Study and Design of Equivalent Circuit Model of Planar DNG Material

Study and Design of
Equivalent Circuit Model of

Planar DNG Material
Project ID: 10036
A Mid-term Project Report

submitted for partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the Bachelor in Technology
under Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela
by
Singupuram Sri Harsha Roll # ECE200710331

Bhagirathi Naik Roll #ECE200715410
2010-2011
Under the guidance of

Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Patra
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY

PALUR HILLS, BERHAMPUR, ORISSA – 761008, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Metamaterial exhibiting negative permittivity and negative permeability in certain

frequency range or known as left-handed material (LHM), provides another
alternative to the existing right-hand rule. With this theory, it offers a new dimension
to the antenna applications as well as optic. The negative refractive index and the
convergence of the electromagnetic waves when passing through the metamaterial is
good for antenna and optical applications. However, this project looks into the effect
of metamaterial structure to the conventional antenna and concentrates on proving the
existence of the negative index material within certain frequency regions. Also, the
relationship between different varies dimensions used affect the frequency response is
being emphasized in order to understand further the metamaterial structure and its
properties. Knowing that, the structure is optimized to get the left-handed properties
in desired frequency range. Although, the metamaterial structure giving a limited
negative range within the desired frequency range, it does agree to the metamaterial
theory with the co-existence of both negative permittivity ε and negative permeability
µ. The design, simulation and fabrication of a left-handed metamaterial (LHM)
structure are presented. The theoretical calculation give a reference value to work
with, while the simulation via HFSS simulation tools is used to optimized and
confirmed to the theoretical result. Upon incorporation with a single patch Microstrip
antenna, the performance of the antenna was improved where the gain of the
Microstrip antenna will increase. These improvements are due to the negative
refraction characteristics of the LHM structure that acts as a lens when placed in front
of the antenna. Then the simulation also being performed on the antenna with
metamaterial structure and the effect is observed and analyzed where we can see a
frequency shift occurred.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank my advisor Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Patra for his valuable guidance and
assistance in completing the project successfully and helping me in learning a lot in a
very short period of time.
I am also indebted a lot to Mr. Nihar Ranjan Sahu,Project Co-ordinator, NIST,

for his continuous support and guidance in training related activities.
Also the encouragement by Dr. Ajit Kumar Panda has largely helped me complete
the course successfully.
And finally, the technical boosting from our director, Prof. Sangram Mudali, once in
a while is really worth mentioning.
Singupuram Sri Harsha
Bhagirathi Naik
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................vi
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................7
1.1 Project Background ..................................................................................7
1.2 Objective of the Project.....................................................................................7
1.3 Introduction to Metamaterial...........................................................................8
1.4 Scope of the Project............................................................................................9
2. ANTENNA THEORY........................................................................10
2.1 Introduction to the Antenna............................................................................10
2.2 Antenna Properties .........................................................................................10
2.3 Field Region......................................................................................................12
2.4 S-parameters.....................................................................................................13
2.5 Microstrip Patch Antenna ..............................................................................13
2.6 Feeding Techniques .........................................................................................14
2.7 Method of Analysis ..........................................................................................14
2.7.1 Transmission Line Model ..........................................................................15
3. METAMATERIAL REVIEW..........................................................16
3.1 What is the Left-Handed Metamaterial?.......................................................16
3.1.1 Which property of material is responsible for LHM? ................................17
3.2 Backward Waves..............................................................................................18
3.3 Frequency Dispersion......................................................................................18
3.4 Negative Index Refraction...............................................................................18
3.5 Refraction and Snell's Law.............................................................................20
4. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..................................................23
4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................23
5. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS................................................................25
iii
5.1 Design of 2.45GHz Probe Feed Patch Antenna.............................................25
5.2 Terminal S parameter Quick Report.............................................................25
5.3 Far Field 3D Polar Plot....................................................................................26
6. FUTURE WORKS.............................................................................27
6.1 Future Works...................................................................................................27
REFERENCES.......................................................................................28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Basic Structure of Microstrip Antenna............................14

