Dianlong Yu^

Laboratory of Science and Technology on

Integrated Logistics Support,
Naiicnal University ot Defense Technoiogy,
Changsha, Hunan 410073, Ctiina;
Department ot Mechanical Engineering,
McGill university,
Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
Dynamic Stabiiity of Periodic
e-maii: dianlongyu@yahoo.com.cn

Michael P. Païdoussis
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
McGili university,
Montreal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
Hujjie Shen
Laboratory ot Science and Technology on
Integrated Logistics Support,
Nationai University ot Detense Technoiogy,
Changsha, Hunan 410073, China;
Department ot Mechanicai Engineering,
McGill University,
Montreal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
Pipes Conveying Fiuid
In this paper, the stability of a periodic cantilevered pipe conveying fluid is studied theo-
retically by means of a novel transfer matrix method. This method is first validated by
comparing the results to tiwse available in tJie literature for a uniform pipe, showing that
it is capable of high accuracy and displaying good convergence characteristics. Then,
the stability of periodic pipes is investigated, with geometric, material-properties perio-
dicity, and a combination of the two, showing that a considerable stabilizing effect may
be achieved over different ranges of the mass parameter ß (ß = mf/{mf -\- nip), where mf
and mp are the fluid and pipe masses per unit length). The effect of other different system
parameters is also probed. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024409]
Keywords: periodic structure, transfer matrix method, dynamic stabiliry, pipe conveying
fluid

Lin Wang
Department ot Mechanics,
Huazhong University of Science & Technology,
Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China

1 Introduction vented. Recently, the stability of periodic structures witb moving

Piping systems conveying ñuid may be found in many engi-
neering applications, for example, as beat exchanger tubes, steam
pipes, pump discharge lines, marine risers and piping in oil or gas
pipelines. It is not surprising, therefore, that tbe dynamics of pipes
conveying fluid bas received a great deal of attention [1-5]. It was
soon discovered that the dynamical behavior of the system can be
quite fascinating [4], and bence, continued study of tbe problem in
the 1960-1990 period was mainly curiosity-driven. Nevertheless,
as discussed in a 1993 paper by Païdoussis [6], what was initially
curiosity-driven began finding applications 20 or 30 years later.
This process has continued at an accelerating pace as more and
more applications emerge, as may be sbown in Ref [7]. Eor exam-
ple, piping used in ocean mining, on-board liquefied natural gas
(LNG) production, bydrocarbon storage in solution-mined salt
caverns, and micro- and nanotube applications in engineering and
medicine.
The stability of cantilevered pipes, in particular, has received a
great deal of attention [3,8,9]. This is a nonconservative problem,
and is therefore, capable of displaying some at-first-sight surpris-
ing behavior [2,3]. Examples of more recent studies have been on
the effect of a nonuniform fiow profile [10], aspirating as opposed
to discharging fiow [11], cantilever pipes with an end-mass and
flexible supports [12], viscoelastic pipes [13], and pipes on uni-
form or nonuniform elastic foundations, e.g., Ref. [14]. A very im-
portant set of studies considers local versus global stability
[14,15].
The propagation of elastic waves in periodic structures has also
been studied for a long time [16]. Interest in this topic has been
enhanced by the discovery of the existence of complete elastic
band-gaps witbin which sound and vibration propagation are pre-
Correspondence author.
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received January 8, 2013; final
manuscript received April 28, 2013; accepted manuscript posted May 7. 2013;
published online August 22, 2013. Assoc. Editor: Kenji Takizawa.
loads has triggered a great deal of attention. Aldraihem and Baz
studied the dynamic stability of periodic stepped beams under
moving loads using tbe finite element metbod [17,18], and Ruz-
zene and Baz investigated the steady-state response of axisymmet-
ric shells with periodic stiffeners [19]. Using the band gaps to
control the propagation of vibration tbrough a pipe conveying
fluid has been carried out extensively [20-24].
The main reason for using a periodic pipe structure in piping is
to control its vibration. Here, however, we focus on stability of a
periodic pipe. It is hoped that this study will eventually be useful
in designing periodic pipes for vibration control, mainly to form
past experience and as revealed in Ref [6], it is very likely tbat it
is only a matter of time before this happens.
Many methods are available in the open literature for calculat-
ing the conditions of instability of pipes conveying ñuid, for
example, the so-called exact and Galerkin-type solutions [3], the
finite-element method [25], and the transfer matrix method
[26,27].
Use of the transfer matrix method in the study of dynamics of
periodic structures is "natural." Yet, it has only been used in deal-
ing witb stability of curved pipes conveying fiuid [26]. Here, tbis
method will be formulated for the stability of straigbt periodic
pipes, based on the transfer matrix method developed by Ma et al.
[27], wbicb is not available in the English language.
Specifically, in this paper, the stability of periodic cantilevered
pipes will be studied, in which the periodicity is either geometric
(e.g., involving the diameter in adjacent segments) or in the mate-
rial properties (e.g., involving the density or the modulus of elas-
ticity), or both.
2 The Transfer Matrix Method
Figure \(a) provides a sketch of a binary periodic pipe system
conveying fluid with N cells. The pipe consists of a finite repeti-
tion cell with alternating segments: segment A of length U and
segment B of length /¿. Thus, the lattice constant (the length of

