IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

abide abode, abided abode, abided

arise arose arisen

awake awoke awoken

be was, were been

bear bore borne, born

beat beat beaten

become became become

befall befell befallen

beget begot begotten

begin began begun

behold beheld beheld

bend bent bent

beseech besought, beseeched besought, beseeched

beset beset beset

bespeak bespoke bespoke(n)

bestride bestrode bestridden

bet bet, betted bet, betted

bid bid, bade bid, bidden

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

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bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burnt, burned burnt, burned

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

come came come

cost cost, costed cost, costed

countersink countersank countersunk

creep crept crept

crossbreed crossbred crossbred

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

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dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbear forbore forborne

forbid forbad(e) forbidden

forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted

forego forewent forgone

foresee foresaw foreseen

foretell foretold foretold

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

forgo forwent forgone

forsake forsook forsaken

forswear forswore forsworn

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freeze froze frozen

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung, hanged hung, hanged

have had had

hear heard heard

heave hove, heaved hove, heaved

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

inlay inlaid inlaid

interweave interwove interwoven

keep kept kept

kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled

knit knitted, knit knitted, knit

know knew known

lade laded laden

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant, leaned leant, leaned

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leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped

learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lit, lighted1 lit, lighted

lip-read lip-read lip-read

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

miscast miscast miscast

misdeal misdealt misdealt

mishear misheard misheard

mishit mishit mishit

mislay mislaid mislaid

mislead misled misled

misread misread misread

misspell misspelt, misspelled misspelt, misspelled

misspend misspent misspent

mistake mistook mistaken

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

outbid outbid outbid

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outdo outdid outdone

outgrow outgrew outgrown

outrun outran outrun

outsell outsold outsold

outshine outshone outshone

overbid overbid overbid

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overdraw overdrew overdrawn

overeat overate overeaten

overfeed overfed overfed

overfly overflew overflown

overhang overhung overhung

overhear overheard overheard

overlay overlaid overlaid

overpay overpaid overpaid

override overrode overridden

overrun overran overrun

oversee oversaw overseen

oversell oversold oversold

overshoot overshot overshot

oversleep overslept overslept

overspend overspent overspent

overtake overtook overtaken

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overthrow overthrew overthrown

overwind overwound overwound

partake partook partaken

pay paid paid

prepay prepaid prepaid

proofread proofread proofread

put put put

quit quit, quitted2 quit, quitted

read read read

rebind rebound rebound

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt

recast recast recast

redo redid redone

redraw redrew redrawn

remake remade remade

rend rent rent

repay repaid repaid

rerun reran rerun

resell resold resold

reset reset reset

resit resat resat

retake retook retaken

retell retold retold

rethink rethought rethought

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rewind rewound rewound

rewrite rewrote rewritten

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn

shake shook shaken

shed shed shed

shine shone, shined shone, shined

shoe shod shod

shoot shot shot

show showed shown

shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

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sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

slay slew slain

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slunk slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled

smite smote smitten

speak spoke spoken

speed speeded, sped speeded, sped

spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled

spin spun spun

spit spat spat

split split split

spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled

spread spread spread

spring sprang sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

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sting stung stung

stink stank, stunk (US) stunk

strew strewed strewn, strewed

stride strode stridden

strike struck struck

string strung strung

strive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

unbend unbent unbent

unbind unbound unbound

underbid underbid underbid

undercut undercut undercut

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underfeed underfed underfed

undergo underwent undergone

underlie underlay underlain

underpay underpaid underpaid

undersell undersold undersold

understand understood understood

undertake undertook undertaken

underwrite underwrote underwritten

undo undid undone

unfreeze unfroze unfrozen

unmake unmade unmade

unsay unsaid unsaid

unwind unwound unwound

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset

wake woke woken

waylay waylaid waylaid

wear wore worn

weave wove woven

wed wed, wedded wed, wedded

weep wept wept

win won won

wind wound wound

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

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withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

Remarks:

a The verb be has two forms in the simple past tense:

I, he, she, it→was; you, we, they→were.

b The past participle of get is got in British English, but

gotten in American English.

c A verb such undergo has two elements under + go.

In this case, we form the simple past and the
past participle in the same way as the verb go without under:
go went gone
undergo underwent undergone

An exception to this rule is get:

get got got
forget forgot forgotten
But in America, people say gotten, as we have
already seen above.

d Burn, dream, dwell, kneel, lean, leap, learn, smell,

spell, spill and spoil can be regular or irregular.
In British English, we usually prefer the irregular
form (burnt, dreamt, and so forth). Americans use the
regular ones, that is to say, the ones with -ed. As we have
seen above, a verb such as misspell should be treated as
spell, that is, Americans would say misspelled; but
British people, misspelt.

They are also pronounced differently:

dreamt /dremt/
dreamed /dri:md/

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 (Also kneel, lean and leap. Since leap ends in a
voiceless sound, -ed is pronounced /t/: leaped
(/li:pt/), but leapt (/lept/).)
spelt /spelt/
spelled /speld/
(Also burn, dwell, learn, smell, spill and spoil.)

e Abide, cost, hang, heave, knit, shine, speed, and a

few other verbs, can be regular or irregular, according to
the sense we use them. Bid has two forms; each of them
with different meanings. If you are in doubt about which
form to use, look the verb up in a dictionary.

f Lie is regular when it means ‘not to tell the truth’,

but it is irregular when its meaning is ‘to be in or put
your body into a horizontal position’:
She lied to me. (= She didn’t tell me the truth.)
She lay down a bit, as she felt sick. (= She put
her body into a horizontal position.)

g The infinitive of the verb read is pronounced /ri:d/; the

simple past and the past participle, /red/.

h Note that the past participle of bear in be born: He

was born in 1920, that is, He was brought into the world in
1920.

i Modal verbs are not included in this list because

they are defective, that is, they have not all the forms.
For instance, we may say I can play football
(present ability), or I could play football (past ability);
but we may not say I have could play football since I was
a child; we have to say I have been able to play football
since I was a child.
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1
In British English, the simple past and the past
participle is usually lit. Lighted is used before
nouns: a lighted cigarette.
2
Especially in British English.
( Miquel Molina i Diez / polseguera.org)
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ydsgrubu/

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