Figure 2.2: Microstrip Line...................................................................15
Figure 2.3: Electric Field Lines.............................................................15
Figure 3.1: Permittivity ε, permeability µ and refractive index (n)
diagram....................................................................................................17
Figure 3.2: Effective medium LH material ad backward wave.........18
Figure 3.3: Wave incident on a positive index material.....................19
Figure 3.4: Wave incident on a negative index material.....................20
Figure 3.5: The angle of incidence of the prism...................................21
Figure 3.6: (a) Conventional material - the wave refracted towards
the surface normal; (b) Left-handed material - the wave refracted
away from the surface normal...............................................................21
Figure 3.7: (a) Refracted rays in conventional material; (b) Refracted
rays in Left-handed material.................................................................22
Figure 4.1: ε and μ space. 3rd region shows left-handed medium.....24
Figure 5.1: Probe Feed Patch Antenna.................................................25
Figure 5.2: Terminal S parameter .......................................................25
Figure 5.3: Polar Plot.............................................................................26
iv
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Interpretation of S-parameter Value of S11 and S22.......13

Table 2.2: Interpretation of S-parameter Value S12 and S21............13
vi
STUDY AND DESIGN OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL OF DNG MATERIAL
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
In modern wireless communication systems and increasing of other wireless

applications, wider bandwidth, multiband and low profile antennas are in great
demand for both commercial and military applications. This has initiated antenna
research in various directions; one of them is using metamaterial antenna elements.
Traditionally, each antenna operates at a single or dual frequency bands, where
different antenna is needed for different applications. This will cause a limited space
and place problem.
There is a constant increase of interest for multi-band and small size antennas, mainly
driven by the objective to reduce the number of onboard and ground antennas by
integrating several applications on a single radiating element. One technique to
construct a small size antenna is by applying metamaterial. Metamaterial can be used
to miniaturize the antenna due to their negative refractive index properties.
This project presents the study of microstrip antenna's gain enhancement using left-
handed metamaterial structure where the antenna behaviors are investigated. In
addition to the theoretical design procedure, numerical simulation was performed
using HFSS Microwave Studio to obtain design the antennas & feeding location.
1.2 Objective of the Project
Conventional antenna often limits the application of the antenna since they are
governed by the ‘right-hand rule’ which determine how electromagnetic wave should
behave. Metamaterial offers an alternative solution to widen the antenna applications
using the ‘left-hand rule’. The unique properties of metamaterial enable the
enhancement of the conventional antenna, thus open more opportunities for better
antenna design. This project will emphasize on obtaining the metamaterial structure
with optimized parameters for negative index behavior in which both permittivity and
permeability co-exist simultaneously in the required frequency region.
7
The main objectives of this project are:

1. To design and simulate the metamaterial structure
2. To incorporate metamaterial structure in the antenna design
1.3 Introduction to Metamaterial
According to Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), metamaterial

can be defined as a new class of ordered composites that exhibit exceptional
properties not readily observed in nature. These properties arise from qualitatively
new response functions that are not observed in the constituent materials and are the
result from the inclusion of artificially fabricated, extrinsic, low dimensional in
homogeneities.
The electric and magnetic properties of materials are determined by two important
material parameters, dielectric permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ. Together
the permeability and the permittivity, determine the response of the material to the
electromagnetic radiation. In such materials the index of refraction, n, is less than
zero, and therefore, phase and group velocity of an electromagnetic wave can
propagate in opposite directions such that the direction of propagation is reversed with
respect to the direction of energy flow . The idea of metamaterial or negative index of
refraction was first proposed theoretically in 1968 by V.G.Veselago.
This metamaterial exhibits a negative permittivity and permeability or also known as

left –handed material (LHM). Veselago also predicted that the LHM exhibit anti-
parallel nature in electromagnetic wave propagation and Poynting vectors. This is
opposed the conventional materials which normally carry electromagnetic wave
energy in the same direction as they propagate. With this theory, it provides another
alternative and opens the possibility for wider exploration in the area that previously
cannot be reached using the right hand rules properties.
8
1.4 Scope of the Project
The scope of the project will includes the study of metamaterial which will be
emphasized on the negative refractive index or left-handed material (LHM) and the
metamaterial structure which cover the conventional LHM. Another is to design the
metamaterial structure by using the theoretical method to find the optimized structure,
to compare the design parameter and to see the effect of varies structure dimensions
on the frequency response. Finally to perform a simulation on the designed structure
using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and analyze the result obtained.
9
2. ANTENNA THEORY
2.1 Introduction to the Antenna
The IEEE Standard Definitions of Term for Antennas defines the term antenna or
aerial as “a means for radiating or receiving radio waves”. More generally antenna is
defined as “the structure associated with the region of transition between a guided
wave and a free space wave or vice-versa”. In addition to receiving or transmitting
energy, it is used in advanced wireless system to optimize or accentuate the radiation
energy in some direction suppress into others.
2.2 Antenna Properties
To describe the performance of an antenna, definitions of various properties are

