1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Over 1,200 bat species can be found worldwide, and bats make up over a fifth

of all mammalsspecies on earth. There are nearly a thousand different species, or kinds, of

bats. They live in almost every part of the world except the Polar Regions. Bats are usually

social animals and they live in caves. In some caves thousands of bats crowed together on

walls and ceilings. Most of the bats are nocturnal. This means they are active only at night

they sleep in daytime and come out at night to find food. A small animal is in less danger

at night. In the daytime it is in constant danger of being eaten by large animals that sleep at

night. Retrieve from Koopman, KF. Bats. The New Book of Knowledge. Volume 2B

pp.100-103.

Bats are different from all other mammals: Bats can fly. The bats wing is a

double layer of skin stretched over the thin bones of its arm and fingers. A bat’s skeleton

is the framework for these wings. The arm extends from a shoulder socket, bends at the

elbow, and ends with long, slender fingers. The fingers are almost as long as the rest of the

body. They support the main part of the wing and are covered with skin. The wing covers

all fingers except a short thumb, which is the left free. A sharp claw on the end of the

thumb forms a hook at the top of the wing. Retrieve from Koopman, KF. Bats. The New

Book of Knowledge. Volume 2B pp.100-103.

When resting, the bats uses its claws to cling to a wall or tree trunk or it may hang

upside down, suspended by its feet. Bats may be less than 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) in
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length or as 15 inches (38 centimeter). Their wing spread can be as wide as 5 feet (1.5

meters). Bats have fur that may be white, red, brown, gray, or black. Retrieve from

Koopman, KF. Bats. The New Book of Knowledge. Volume 2B pp.100-103.

Latuan was earlier inhabited by chavacanos. They occupied the area on their own.

They cultivated and transformed these areas into a coconut producing land and other

crops. Locals said that the Seven Doors Cave is “the graveyard of subanon people” years

ago. Like most other caves in the Philippines especially in the Northern part of Luzon,

tribes used to leave dead body inside the cave as their belief and customs. The Seven

Doors Cave is now inhabited in different kinds of species of animals and insects and one

of these is the bats. To further investigate the bats present in the said cave, the researchers

will identify and classify the bats found inside the Seven Doors Cave Latuan, Zamboanga

City. Retrieve from Falcasantos, E. (2013). Barangay Latuan, the cave capital of

Zamboanga and GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, Latuan Zamboanga City

Philippines.(28 June 2019)Latuan LGU People of Latuan,Zamboanga City.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study mainly aimed to identify and classify the bats in Seven Doors Cave,

Latuan, Zamboanga City.

Specifically, it sought to determine the physical features of the bats in terms

of;

a. color of the skin

b. measurement of the wings

c. structure of the face

d. color of the fur

e. structure of the tail.

1. 3 Significant of the Study

Identifying and classifying the bats in our environment is essential to keep on track on

the ecological balance of the nature. Thus, this study will greatly benefit the teachers in

terms of having a new data of bats species in Latuan, Zamboanga City to inform their

students as additional knowledge on this species and also it can be used as an example of

an ecological study and a baseline for the that students or future researcher who wish to

further explore the same or explore the cave in Latuan, Zamboanga City. The Department

of Government and National Resource (DENR) will also be benefited from this study as

this study gives an additional new data on the newly identified and classified bats species

on Latuan Cave, Zamboanga City.

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1.4 Scope and Delimitation

This study is a Quantitative research focusing on the Identification and Classification

of Bats found in Seven Doors Cave Latuan Zamboanga City. In identifying the bats, only

the physical features of the bats will be examined.