Journal of Applied Mechanics Copyright ©2014 by ASME JANUARY2014, Vol. 81 / 011008-1

 W//MM
A

(a)

(b) (c)
Fig. 1 (a) Sketch of a binary periodic pipe, (ö) one cell with segments A and B, (c)
the segment B with ng subsegments

one cell) is a = lA + lB, which is illustrated in Eig. \(b). Eor the As is well known, the solution to Eq. (3) may be written as
periodic pipe with N cells, the total length L=Na. In order to
4
improve the computational accuracy and convergence of the trans-
fer matrix method, the segments A and B are divided into «^ and
n=l
«5 subsegments with length /V«/i and /B/«B, respectively. As an
example, segment B with «g subsegments is shown in Eig. l(c). where X,, are the roots of the characteristic equation of Eq. (3),
Segments A and B can be chosen to have different geometrical
and/or material properties. The flexural rigidities of the segment ^-2mfUÇiX^Q}{mf + mp)=Q (7)
A and segment B are Ê^/^ and Eß/g, respectively.
then.
2.1 Solution Based on the Initial Parameter Method.
Neglecting gravitational forces, intemal damping, extemally = 1,2,3,4
imposed tension, and pressurization effects, the equation of *W = (8)
motion goveming flexural vibration of a pipe conveying fluid then
can be written as Ref. [8] The elements of [C] may be obtained via [26,27]

)-^ = 0 (1) [C] = (9)

9x2

where w is the flexural displacement, El is the flexural rigidity of
the pipe, mf and mp are the fluid and pipe masses per unit length,
respectively, and U is the flow velocity, x is the axial coordinate,
and t is time.
Eor a harmonic traveling wave, the flexural displacement w
may be expressed as
(2)
where the elements of [D] are D„p = {i2.„Y^\ n,p = 1,2,3,4
2.2 The Transfer Matrix for Uniform Segment. At first,
the transfer matrix for a uniform pipe segment is considered, for
example, segment B illustrated in Eig. l(c).
If
{Ao}=[/(O)

where fi is a natural frequency of the pipe and i = \/—l

Substituting Eqs. (2) into (1), one obtains a fourth-order ordi- are defined as the amplitude vectors at the origin and at x, respec-
nary differential equation for/(x), namely. tively. Then using Eq. (4) one can get the following relation;

(3) {A} = [R]{Ao} (10)

According to the "initial parameter method" [26,27], a solution in which the elements of \R\ are [26,27]
of Eq. (3) may be written as
, m , p = 1,2,3,4
fix) =foCPi (X) V2 W W (4)
(11)
where/o,/o,/o^,/o are the four initial parameters to be deter-
mined, which denote, respectively, the values of/and its first, sec- •j.}jg displacement, slope, bending moment, and shear force are
ond, and third derivatives with respect to x at x = 0, (pi (x), cp2 (x), given by
cpj, (x), (p4 (x) are solutions of Eq. (3), thus, satisfying the follow-
ing conditions [26,27]; w=/(x)exp(/í2í)
1 0 0 0
e = w'=/'(x)exp(¡nO (12)
M = EIw" = Elf'\x) exp(;ní)
0 10 0
(5) Q = EIw'" = Elf"'{x)
1/^3 (0) cpj [ü) cp-¡ yj) 0 0 10
(^4(0) cp\ {Q) (^4 (0) (^4 (0)
0 0 0 1
We now define {q} = [w, B, M, ß f , or