necessary. Some of the basic properties of antennas are discussed below.
• Input Impedance:
The input impedance of the antenna must identically match the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line in order to achieve maximum energy
transfer between a transmission line and an antenna.
• Gain:
It is defined as the ratio of maximum radiation intensity from a subject or test
antenna to the maximum radiation intensity from a reference antenna with
same power input. It is a dimensionless quantity and is usually expressed in
decibel.
• Directivity:
Directivity is the ratio of maximum radiated to radiate reference antenna.
Reference antenna usually is an isotropic radiator where the radiated energy
are same in all direction and have directivity of 1. Directivity can be
definition as
Fmax
D=
F0
Where Fmax= maximum radiated energy, and, F0 = isotropic radiator radiated

energy.
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• Power Gain:
It is the ratio of power density radiated in particular direction by subject
antenna to the power density radiated in that direction by an isotropic antenna
with same input power.
• Antenna Efficiency (η):
It is defined as the ratio of the power radiated to the total input power
supplied. The total efficiency E0 is used to take into account losses at the
input terminals and within the structure of the antenna. In general overall
efficiency can be written as:
E0 = Er Ec Ed
Where E0 = total efficiency
Er = reflection efficiency
Ec = conduction efficiency
Ed = dielectric efficiency
• Directive Gain:
In the definition of the antenna gain level, an isotropic antenna is typically
used as a reference standard. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical antenna
radiating energy equally in all direction of space. This antenna has a
directivity of 0 dB since energy is distributed equally in all direction. The gain
of an antenna must equal to its directivity if the antenna 100% efficient.
• Radiation pattern:
It is the graphical representation of quantity that characterizes the
electromagnetic field generated by an antenna as function of direction (space
co-ordinates).
• Field Strength:
If the radiation from the antenna is expressed in terms of E (volt/meter) or H
(ampere/metre2) the radiation pattern is known as Field Strength.
• Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR):
VSWR is the ratio between the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage
along the transmission line. The equation of VSWR is given by:
1 +τ
VSWR =
1 −τ
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• Bandwidth :
To determine the bandwidth on the input return loss graph, the difference in
frequency is taken at the points where the curve cut the -10dB level. An
antenna is considered broadband if (fH/fL) ≥2.
Narrowband by %
fH − fL
× 100%
BWp= f0
Broadband by ratio
fH
BWb = f L
Where f 0 = operating frequency

f H = higher cut-off frequency
f L = lower cut-off frequency
• Antenna Beam width :

It is a measure of the directivity of an antenna which represents an angular
width in degrees measured on the radiation pattern (major lobe) between
points, where the radiated power has fallen to half its maximum value.
• Polarization
Polarization is refers to the direction in space of the E-Field (electric vector)
portion of the electromagnetic wave being radiated by the transmission
system. Polarization may be classified as linear, circular or elliptical. If the
vector that describes the electric field at a point in space as a function of time
is always directed along a line, the field is said to be linear polarized.
2.3 Field Region
The field patterns, associated with an antenna, change with distance and are
associated with two types of energy: - radiating energy and reactive energy. Hence,
the space surrounding an antenna can be divided into three regions:
1. Reactive near-field
2. Radiating near-field (Fresnel)
3. Far-field (Fraunhofer)
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2.4 S-parameters
When designing RF or Microwave systems, scattering / S-parameter representations

play a central role. System characterization can no longer be accomplished through
simple open or short circuit measurements for high frequencies.
Interpretation of s-parameters value.
S11 and S22

Table 2.1: Interpretation of S-parameter Value of S11
and S22
Value Interpretation
-1 All voltage amplitude towards the two port are
inverted and reflected(0Ω)
0 Impedance matching, no reflection at all(50 Ω)
1 Voltage amplitude are reflected(∞Ω)
S12 and S21