The study was conducted in the month of December at 9:00 in the morning.
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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Related Literature

Based on the study of Gladrene S. et al. (2014) entitled “Bats Classification based on

Perceptual, Spectrum and Cepstral Features in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve”. The

objective of this study is to classify bats based on perceptual spectrum and Cepstral

Features. This study can be a support in our present study, because they make a

classification on a bat in terms of bat activity and species bats identification. A study of

Redgwell, R. et al. (2009) entitled Classification of Echolocation Calls from 14 Species of

Bats by Support Vector Machines and Ensemble of Neural Networks. This study aims to

test the ability of two classifiers, support vector machines (SVM) and ensemble of

artificial neural networks (ENN), to classify the echolocation calls of bats with the hope

that they would produce consistently high correct classification rates.

A study of, Tanalgo, KC. & Hughes,AC. (2018) entitled Bats of the Philippines

Islands discuss about that there are over 70 bat species belonging to seven families. They

stated that there are approximately 32% bat species in the Philippines are frugivorous or

nectarivorous and the remainder is predominantly insectivorous. A high proportion of

Philippine bats rely on primary forests.

A study of Wayner, M. (2013) entitled “Dobsonia chapmani Negros naked-backed

fruit bat” talks about the Habitat, Behavior, and Physical Description their tail length is

between 23 and 26 mm and their ear length is 25 and 27mm. The naked-back fruit bats can

live up to 12.3 in capacity. These bats can be found in secondary lowland forest of Negros
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and Cebu in karst limestone cave. The naked-backed fruit bats are the largest cave

dwelling bats in the Philippines.

Also a study of Morgan, C. et al. (2019) entitled Field Identification Key and Guide

for Bats of the United State of America. This study aims to create an easily accessible bat

identification key that could serve as a resource for public health laboratories and could

also be utilize by wildlife rescuers, bat rehabilitation organizations, biological contractors,

and wild biologist.

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2.2 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The paradigm

presents the variables that has been considered in the research.

Bats

Bats Seven Door’s Cave Latuan, a. Identification

Zamboanga City
b. Classification

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

2.3 Definition of Terms

For references, the following terms are hereby operationally defined.

Identification refers to identifying of different kinds of bats in Seven Doors Cave, Latuan,

Zamboanga City.

Bats in this study, it refers to an animal that the researchers were identified and classified.

Cave in this study; this refers to a place where the bats can be found and where they live.

Classification this refers, the classifying of the different kinds/types of bats the Seven

Doors Cave, Latuan, Zamboanga City have.

Ecolocation this study refers to the location of where the research will be done.
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Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study is a Quantitative Research specifically an Evaluative Design since the

researchers used Availability Sampling Technique that leads the researchers on the

Identification and Classification of Bats in Seven Doors Cave, Latuan, Zamboanga City.

3.2 Research Locale

This study was conducted in Barangay Latuan, Zamboanga City. Latuan that’s 6.6

km away from the main road National Highway. Rancho Narra and Bonggal is also under

barangay Latuan. The Seven Doors Cave is located at barangay Latuan they also have

another 14 caves one of this are the Seven Doors Cave and the Jalon Cave. The Seven

Doors Cave is 1.2 km away from the barangay hall it is surrounded with trees and other

plants. The cave has 7 Entrance or Exit Doors that the people can pass.
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Figure 2. Map of Latuan, Zamboanga City and Seven Doors Cave

3.3 Sampling Techniques

Quantitative design was used for the research. Using Availability Sampling

Technique was done in choosing who best fit for the study.
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3.4 The Instrument

This study has used of six research instruments to provide data on the variables have

studied. The Mist Net (3 meters) it consist of delicate dark nylon or monofilament

webbing stretched between a frame of shorter horizontal and vertical cord, this was used to

catch the bats. Gloves was used to hold the bats and for safety purposes. Cell phone was

used to take documentary picture of the bats for identification and classification. Flashlight

was used to light the paths and to search for the bats.