011008-2 / Vol. 81, JANUARY 2014 Transactions of the ASME

 (13)
where the elements of matrix [//] are
//ll = 1, H22 = 1, //33 = £/, H44=EI (14)
and the off diagonal terms of [//] are zero.
One can obtain the following relation of the two end-nodes of
the yth subsegment of segment B:
{q}'.= [Hj][Rj][Hj]~^ {q}j_^ (15)
where the elements of matrices [Rj] and [Hj] can be obtained via
Eqs. (11) and (14), but with A: in Eq. (11) replaced by lj = ¡BlnB, in which
which is the length of theyth subsegment, and with El in Eq. (14)
replaced by Eg/ß, pertains to segment B. The superscripts / and r
stand for the left and right node value of (i?|, and the subscript;
in {i/ly denotes the 7th subsegment.
Due to the continuity of displacement, slope, bending moment,
and shear force at interface 7 - 1, one obtains cient matrix of Eq. (26) must vanish, i.e..
(16)
and hence.
(17)
where
[Sj] = [Hj][Rj][Hj] - 1 (18)
is the transfer matrix of theyth subsegment.
For segment B with % subsegments, we have
(19)
where [Tg] is the transfer matrix of segment B.
Similarly, the transfer matrix of a uniform pipe for segment A
in one periodic cell, can be written as
(20)
where [T^] is the transfer matrix of the segment A.
2.3 The Transfer Matrix for One Periodic Cell. Next, the
transfer matrix for one periodic cell, as illustrated in Fig. \{b), is
considered.
Similarly to Eq. (16), the continuity of displacement, slope,
bending moment, and shear force at the interface of segment A
and B guarantee
(21)
From Eqs. (19)-(21), one can obtain
(22)
where [T¡] is the transfer matrix of one periodic cell.
2.4 Stability Solution of a Cantilevered Periodic Pipe. For
N periodic cells, we have
(23)
where T is the transfer matrix of the whole periodic pipe system.
Journal of Applied Mechanics
The boundary conditions of a cantilevered pipe are
At the fixed end (x = 0) : WQ = 0o = 0 (24a)
At the free end {x = L) : M^ = Q^ = 0 {24b)
Substituting the boundary conditions Eq. (24) into Eq. (23) yields:
'WN' ' 0 "
n 0
"N - iri (25)
0 Mo
0 .00.
T33 Mo
(26)
A nontrivial solution requires that the determinant of the coeffi-
det[A] = 0 (27)
The dimensionless parameters for this system are defined as [3,8]
u=,Jmf/EIUL, (o=
(28)
For a given value of ß, a selected real value of to, and a small
value of «1, say M, =0.1, the dimensional parameters in Eq. (7)
can be obtained from the following:
= ßmp/i\ - ß), {/, = {ui/L)
(29)
For the periodic pipe, the material and geometrical parameters
of segment A or segment B may be substituted into Eq. (29).
Obviously, the values computed by Eq. (29) depend on the chosen
parameters for segment A or B. The chosen segment may be
called the reference segment. The values of my, i/], and fi, f'rom
Eq. (29) are substituted into Eq. (7) so as to calculate the roots Ai,
X2, Xj,, X4 and then to obtain [C] and [R] and to evaluate the real
and imaginary parts of the determinant of matrix [A]. If the real
and imaginary parts of det[A] are both zero, then «i and cu, corre-
spond to conditions of neutral stability; if not, then the procedure
should be repeated for a new pair of real values of M, and w,.
Finally, we can plot the {ß, MJ and {ß, w,) curves, where u^ and CÜ^
are the critical flow velocity and frequency.
In the calculation, for a given value of /? in a given range, the
two-dimensional search for Uc and co^ is performed. AH the values
satisfying Eq. (27) wili be recorded, and {ß, u^) and {ß, cu^) curves
will be plotted.
3 Algorithm Validation
First of all, we need to validate the correctness of the transfer
matrix method for the periodic pipe. Because no other work
appears in the open literature on the stability of a periodic pipe
system conveying fluid, the algorithm will be validated by calcu-
lating the stability of a "degraded" periodic pipe, in the following
sense: if the geometrical and material properties for segments A
and B are the same, the periodic pipe will degrade to a uniform
pipe, whose stability has been determined exactly [8] and are vali-
dated by experimental results in Ref. [9]. In the calculation, the
material of the pipe is chosen as steel, with parameters
p = 7780kg/m'' and £ = 2.1 x lO" Pa. The inner and outer radii
JANUARY2014, Vol. 81 / 011008-3
 18 80