Table 2.2: Interpretation of S-parameter Value S12 and
S21
Value Interpretation
0 No signal transmission at all.
0-1 Input signal is damped in the Z0 (characteristics
impedance) environment
1 Unity gain signal transmission in the Z0 environment
>1 Input signal is amplified in Z0 environment.
2.5 Microstrip Patch Antenna
Figure 2.1 show the basic structure of microstrip antenna which consists of radiating
patch, dielectric substrates and ground plane. Bottom layer of dielectric substrate is
fully covered by conductors that act as a ground plane. The radiated patch and ground
plane is a thin layer of gold or cuprum which is good conductor. Each dielectric
substrate has their own dielectric permittivity value. This permittivity will influence
the size of the antenna. The thickness of substrates layer can increase the bandwidth
13
and efficiency, but unfortunately it will generate surface wave with low propagation
that cause lost of power.
Figure 2.1: Basic Structure of Microstrip Antenna
2.6 Feeding Techniques
Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. These methods can be
classified into two categories- contacting and non-contacting. In the contacting
method, the RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting element
such as a microstrip line. The four most popular feed techniques used are the
microstrip line, coaxial probe (both contacting schemes), aperture coupling and
proximity coupling (both non-contacting schemes).
2.7 Method of Analysis
There are several approaches to analyze microstrip antenna. Among the favorite are
transmission line, cavity model, and full-wave analysis. Transmission line model are
the simple way of analysis. It gives good interior behavior even though less precisely.
But it is good enough to give good result. Compare to cavity model it is more
difficult to realize, but it will give a better result. The most precisely method for
analysis is full-wave model, but it need to go through difficult process.
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2.7.1 Transmission Line Model
The transmission line model simplest of all and it gives goof physical insight but it is
less accurate. The cavity model is more accurate and gives good physical insight but
is complex in nature. This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of
width W and height h, separated by a transmission line of length L. The microstrip is
essentially a non homogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically the substrate and air.
Figure 2.2: Microstrip Line
Figure 2.3: Electric Field Lines
Hence, as seen from Figure 2.3, most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate
and parts of some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure
transverse- electric-magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase velocities
would be different in the air and the substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of
propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode.
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3. METAMATERIAL REVIEW
This chapter consists of brief theory of metamaterial which includes the properties of
metamaterial in electromagnetic field, the behavior of negative index of refraction,
and the other prominent properties of metamaterial that is refraction and the Snell’s
Law. The discussion looks into the SRR structure and how its effect the left-handed
properties of metamaterial where the emphasized are done on the single-ring SRR
versus double-ring SRR. Also, includes here is a discussion on the metamaterial as
antenna substrate to enhance directivity, which includes the interaction of
metamaterial with a patch antenna and the effect of metamaterial structure on the
conventional antenna in terms of its performance such as directivity.
3.1 What is the Left-Handed Metamaterial?
In1968, Victor Veselago speculated about the existence of such double negative
materials in his paper entitled "The electrodynamics of substances with
simultaneously negative values of ε and µ". Veselago discussed the unique
phenomena occurring for an electromagnetic wave in a double negative material:
1. Electric field, magnetic field, and wave vector form a left-handed (LH) triad.
2. Negative refractive index leads to reversal of Snell's Law, Doppler Effect, and
Vavilov- Cerenkov radiation.
3. Frequency dispersion.
Knowing that the permittivity and permeability are the only relevant material
parameters for electromagnetic waves, we can imagine a 'material parameter space'
into which all materials can be placed. This is illustrated in Figure 3.1.
16
Figure 3.1: Permittivity ε, permeability µ and refractive index (n) diagram
Region I is where the permittivity and permeability are both positive. Since most
known materials have this property, this region of material parameter space has been
the most explored. However, the larger part of the map-three quarters, in fact has
been much less explored. This is because materials are just not so easily available in
these regions. In fact, materials that lie in the region III, where the permittivity and
permeability are both less than zero, do not appear in nature at all.
3.1.1 Which property of material is responsible for LHM?
The electric and magnetic properties of materials are determined by two important
material parameters, dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. Together the
permeability and the permittivity determine the response of the material to the
electromagnetic radiation. Generally, ε and μ are both positive in ordinary materials.
While ε could be negative in some materials (for instance, ε posses negative values
below the plasma frequency of metals), no natural materials with negative μ are
known. However, for certain structures, which are called left-handed materials
(LHM), both the effective permittivity, εeff and permeability, μeff possess negative
values. Dielectric permittivity takes negative values and EM waves cannot propagate
inside the medium below the plasma frequency. Electric charge is responsible for a
large electric response in dielectric materials. Because of the lack of magnetic charge
analogous to electric charge, it is more difficult to obtain a material with negative
magnetic permeability.
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3.2 Backward Waves
Since an electromagnetic wave in a double negative material forms a LH triad, double