3.5 Data Collection

The researchers prepared the materials to be use in the study after preparing, the

researchers have used a customize mist net to catch the bats in each location. The first

location was at the entrance, second location is at the middle of the cave and lastly at the

exit of the cave. The bats were identified and classified using the Identification and

Classification keys and was measured the length of the wings, the tail, the structure of the

face, and the color of the skin. After gathering of data of the bats the researcher has

released the bats exactly where they caught. Lastly, the interpretation of conclusion.
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Preparation of materials

 Mist Net
 Cell phone
 Flashlight

Catch the bats in three different location

using the mist net

Identify and Classify the Bats

Gathering of Data

Release the bats

Figure 3. Data Gathering Procedure

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Chapter IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Entrance Bat 1 Bat 2 Bat 3

Color of the skin Dark Brown Gray Brown Gray Brown

Measurement of Length: 9 inch Length: 4 inch Length: 4 inch

the wings
Width: ½ inch Width: ½ inch Width: 1 inch

Structure of the  Large ear  Large ear  Large ear

face  long tragus  long tragus  long tragus

 leaf nose  leaf nose  leaf nose

Color of the fur Dark Brown Gray Brown Gray Brown

Structure of the tail Sheath tail Sheath tail Sheath tail

Table 1. Entrance of the Seven Doors Cave

The Data Presented in Table 1 the result shows that the first location which is the

entrance part of the Seven Doors Cave the colors of the skin of the bats are dark brown

and gray brown this is because of their sizes the big bats have the dark brown while the

smaller one is gray brown also the color of the fur is the same. The Bats in the entrance

part have a length of 4-9 inch and the width is ½-1 inch. In terms of their structure of the

face they have a large ear, long tragus, and leaf nose while the structure of the tail is

sheath tail.
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Middle of the Cave Bat 1 Bat 2 Bat 3

Color of the skin Dark Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown

Measurement of Length: 9 inch Length: 9 ½ inch Length: 9 inch

the wings
Width: 5 inch Width: 4 inch Width: 4 inch

Structure of the  Large ear  Large ear  Large ear

face  long tragus  long tragus  long tragus

 leaf nose  leaf nose  leaf nose

Color of the fur Dark Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown

Structure of the tail Sheath tail Sheath tail Sheath tail

Table 2. Middle of the Seven Doors Cave

The Data Presented in Table 2 shows the result in the middle or center part of the

Seven Doors Cave. In terms of the color of the skin and fur the bats in this location only

have dark brown color. The length of the wings is 9-9½ inch while the width is 4-5 inch.

Bats have a large ear, long tragus, and leaf nose in this location while the structure of the

tail is sheath tail.

Exit Bat 1 Bat 2 Bat 3

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Color of the skin Gray Brown Dark Brown Gray Brown

Measurement of Length: 4 inch Length: 9 inch Length: 4 inch

the wings Width: ½ inch Width: 4 ½ inch Width: 1 inch

Structure of  Large ear  Large ear  Large ear

 long  long tragus  long tragus
the face tragus  leaf nose  leaf nose
 leaf nose
Color of the fur Gray Brown Dark Brown Gray Brown

Structure of the tail Sheath tail Sheath tail Sheath tail

Table 3. Exit of the Seven Doors Cave

Presented in Table 3 shows that in the exit part of the cave the color of the skin and

the fur of the bats are gray brown and dark brown. The length of their wings is 4-9 inch
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while the width is ½-4½ inch. In terms of their structure of the face the bats have a large

ear, long tragus, and leaf nose and the structure of their tail is sheath tail.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Chiroptera

Family: Rhinolophidae

Genus: Rhinolophus
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Species: ferrumequinum

The Seven Doors Cave only have a Greater Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus

ferrumequinum) inside. Greater Horseshoe bats have large ear, long tragus, and noseleaf that

makes them unique. The length of the bats ranges between 4-9 ½ inch and the width is

between ½ -5 inches. Its fur and skin have a color either dark brown for the old bats or a gray

brown for the baby bats. The shape of the tail of a great horseshoe bats is a sheath tail.