16 70

14 60

12 50
a"
10 40

8 30

6 20

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 10

ß

(a) (b)
Fig. 2 Stability curves for the uniform pipe: (a) the dimensionless critical flow ve-
locity Uc as a function of ß\ (b) the dimensionless critical frequency Wc as a function
of ß. The circle ( o ) , square (G) and triangle (A) curves correspond to the number
of segments A and B, n^ = ns= 1,10 and 100, respectively. The arrows in Fig. 2(a)
show the location of the jumps.

of the pipe are r, = 0.045 m, and r„ = 0.050 m, respectively. The
lattice constant is a = 2 m, and the lengths of the two segments are
l^ = lg=lm. The number of the cells i.s N = ?s, then the total
length of the pipe is L = 10 m. In order to validate the convergence
of the transfer matrix method, we choose the number of subseg-
ments for segments A and B as nA = nß= I, 10, and 100. The
dimensionless critical flow velocity «^ and critical frequency Wc
as a function of the parameter ß are shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2{b),
respectively.
The circle (O), square (D) and triangle (A) colors are used to
represent the stability curves corresponding to the number of seg-
ments, as in the caption. They are in good agreement with the
curves obtained by Paidoussis [8]. This means that the transfer
matrix method is correct.
As illustrated in Fig. 2, the curves are also in very good agree-
ment with each other (the different symbols are intermingled).
This indicates good convergence. Since the computational accu-
racy is not dependent on the number of subsegments, we can
choose «4 = «B = 1 in the following calculations, which will lead
to saving a great deal of computer time.
Therefore, the transfer matrix method can be used to determine
the stability of a periodic pipe conveying fluid correctly and effl-
ciently. Nevertheless, near the "jump points" (^ = 0.3, 0.7 etc),
matrix [A] always "behaves poorly" and a smaller numerical inter-
val needs to be used to work out the critical flow velocity and fre-
quency. The arrows in Fig. 2{a) show the location of the jumps.
4 Stability of Periodic Pipes
4.1 Geometrically Periodic Pipe. We flrst consider the sta-
bility of a geometrically periodic pipe. In the calculation, the inner
and outer radii of segment A are r¡A = 0.045 m, and r^A = 0.060 m,
respectively, and for segment B r,a = 0.045 m and r^g = 0.050 m.
The lattice constant is Í2 = 2 m, and the lengths of the two seg-
ments are /^ = /^ = 1 m; the total length of pipe is L = 10 m. The
material of the pipe is steel. These material and geometrical pa-
rameters for segment B are substituted in Eq. (29).
The stability curves are illustrated in Fig. 3; the circle (O) and
square (D) curves describe the periodic and the uniform pipe.
respectively. For ß < 0.28, the dimensionless critical flow velocity
(«() of the periodic pipe is larger than that of a uniform one, but
the dimensionless critical frequency (co^) is correspondingly
smaller. For 0.28 </8< 1, some segments of the u^ curves are
higher for the periodic pipe than for the uniform pipe, and other
segments are lower. On the other hand, co^. of the uniform pipe is
mostly higher than that of the periodic pipe, especially in the
range of larger ß. Another difference is the number of the jumps.
There are two jumps for the periodic pipe for /? < 1, near ß = 0.5
and ß = 0.8, as compared to three for the uniform pipe in the same
range of ß. The arrows in Fig. 3(<3) show the location of the jumps.
In this case, interestingly, the stability curves of Fig. 3 are inde-
pendent of the material parameters.
Next, we investigate further the effect of geometrical parame-
ters on the stability of a periodic pipe conveying fluid. In Fig. 4,
the outer radius of segment A is varied, while other parameters
are kept the same as those in Fig. 3. The circle (O), square (D)
and triangle (A) thick curves are for r¡A equal to 0.08 m, 0.07 m,
and 0.06 m, respectively; the dot (•) thin curve corresponds to the
uniform pipe. There is an intersection point for these dimension-
less critical flow velocity curves, at ß = 0.29. This phenomenon is
also reported for cantilevered pipes with additional different
spring supports [3]. For /?<0.29, the larger the radius, the larger
is the dimensionless critical flow velocity; but for ß > 0.29, the
contrary behavior is observed. Moreover, for the whole range of
ß, the dimensionless critical frequency becomes smaller as //g
increases; the reason for this is that a larger mass of pipe reduces
the frequency.
The dimensionless critical flow velocity will reach a same value
(«,«16.8) for ß close to 0.99, in all cases of a periodic pipe, irre-
spective of the value of r,», and it is lower than u^ for the uniform
pipe. A similar result is obtained for oj„ the approximate value is
47.8.
We next consider the effect of the lattice constant on the stabil-
ity of the periodic pipe. The total length L = 10 m is kept constant,
while the lattice constant a is varied; the lengths of the two seg-
ments are the same, i.e., IA = IB- In Fig- 5, the circle (O), square
(D) and triangle (A) curves are for the lattice constant a equal to
1 m, 2 m, and 5 m, respectively. When ^ < 0 . 8 , the curves for
a = l m and 2m almost overlap. Again, at ^ = 0.5, there is an