negative materials are generally referred to as LHM. The LH triad means that power
flows away from the source (group velocity is positive) while the phase front travels
towards the source (phase velocity is negative). Therefore, LHM support backward
waves: wave with anti-parallel group and phase velocities. This backward wave
phenomenon can be observed in Fig. 3.2, which shows the electric field magnitude
plot of an air-filled rectangular waveguide with its middle section filled with a
fictional LHM of εr=- 1 and µr=-1. The magnitude plot shows that power is transferred
from the input to the output of the wave guide and that the phase front travels
backwards.
Figure 3.2: Effective medium LH material ad backward wave
3.3 Frequency Dispersion
Veselago also stated that a LHM will have frequency dispersion, which means that its
propagation constant ( ) is a nonlinear function of frequency. Therefore, a LHM will

not have constant values of ε and µ over a wide frequency unlike RHM. Instead ε
and µ vary depending on the frequency of operation.
3.4 Negative Index Refraction
All transparent or translucent materials that are known of possess positive refractive
index or a refractive index that is greater than zero, in nature. However, as proposed
by Veselago and realized by Pendry, a negative refractive index is made possible.
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Maxwell's equations relate the permittivity and the permeability to the refractive
index as follows in equation 3.1.
(3.1)
The sign of the index is usually taken as positive. However, Veselago showed that if
a medium has both negative permittivity and negative permeability, this convention
must be reversed, thus the negative sign of the square root is chosen to indicate the
negative refractive index.
This negative value can be explain as follows; as an example, it is often said that the
velocity of a wave in a material is given by c/n, where c is the speed of light in
vacuum. The implication of a negative index, then, is that the wave travels
backwards, as shown in below figure. An electromagnetic wave can be depicted as a
sinusoidal varying function that travels to the right or to the left as a function of time.
Figure 3.3 shows that a wave is incident on a positive index material (the reflected
wave has been ignored). The greater index of the second medium implies that the
wavelength decreases (by a factor of 1/n); however, to maintain the same phase at the
interface as a function of time, the speed of the wave must also be reduced, again by a
factor of 1/n.
Figure 3.3: Wave incident on a positive index material
When the refractive index is negative, the speed of the wave, given by c/n is negative
and the wave travels backwards toward the source as shown in Figure 3.4. Yet, it
would reasonably expect that since energy is incident on the material from the left, the
energy in the material should likewise travel to the right, which is away from the
interface. To resolve this, Veselago showed that there are more ways to define the
19
velocity of a wave. The definition c/n is well known as the phase velocity and
determines the rate at which the peaks (or zeros) of a wave pass a given point in time.
But this is not most relevant definition of a wave's velocity as we can also define the
group; energy, signal and front velocities, and these generally differ from the phase
velocity. Therefore, in left-handed metamaterial, wave propagates in the opposite
direction to the energy flows.
Figure 3.4: Wave incident on a negative index material
3.5 Refraction and Snell's Law
One of the most fundamental of optical effects is refraction, or the bending of light as
it crosses the interface between two materials. The underlying principles of refraction
can be easily understood and applies to all electromagnetic waves and not just visible
light. When an electromagnetic wave traverses the interface from a material with
refractive index n1 to another material with refractive index n2, the change in its
trajectory can be determined from the ratio of refractive indices n2/n1 by the use of
Snell's Law.
(3.2)
A common way to determine the refractive index of a material is to form a prism out
of the material, shine a beam of light through it and observe the deflection of the
beam on the other side. Light enters the prism through one of the interfaces at direct
incidence, striking the opposite interface at an oblique angle. Figure 3.5 shows what
happens to the beam when the material has the same index as the surrounding
medium, or has an index that is greater than the surrounding medium but either
positive or negative. The figure also had shown the dashed line, which represents the
surface normal, which is perpendicular to the interface between the prism and the
20
surrounding material. The angle of the prism defines the angle of incidence of the
beam to the interface.
Figure 3.5: The angle of incidence of the prism
A measurement of the angle of the exit beam from the surface normal provides a
measurement of the refractive index of the prism. Figure 3.6(a) shows the refracted
wave for the conventional material, where the waves are refracted toward the surface
normal. Snell's Law shows that a material with a negative refractive index, not a
material that exists in nature would refract a beam to negative angles, as shown in
Figure 3.6(b), where the refracted wave is away from the surface normal.
(a) (b)
Figure 3.6: (a) Conventional material - the wave refracted towards the
surface normal; (b) Left-handed material - the wave refracted away from
the surface normal
Figure 3.7(a) and 3.7(b) shows how the spreading patterns of the waves on entering
and exiting the conventional and LHM material respectively. For conventional
material, the refracted waves are spreading away on entering and exiting the medium.
For LHM, the waves are refracted in such a way as to produce a focus inside the
21
material and then another just outside. The radiation pattern is more a beamlike,
which leads to the creation of highly directional antennas and also may allow more
antennas to be placed in closely packed space.
(a) (b)
Figure 3.7: (a) Refracted rays in conventional material; (b) Refracted
rays in Left-handed material
The startling properties of negative refractive index metamaterial:

1. Snell’s Law (n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2) still applies but rays are refracted away from
the normal on entering the material.
2. The Doppler Shift is reversed that is a light source moving toward an observer
appears to reduce its frequency.
3. Cherenkov radiation points the other way. Cherenkov radiation is the light
emitted when a charged particle passes through a medium under certain
conditions, in normal material the emitted light is in a forward direction
whereas in LHM, light is emitted in the reverse direction.
4. The group velocity is anti-parallel to phase velocity
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4. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
4.1 Introduction
The dielectric constant ε and the magnetic permeability μ are the fundamental
characteristic quantities that determine the propagation of electromagnetic waves in
matter. This is due to the fact that they are the only material parameters appearing in
the dispersion equation
|(ω2/c2) εij μ ij – k2 δij + ki kj|=0 (4.1)
which gives the relation between the frequency ω of a monochromatic wave and its
wave vector k. For an isotropic substance Eq. (4.1) takes a simpler form:
k2= (ω2/c2) n2 (4.2)
where n2 is given by
n2= µε (4.3)
From Eqs. (4.2) and (4.3), one can say that a simultaneous change of the signs of ε
and μ has no effect on these relations. But as we will see in the, materials having
simultaneously negative values of ε and μ have some physical properties and unique
characteristics that are different from those of ordinary materials having positive ε and
μ. To understand the effect of changes in the signs of ε and μ, we have to consider the
initial Maxwell equations, where ε and μ appear separately, different from equations
Eqs. (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3) where their product appears in the equations. Primarily
Maxwell equations
1 ∂B
∇ xE = -
c ∂t
1 ∂D
∇ xH =
c ∂t
(4.4)
and constitutive relations
D = εE
B = µH (4.5)
are given. For a monochromatic plane wave, all quantities are proportional to ei(kz-ωt)
and therefore Eqs. (4.4) and (4.5) reduce to
23
k x E= (ω/c) µH
k x H= - (ω/c) εE (4.6)
These are the key expressions to understand the problem of left-handed materials. If
both ε and μ are positive, it is clearly seen that E, H and k form a right-handed triplet
of vectors. The interesting point is that for simultaneously negative values of ε and μ,
a left-handed vector triplet of E, H and k is formed. At the same time, the direction of
the energy flow determined by the Poynting vector S is independent of the signs and
values of ε and μ:
S=(c /4π) E x B (4.7)
Poynting vector is always directed away from the source of the radiation. But
amazingly the k vector may be directed away from the source (for the cases where ε
and μ are both positive) or towards the source (for the cases where ε and μ are both
negative). This is the major difference between the case with negative ε and μ values
and the case with corresponding positive values.
Figure 4.1: ε and μ space. 3rd region shows left-handed medium.
Figure 4.1 shows ε and μ space. Ordinary materials having ε > 0 and μ > 0 allow the
propagation of EM waves, and they have positive refractive index values hence they
can be called right-handed media. Since one of the permittivity or permeability values
is negative and the other is positive at the second and fourth parts of ε and μ space,
EM waves cannot propagate inside the medium and evanescent waves will occur. For
the third part of the ε and μ space, since the product of ε and μ are positive, EM waves
24
can propagate inside the medium. This part is the left-handed media part, since both ε
and μ are simultaneously negative.
5. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Design of 2.45GHz Probe Feed Patch Antenna
Figure 5.1: Probe Feed Patch Antenna
5.2 Terminal S parameter Quick Report
Figure 5.2: Terminal S parameter
25
5.3 Far Field 3D Polar Plot
Figure 5.3: Polar Plot
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6. FUTURE WORKS
6.1 Future Works
To further improve on the performance of this project a few recommendations of the