Greater Horseshoe Bats are the only type of species that was found inside the Seven Doors

Cave Latuan, Zamboanga City starting from the entrance, middle and exit of the cave.

Greater Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) are animals with giant ears

and a horseshoe-shape noseleaf in their noses that they use as a satellite dishes to locate their

food. Horseshoe bats are mostly found on a scrub, savanna, woodland, or forested habitat

with roosting sites (caves, rocky outcrops, tunnel, mines, or building). These bats are

insectivorous bats, their prey includes moths, cockchafers, dung beetles, mosquitoes, crane

flies, wasps, termites, and spiders.

Greater horseshoe bat may look unpleasant because of its nose (noseleaf) shape. In

fact, these bats are insectivorous and it’s now found inside the Seven Doors Cave of Latuan,

Zamboanga City. Greater Horseshoe bats found in every part of the cave and they are the

only one species of bats that’s living inside the Seven Doors Cave.

Barry Taylor, PhD. (20019). Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae)

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Chapter V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Horseshoe bats can be found inside a cave. The study that the researcher

conducted at the Latuan Zamboanga City inside the Seven Doors Cave only have a Greater

Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Greater Horseshoe bats have large ear, long

tragus, and noseleaf that makes them unique. The length of the bats ranges between 4-9 ½

inch and the width is between ½ -5 inches. Its fur and skin have a color either dark brown for

the old bats or a gray brown for the baby bats. The shape of the tail of a great horseshoe bats

is a sheath tail. Greater Horseshoe Bats are the only type of species that was found inside the

Seven Doors Cave Latuan, Zamboanga City starting from the entrance, middle and exit of the

cave. This type of bats is unique because of their nose (noseleaf) shape and this bats are

insectivorous and they can also be found in a building and savanna

5.2 Recommendations

Based from the result and conclusion of the study, the following recommendations

were made:

1. For the future researches in order to lessen the risk use a complete protective

equipment’s to avoid any casualties.

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2. Since there is no study about the total population of the bats inside the Seven Doors

Cave the researches highly recommend to do a research paper about the total population of

the bats inside the Seven Doors Cave.

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APPENDICES
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Appendix 1. The structure of the face of the bats it has a long ear, long tragus, and
leafnose

Appendix 2. The side view of the bat

Appendix 3. The back part of the bat

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tanalgo, KC and Hughes, AC. (2018) Bats of the Philippines Islands-a review of

research directions and relevance to nation level properties and targets.

Falcasantos, E. (2013). Barangay Latuan, the cave capital of Zamboanga

GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, Latuan Zamboanga City Philippines.

(28June2019) Latuan LGU People of Zamboanga City

Koopman, KF. Bats. The New Book of Knowledge. Volume 2B pp.100-103.

Morgan, C. et al. (2019) Field Identification Key and Guide for Bats of the United

States of America. Museum of Texas Tech University.

Redgwell, R. et al. (2009). Classification of Echolocation Calls from 14 Species of Bat

by Support Vector Machines and Ensembles of Neural Networks.

Basil, GS. et al. (2014). Bats Classification based on Perpetual, Spectrum and Cepstral

Features in Kalakad Mundant Tiger reserve. International Journal of Innovative

Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE).

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Xiariz Jade I. Parags

Age: 18

Address: Quiniput, Zamboanga City

Date of Birth: February 17, 2001

Contact Number: 09365865423

Name of Mother: Pilar I. Paragas

Name of Father: Joel Z. Paragas

Civil Status: Single

Elementary School Graduated: Cristino M. Paragas Memorial Elementary School

Secondary School Graduated: Curuan National High School

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Jerielou R. Bustamante

Age: 19

Address: Buenavista, Curuan Zamboanga City

Date of Birth: September 21, 2000

Contact Number: 09551931692

Name of Mother: Marilou R. Bustamante

Name of Father: Jerry B. Bustamante

Civil Status: Single

Elementary School Graduated: Curuan Central School

Secondary School Graduated: Curuan National High School