011008-4 / Vol. 81, JANUARY 2014 Transactions of the ASME

 70

O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 3 The stability curves for a geometrically periodic pipe. The circle (O) and
square (D) curves correspond to the periodic and the uniform pipe, respectively.

70

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 4 The stability curves for different outer radius of segment A. The circle ( o ) ,
square (D), and triangle (A) thick curves and dot (•) thin curve correspond to outer
radii of 0.08 m, 0.07 m, 0.06 m, and a uniform pipe, respectively.

intersection point for all the M,, and w,. curves. When /?<0.5, a
larger lattice constant improves stability.
In addition, it is noted that the number of jumps in the stability
curves is reduced by increasing the lattice constant, a. For
ß < 0.99, there are three, two and one jumps for a = 1 m, 2 m and
5 m, respectively. The arrows show the location of the jumps. Of
course, as ß -^ 1, more and more S-shaped jumps are encountered
[3], but we neglect them. The change of the number of jumps is
because a larger lattice constant increases the stiffness of the pipe
and the number of modes will be reduced in the same frequency
range, but the jump depends on the relevant mode [28]. A similar
effect has been observed when dealing with articulated pipes ([3];
see Sec. 3.8.2).
We next consider a special case, in which the length of seg-
ments A and B are different. The length ratio ri = Iß/l^ is varied,
while other parameters are kept the same as Fig. 3. In Fig. 6, the
circle (O), square (D) and triangle (A) curves are illustrated for
the length ratio t] equal to 1/3, 1, and 2, respectively. It is seen
that the dimensionless critical flow velocity of the pipe with
smaller length ratio is larger over most of the range of ß. This is
because the stiffness becomes higher in this case.
4.2 Pipe With Material-Properties Periodicity. At this
point, the effect of material-properties periodicity on the stability
of the pipe system is considered. In the calculations, the inner and
outer radii of segments A and B are r,vi = 0.045 m, and
ro^ = 0.050 m, respectively. The material of segment A is
chosen to be aluminum, with parameters p^i =2730kg/m'',
EA = 1.156 X 10'"Pa. The material of segment B is chosen to be
epoxy, with parameters PB= 1180kg/m\ Êg = 4.35 x lO'Pa. The
lattice constant is a = 2 m, and /^ = /g = 1 m. The total length of
pipe is L = 10 m. The material and geometrical parameters of seg-
ment B are chosen as the reference parameters in Eq. (29). The
stability curves are illustrated in Fig. 7, in which the circle (O)
and square (D) curves correspond to a pipe with material-
properties periodicity and a uniform pipe, respectively. In this
case, for ß < 0.85, the dimensionless critical flow velocity of the

Journal of Applied Mechanics JANUARY2014, Vol. 81 / 011008-5

 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 5 The stability curves for different values of the lattice constant, a The circle (O),
square (D), and triangle (A) curves correspond to a equal to 1 m, 2 m, and 5 m, respectively.

Fig. 6 The stability curves for different length ratio, i;. The cirde (O), square (D),
and triangle (A) curves are correspond to ri equal to 1/3,1, and 2, respectively.

70

60

50

40

30
t0^
mP
-

20 -
i
j i
10
[

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 } 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ß
Fig. 7 The stability curves for the material-periodic pipe. The circle (O) and
square (D) curves are illustrated as the periodic and the uniform pipe.

