3 A ea ee a a a ea a a a a a GERUND NLA = VERB + ING FORM * We use the —ing form asa noun. Ex: like swimming. * We use the —ing form after the verbs: enjoy, love, hate, like, dislike, look forward to, stop. Ex: He enjoys reading. * We use the —ing form after go for physical activities. Ex: He goes fishing every Sunday. © We use the —ing form after prepositions. Ex: She's tired of working long hours. TO + VERB * We use to infinitive to express purpose. Why did you go to the baker’s? To buy bread. * We use to infinitive after want and would love/like. | would like to visit Madrid. * We use to infinitive after verbs like know, remember, ask, etc. when they’re followed by question words: who, what, where and how. | know how to make an omelette. * We use infinitive without to after modal verbs (can, must, will, etc.) He can dance but he can’t sing. YORI I I i i init ied tele ted te dete idee tee ie te de de ie de ede de le de ie de de ie de de FAI ICRI IO IO I ICI RIO RIG IS ai i tafe ieiete tei te dete de * OEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEEGerund or tnitinitive @ Verbs Followed by the Gerund admit avoid consider miss forgive mind imagine finish practise enjoy appreciate avoid advise report suggest discuss complete delay resist tolerate recommend keep postpone deny anticipate allow shun fear dread defend confess spend / waste (time / money) ask beg cause challenge hire convince expect tell urge invite want warn teach need order encourage forbid force require persuade dare remind allow... @ Verbs followed by a preposit @ Verbs Followed by to + Infinitive ask decide expect prepare agree consent manage promise refuse plan offer need fail arrange hope wish want swear threaten pretend seem demand come deserve learn struggle determine attempt would like yearn tend mean claim hesitate appear can /can't afford can /can’t wait Some verbs are followed by a pronoun or noun referring to a person, and then an infinitive with to. = Linvite you to attend the ceremony. - They need me to help them - | begged Jane to forgive me We didn’t expect him to win the race. - They persuade her to accept the job. -We want them to come to the party. They ordered him to leave the place ion + gerund. think about talk about apologize for worry about depend on believe in prevent from insist on carry on feellike object to concentrate on succeed in look forwardto keep on forget about argue about give up complain about care about goon dream about relyon thank for.. => - I don’t feel like working today He insists on coming with us I'm looking forward to receiving a letter from you ‘They think about leaving the country. . | object to your smoking. They prevent us from going out at night. -He dreams about traveling to Brazil . Success in life depends on working hard.® Adjectives followed by a preposition + gerund. goodat bad responsible for nervous about frightened of keen on bored of addicted to excited about fed - He's addicted to watching TV. ~ She is fond of cooking. - The man was guilty of stealing the money. - They are opposed to destroying the old cast! Some expressions followed by gerund it’sno.use there's no point in can’tstand can'thelp can’t bear be /get used tobe worth It’s no use asking him for help. - Lcan’t bear / stand watching tennis matches. ~ This film is worth seeing. = They couldn’t help lauphing when | slipped on the ice. ~ She isn’t used to traveling by train concerned about fond of interested in accustomed to skilled at tired of worried about happy about afraid of scared of ‘terrified of angry about committed to upwith capable of opposed to famous for disappointed with involved in anxious about at guilty of clever at proud of She's happy about winning the race -They aren’t accustomed to living in the country. - 1am excited about going to Canada le. __- She is bored of doing the same job. @ Bare infinitive (infinitive without to) + modal verbs : can, could will, would, may, might shall, should, must, had to have to, need to, « make, help, recommend + let, let’s - would rather (preference) « had better (advice) = People must respet the law. - They may not come to the party. - We recommend the government build a new hospital in our district. = She usually helps me do my homework. - Let me introduce myself. - I would rather drink a cup of coffee. - You had better consult a doctor.@® Verbs followed by both (gerund and infinitive) Without change in meaning : Like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy, prefer begin, start, continue... . Itstarted raining. = It started to rain. . We began playing. = We began to play. He prefers walking to jogging. = He prefers to walk than to jog. - We love being on holiday. We love to be on holiday. She hates going out in the rain. = She hates to go out in the rain. With change in meaning : Stop, forget, remember, try regret, mean 1. | don’t rememder posting your letter. ( | posted your letter, but I can’t remember that.) | didn’t remember to post your letter. (| didn’t post your letter because | forgot. ) 2. He stopped speaking to Jane. ( He stopped the conversation with her.) He stopped to speak to Jane. (He started the conversation with her.) 3. | forgot locking the door.(I locked the door, but | forgot that) | forgot to lock the door. (I didn’t lock the door because | forgot.) ® Verb + WH- + to + infinitive . She asked me how to get to the post office. . Idon’t know [ what to say. where to buy a postcard when to start my new job. Go) TOO and ENOUGH + to + infinitive He is too short to play basketball. (too + adjective + to + inf They aren't rich enough to buy a new car. (adjective + enough + to + infinitive)