2 were exported to Navisworks. Structural and
Architectural models were checked against each other and for any potential clashes with the

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MEP model. A tolerance of 0.003ft was applied for analysis. Two types of clash detection and
resolution analyses were run, the first one was Architectural and Structural model Vs.
plumbing/sewerage, and second one was Architectural and Structural model Vs. HVAC. The
first analysis yielded 146 clashes; a kind of clash is shown in Figure 3 grouped into three: Slab
Vs Pipes, Beam Vs Pipes and columns Vs Pipes. The second one yielded 20 clashes; such a clash
is shown in Figure 4 grouped into 2 sets based upon similarity. These clashes were then removed
by revising the models. There was also a problem in elevation height of one of the cooling
equipment of HVAC on top of roof due to which it was resting on beams instead of roof, causing
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its ducts levels to be inappropriate and misplaced which were adjusted accordingly after
discussing with the concerned designer.

Figure 2. Revit MEP model.

Figure 3. Sewerage pipe and beam clash.

Figure 4. HVAC duct vs column clash.

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Scheduling was performed using Primavera P6 and Autodesk Navisworks. For the generation
of timeline of the project, all of the activities were inserted in Primavera P6 and scheduling was
performed to determine the critical path for the construction activities. A .csv file generated in
Primavera P6 was then imported into Autodesk Navisworks. Separate sets of components of each
model were made and linked with the respective timeline of the activities in the .csv file and 4D
simulation was run, a view is shown in Figure 5. It gave an overview to the stakeholders
regarding different construction phases as per their initial baseline timeframe than an ordinary
Gantt chart which was difficult to understand and to manage the site facilities.
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Figure 5.Navisworks 4D simulation.

Quantification was done for structural elements such as concrete, reinforcements in
Navisworks, and exact schedules for different elements of building were prepared in electronic
format as shown in Figure 6. To give an overview, a sheet was generated electronically and
compared with the original calculated quantities from the quantity surveyors on site. All the
quantities were within ± 5% range from the baseline.

Figure 6.Quantification workbook of Navisworks.

Validation by stakeholders: The advantages of BIM process, ranked by the stakeholders,
are shown in Table 2.

DISCUSSION
The overall weighted average score of stakeholders regarding the advantages of BIM over
traditional approach depicts that the most of their opinions range from agree to strongly agree,
with high weighted average score given to: improving communication, time and cost overruns
reduction, reduce variations, reduce site rework, and improvement of project documentation. For

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the client, BIM adoption was a tremendous management process. Client representatives strongly
believed that problems, such as communication between stakeholders, cost and time overruns,
project planning and documentation, can be improved to a larger extent because of BIM
implementation on their projects. The lowest weighted score given by the client representatives
is for site management improvement as ‘3.9’, and design review improvement as ‘4’. It is
probably because of the limited knowledge and concern of client regarding these two problems
as they are not directly related to the project execution and design.
The consultants strongly agree that BIM is an excellent opportunity to reduce design
variations and improve design review process. However, they have rated the factor of ‘planning’
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between neutral and agreed, with a score of ‘3.7’ due to their limited knowledge and concern
about planning. In the same way, contractors strongly believed that BIM can effectively reduce
the rework during execution and improve the communication of contractor with designers and
client. The contractors rated the ‘design review process’ between neutral to agree, with a score of
‘3.6’ due to limited knowledge regarding design improvement. Overall, all the stakeholders
agreed to implement BIM on their sites for better communication, and reduction in project time
and cost overruns.

Table 2. Stakeholder Weighted Score.

Weighted Average Score
Advantages
Client Consultant Contractor Overall Score
Reduce Rework During Construction 4.1 4.5 4.8 4.5
Reduce Variations 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.6
Improves Design Review 4.0 4.7 3.6 4.1
Improves Planning through Visualization 4.8 3.7 4.5 4.3
Improve Project Documentation 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.5
Improves Communication 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8
Improves Estimation 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.5
Improves Site Management 3.9 4.1 4.7 4.2
Reduce Construction Time overruns 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.7
Reduce Construction Cost overruns 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.7

CONCLUSION
Construction industry of Pakistan is facing problems of delays and miscommunications in all
the stages of project execution, starting from the preliminary studies to the project close out
stage. The key stakeholders are yet not convinced to adopt the modern management approaches
such as BIM. Through this case study, the advantages of BIM implementation are highlighted, as
BIM facilitates in cost estimation, safety, risk management, energy analysis, and life cycle
analysis of a project. The study recommends BIM to be beneficial for the construction sector. In
addition, major barrier in BIM adoption in Pakistan construction industry is identified as the
unawareness among the key construction stakeholders. Thus, the presentation of BIM process to
the stakeholders of public sector helped in convincing them. It is believed that the public sector
authorities can be a driving force for BIM implementation in the country.
During validation process, all the key stakeholders found this technology an excellent
alternative in reduction of the problems normally faced during project execution. Moreover,
clients’ department have shown their interest in taking appropriate measures for making BIM a

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compulsion for the contractors to participate in bidding of their future projects. This study also
highlighted the flaws in design, coordination, and mismanagement using traditional approach
which can effectively be tackled using BIM. The consultant and contractor’s representatives
raised few important areas, such as lack of man power and paucity of other resources including
high tech computers, and licensed softwares etc., which could be addressed through fund
allocation from the client at the time of contract. It will help in trainings of consultant and
contractor staff.
This study is limited to the implementation of BIM in Pakistan, where BIM implementation
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on construction projects is still not taking place due to certain barriers, as highlighted in this
paper. The study has assisted in educating the government entities regarding BIM advantages
through a real time case study project, by comparing and highlighting the advantages of BIM
implementation over traditional management processes. In the next phase of this research, social
and technological impacts of BIM on Pakistan construction industry would be empirically
investigated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to the government entities, Communication and Works department of KPK,
NESPAK and contractors for providing the drawings and all the necessary documents and
information to create BIM model of the facility, and spare their time to attend the awareness
presentation and list down their views.

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