011008-6 / Vol. 81, JANUARY 2014 Transactions of the ASME

 Fig. 8 The stability curves for different material for segment A. The circle (o),
square (D), and triangle (A) curves correspond to the material as lead, steel and
aluminum, respectively.

periodic pipe is larger than that for a uniform pipe. This indicates
that the periodic stmcture with appropriate material parameters
can enhance stability of a pipe conveying fluid.
Eigure 8 shows the stability curves for different materials of
segment A. The circle (O), square (D) and triangle (A) curves
correspond to lead, steel, and aluminum, respectively. The mate-
rial parameters for lead are p= 11600kg/m-\ £ = 4.08 x lO'^Pa;
the material of segment B remains the same as before; epoxy.
One can see that the density of material A plays a key role for
stability of the pipe with material-properties periodicity. When
ß>0.\, the smaller the density of material A, the larger is the
dimensionless critical flow velocity u^. Moreover, over the whole
range of ß, the dimensionless critical frequency decreases as the
density of material A increases; this can be explained by the fact
that, as the mass increases, the frequency is reduced. The dimen-
sionless critical flow velocities will reach a same value when ß is
close to 0.99 for different materials of segment A; the same hap-
pens for the critical frequency.
4.3 Pipe With Both Geometrical and Material-Properties
Periodicity. We next consider the stability of a periodic pipe
with concurrent geometrical and material periodicity. In the calcu-
lations, the inner and outer radii of segment A are r¡A = 0.045 m,
and /-„.A = 0.060 m, respectively, and those of segment B are
;-,fi = 0.045 m, and r„ß = 0.050 m, respectively. The lattice con-
stant is a = 2 m, and /^ = /g = 1 m. The total length of the pipe is
L = 10 m. The material for segment A is chosen to be aluminum,
and that for segment B to be epoxy. The material and geometrical
parameters of segment B are chosen as the reference parameters.
In Eig. 9, the circle (O), square (D) and triangle (A) curves are
the dynamical stability curves of the material-periodic pipe, geo-
metrically periodic pipe and the pipe with a combination of mate-
rial and geometric periodicity, respectively. The dimensionless
critical flow velocity of the material-periodic pipe is the largest
and that of the combination periodic pipe is the smallest over
most of the range of ß. This indicates that the material-periodic
pipe is more stable. The dimensionless critical frequency curve of

Fig. 9 The stability curves for combination periodic pipe. The circle (o), square
(D), and triangle (A) curves correspond to the material periodic, geometrical peri-
odic and combination periodic pipe, respectively.

Journal of Applied Mechanics JANUARY2014, Vol. 81 / 011008-7

the combination periodic pipe is the smallest, because of the
larger mass of the pipe. We see again that there are intersection
points for Mf. and (Oc for different periodic pipes.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, the dynamic stability of periodic cantilevered
pipes conveying fluid has been studied theoretically, utilizing a
novel transfer matrix method and solution technique.
The transfer matrix method and solution technique were vali-
dated by comparison with existing data. The accuracy and conver-
gence rate were both found to be excellent.
The stability of fluid-conveying pipes with different types of bi-
nary periodicity was investigated: (i) geometric periodicity, (ii)
periodicity in material properiies, and (iii) a combination of the
two. Generally, for a geometrically periodic pipe, some segments
of the critical flow velocity curve are higher than for a uniform
pipe, while others are lower. For material-periodic pipes and for
the combination case, stability is generally enhanced vis-à-vis the
uniform pipe, sometimes by substantial margins.
Also, the effect of the geometrical and material parameters on
stability is investigated. The effect of the material parameters on
the dimensionless critical flow velocity is stronger than that of ge-
ometrical parameters; the mass of pipe is the key factor for deter-
mining the critical frequency curve.
Furthermore, the effect of other important parameters in the
design of periodic structures is also probed, including the lattice
constant and length ratio. It is noted that the number of jumps in
the stability curves is reduced by increasing the lattice constant.
Also, from the analysis of the effect of the length ratio, it is found
that the stiffness is the key factor for determining the critical flow
velocity curve.
These results indicate instability of periodic pipe cannot be
neglected when they are designed to control the propagation of
the vibration through a pipe conveying fluid.
A possible extension of the present work is to exploit the rela-
tion between the band-gaps in wave propagation in the periodic
pipe and its dynamic stability, so as to tailor its dynamics and sta-
bility to arbitrary desirable requirements.
Furthermore, it is very imporiant to initiate an experimental
research program designed to validate some of the interesting the-
oretical findings of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful for the support provided by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
10902123, No. 51075392, and No. 51275519) and the Natural Sci-
ences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
References
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Hemisphere, Washington. DC.
[2] Païdoussis, M. P., and Li, G. X.. 1993, "Pipes Conveying Fluid: A Model Dy-
namical Problem," J. Fluids Struct., 7(2), pp. 137-204.
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