future works to be carries out:
• To extend the concept of Metamaterial, LHM.
• To make a comparative study of different type of metamaterial (Double
Negative Material) substrate.
• To incorporate metamaterial(Double Negative Material) structure in the antenna
design & simulate using HFSS.
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REFERENCES
[1] R.A.Shelby,a) D.R.Smith,S.C.Nemal-Nasser, and S. Schultz Department of

physics, University of California, San Diego, La jolla, California
http://ojps.aip.org/aplo/apicpyrts.html
[2] Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design ,Third Edition ,by Constantine
A.Balanis.
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Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.85, no. 14, pp. 2933-2936, October 2000.
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28

Study and Design of Equivalent Circuit Model of Planar DNG Material

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Study and Design of Equivalent Circuit Model of Planar DNG Material

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Study and Design of

Equivalent Circuit Model of

Project ID: 10036

A Mid-term Project Report

Singupuram Sri Harsha Roll # ECE200710331

Under the guidance of

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY

Metamaterial exhibiting negative permittivity and negative permeability in certain

I am also indebted a lot to Mr. Nihar Ranjan Sahu,Project Co-ordinator, NIST,

Singupuram Sri Harsha

Figure 2.1: Basic Structure of Microstrip Antenna............................14

Table 2.1: Interpretation of S-parameter Value of S11 and S22.......13

1.1 Project Background

In modern wireless communication systems and increasing of other wireless

1.2 Objective of the Project

The main objectives of this project are:

1.3 Introduction to Metamaterial

According to Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), metamaterial

This metamaterial exhibits a negative permittivity and permeability or also known as

1.4 Scope of the Project

2.1 Introduction to the Antenna

2.2 Antenna Properties

To describe the performance of an antenna, definitions of various properties are

Where Fmax= maximum radiated energy, and, F0 = isotropic radiator radiated

Where f 0 = operating frequency

f L = lower cut-off frequency

• Antenna Beam width :

2.3 Field Region

When designing RF or Microwave systems, scattering / S-parameter representations

Interpretation of s-parameters value.

S11 and S22

S12 and S21

2.5 Microstrip Patch Antenna

Figure 2.1: Basic Structure of Microstrip Antenna

2.6 Feeding Techniques

2.7 Method of Analysis

2.7.1 Transmission Line Model

Figure 2.2: Microstrip Line

Figure 2.3: Electric Field Lines

3.1 What is the Left-Handed Metamaterial?

Figure 3.1: Permittivity ε, permeability µ and refractive index (n) diagram

3.1.1 Which property of material is responsible for LHM?

3.2 Backward Waves

Since an electromagnetic wave in a double negative material forms a LH triad, double

Figure 3.2: Effective medium LH material ad backward wave

3.3 Frequency Dispersion

propagation constant ( ) is a nonlinear function of frequency. Therefore, a LHM will

3.4 Negative Index Refraction

Figure 3.3: Wave incident on a positive index material

Figure 3.4: Wave incident on a negative index material

3.5 Refraction and Snell's Law

Figure 3.5: The angle of incidence of the prism

The startling properties of negative refractive index metamaterial:

Figure 4.1: ε and μ space. 3rd region shows left-handed medium.

5. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Design of 2.45GHz Probe Feed Patch Antenna

Figure 5.1: Probe Feed Patch Antenna

5.2 Terminal S parameter Quick Report

Figure 5.2: Terminal S parameter

5.3 Far Field 3D Polar Plot

Figure 5.3: Polar Plot

6.1 Future Works