Thomson's experiments showed that a cathode ray consist of particles called electrons, that have

mass, and a negative charge. Thomson believed that the rays were particles because a paddle
wheel was set in motion by the ray. Thomson used the cathode ray tube to determine that atoms
had small negatively charged particles inside of them, which he called “electrons.” He concluded
that the beam was negatively charged because the ray came from the negative electrode. In order
to determine if the cathode ray consisted of charged particles, Thomson used magnets and
charged plates to deflect the cathode ray.  He observed that cathode rays were deflected by
a magnetic field in the same manner as a wire carrying an electric current, which was known to
be negatively charged. In addition, the cathode ray was deflected away from a negatively
charged metal plate and towards a positively charged plate.

Boyle discovered that pressure multiplied by volume is a constant. In other words, when you
increase the pressure on a gas, the gas’s volume shrinks in a predictable way. . He emphasized on
the importance of conducting experiments in scientific research and was a scientist with
outstanding experimental skills. He optimized many scientific instruments and made
contributions to many areas of research. Boyle is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.
He considered chemistry as a physical science, not just a practical art or mysterious alchemy,
although he was a believer in alchemy. Through experiments, he proved that the ancient Greek
theory of four elements was invalid, and proposed a concept of elements close to the one we
have today. He believed that all matters are composed of minute particles and the universe works
like a sophisticated machine. His thoughts deeply influenced many scientists including Newton.
Boyle also did extensive work with the air pump, proving such things as the impossibility for
sound to be present in a vacuum, the necessity of air for fire and life, and the permanent elasticity
of air. Also using the air pump, Boyle discovered that "fixed air" was present in all vegetables.
Through other experimental methods, mainly the use of steel filings and strong mineral acid, he
also found hydrogen. Yet his greatest achievement, apart from his influence on scientific
thought, were his writings. Boyle wrote about the connections of God with the physical universe.
He wrote numerous books on religious subjects, not all of which were related to science, but the
most influential being so. 
Ernest Rutherford is known for his pioneering studies of radioactivity and the atom.
He discovered that there are two types of radiation, alpha and beta particles, coming from
uranium. He found that the atom consists mostly of empty space, with its mass concentrated in a
central positively charged nucleus. A consummate experimentalist, Rutherford (1871–1937) was
responsible for a remarkable series of discoveries in the fields of radioactivity and nuclear
physics. He discovered alpha and beta rays, set forth the laws of radioactive decay, and identified
alpha particles as helium nuclei. Most important, he postulated the nuclear structure of the atom:
experiments done in Rutherford’s laboratory showed that when alpha particles are fired into gas
atoms, a few are violently deflected, which implies a dense, positively charged central region
containing most of the atomic mass. Ernest Rutherford's famed Gold Foil Experiment of 1909
demonstrated that atoms were made up of a charged nucleus orbited by electrons. He published
his findings in 1911 with a description of what he called the Rutherford model of the atom.
While electrons had been described prior to this experiment, Rutherford was the first person to
describe the existence of a small, charged atomic nucleus.
James Chadwick played a vital role in the atomic theory, as he discovered the Neutron
in atoms. Neutrons are located in the center of an atom, in the nucleus along with the protons.
They have neither a positive nor negative charge, but contribute the the atomic weight with the
same effect as a proton. Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear
science: he proved the existence of neutrons – elementary particles devoid of any electrical
charge. Chadwick is best known for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. A neutron is a particle
with no electric charge that, along with positively charged protons, makes up an atom's nucleus.
Bombarding elements with neutrons can succeed in penetrating and splitting nuclei, generating
an enormous amount of energy. In this way, Chadwick's findings were pivotal to the discovery of
nuclear fission, and ultimately the development of the atomic bomb. James Chadwick played a
vital role in the atomic theory, as he discovered the Neutron in atoms.
Neutrons are located in the center of an atom, in the nucleus along with the protons. They have
neither a positive nor negative charge, but contribute the the atomic weight with the same effect
as a proton.
Chadwick discovered this subatomic particle by using a neutron chamber in his experiments.

His work with Geiger did not last long. As a result of the war, Chadwick spent four years in a
prison camp; however, that did not stop his scientific curiosity. He worked with as little
resources as possible, only having tin foil and a type of chemical toothpaste. After the First
World War, he was able to return to Cambridge to complete his PhD. Throughout all of this time,
he had before observed the proton and understood that there was something in the nucleus in
addition to protons. This observation and study persisted more than a decade with many
experiments and combined research with other physicists. One experiment conducted by Frédéric
and Irène Joliot-Curie really paved the way for this discovery. This experiment was the way in
which radiation knocked loose particles as heavy as protons from the wax target that was hit by
beryllium. [3] Joliot-Curie believed the radiation that was knocking these protons free must be
high-energy gamma photons, but Chadwick had an inkling otherwise. His succeeding
experiments brought him to the conclusion that this radiation that was being emitted was
something about the same size mass of a proton but with neutral charge. Thus, in February of
1932, he released his first paper, titled "The Possible Existence of a Neutron". After more
research, he later changed the name to "The Existence of a Neutron". This work is important
because of how it contradicts his predecessor, Rutherford's, conclusion of what a neutron was. It
was deemed in fact a new particle, rather than the combination of an electron and proton as
Rutherford had once suggested.