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Industrial Steel Buildings-Preliminary Design - Paper
Industrial Steel Buildings-Preliminary Design - Paper
Ph.D. Dr.habil
Steel Buildings
DESIGN NOTES
Practice 1
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Reviewed by
Dr. Béla Verőci
honorary lecturer
2012 Budapest
Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
The objective of the design task is the steel structure of a simple hall. The primary load
carrying structural members are the frames made of hot-rolled or welded sections. The
distances between the frames are normally equal. The secondary load carrying structural
members are the purlins in the roof and the wall beams in the side walls. These structural
members are running in perpendicular direction to the plane of the frames. The covering
trapezoidal plates are running in the perpendicular direction to the direction of the purlins.
The wall beams in the front walls are supported by the wall columns which should be located
below the purlins. The gates in the front walls may be framed by secondary columns and wall
beams. The spatial stiffness of the building structure is ensured by the wind bracing systems
which may be located at the front wall frame units and which are connected by stiffener bars,
if it is needed. The described system is illustrated in the Figure 1.1.
pulins
stiffener bars wind bracing
The work starts with the preliminary design of the structure. It is based on the initial data
which are determined and supplied by the architectural engineer which satisfy both the
appropriate building regulations and the requirements of the owner. In the case of the present
design project the initial data concerns to the outer surfaces of the flanges of the steel main
frames (see Figure 1.2):
• Base area to be built: A0 [m2];
• Horizontal distance between the flanges of the main frame: b [m];
• Height of the side walls: Hv [m]
• Slope of the roof: α [deg]
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
b [m] α [deg]
Hv [m]
A0 [m2]
0.0
The symmetric frame structure may be fabricated from four structural members (two beams
and two columns) and these members are connected to each others at the building site using
moment resistance end plated bolted connections at the frame corners and at the ridge point.
The column bases are usually connected to the concrete bases by pined joints. Fix column
base may be used in special cases since the cost of it may be much more. The beams made of
hot-rolled or uniform welded sections may be strengthened by haunches. The haunch should
be short (at about 1,5 times the depth of the beam section), if it is used to ensure the
construction of the end plated connection. Long haunch (at about 0,4 times the length of the
beam) may be used to increase the strength of the beam at about the frame corner where the
bending moment has maximum. In case of relatively great span tapered structural members
may be used. In this construction haunch is not used. The frames at the front walls might be
weaker than the interval ones, but in order to keep the conditions of the extension of the
building, these frames should be the as strong as the interval ones.
The sizes of the frame sections are determined by the b initial parameter (span of the frame).
If the building is relatively low,
Hv
≤ 0 .5 és α ≤ 15o
b
and the dominant design loads are the meteorological loads, the initial depth of the frame
sections may be taken as the following:
If long haunch is used the depth of the beam sections may be reduced (it is suggested).
Table 1.1 contains the suggested sizes which are based on practical experiences. The depth of
the haunch can net be greater than the depth of the beam section. The width of the flange and
the thickness of the web of the haunch may be equal to those used in the beam sections, but
the flange should be thicker by 4-6 mm. The symbols of the section parameters used later are
shown by the Table 1.2.
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
Tab.1.1 Initial size for the cross-sections of the main frames in the function of the span L
span L [m] type of the section size* [mm]
12÷16 hot rolled (IPE/HEA) 300÷450/200÷260
16÷24 welded I flange: 200÷300 – 16÷20
web: 400÷600 – 8÷10
24÷32 tapered I flange: 300÷340 – 16÷20
web: 800÷1200 – 6÷8
* in the case of hot rolled sections the values mean depth of the section for the lower and the upper limits of the
span L; in the case of welded sections the values mean the width and thickness of the plates for the lower and
the upper limits of the span L
The theoretical parameters of the steel frame are needed for the structural analysis (see Figure
1.3 for both the prismatic and the tapered members). The theoretical span of the main frame
is equal to the horizontal distance between the central (reference) axes of the columns:
L0 = b − hc
where hc is the initial height of the column section, b is the outer distance of the columns
prescribed by the architectural engineer.
α hc
hb
hb
covering system
Ht Hw Hc Hf Hf
hc
b/2 b/2
L0/2 L0/2
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
The theoretical height of the columns is equal to the distance between the theoretical column
base point and the intersectional point of the column and the beam central axis. This
parameter may be calculated approximately by the following expression:
hb
Hc = Hv −
2 ⋅ cos α
where Hv is the initial height of the side walls, hb is the initial depth of the beam section. The
theoretical ridge (top) point of the frame may be calculated by the following expression:
L0
H f = Hc + ⋅ tan( α )
2
It is noted that the last two parameters may be determined by drawing. The reference axes of
the tapered structural members in Figure 1.3 start at the centroid of the lower ends and run
parallel to the outer flanges. This is done when the applied design software (for example
ConSteel) uses eccentric elements in the mechanical model. Otherwise the reference axes
should follow the centroidal axis of the members.
The architectural concept has prescribed the basic area of the building (A), from which the
theoretical length of the steel structure may be calculated,
A0
dn =
b
where the parameters are defined in the Section 1.2. The required number of the main frames
may be determined as following:
dn
nn = +1
cf
In the expression cf denotes the interval between the main frames, where the optimal value is
c=5÷7 meters. Different distance may be used in special circumstances only. The applied
number na of the main frames should be an integer, which is determined on the base of the
required number of frames nn. The real theoretical length between the final frames is the
following (see Figure 1.4):
d a = (na − 1) ⋅ c f
1 2 na
cf cf cf cf
da
Fig.1.4 The applied number of main frames and the real theoretical length of the structure
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
Since the distance between the main frames is normally uniform, therefore the initial basic
area (A0) of the building may be kept only approximately. The real basic area can be
calculated by the main parameters of the structures which were determined previously:
Aa = b ⋅ (d a + bbf + 2 ⋅ hcsw )
where bbf [m] is the flange width of the beam section, hcsw is the depth of the column section
in the end wall system (see Figure 1.5). It should be noted that the previous expression is
valid for the structural solution illustrated in the Figure 1.5.
purlin
wall column
hcsw bbf
da
The main structural elements are normally made from S235 or S355 steel. Unless there is any
previous reason to use S355 steel grade, the grade of S235 is suggested using. If it is
reasonable, the initial grade of steel may be changed during the analysis and design of the
structure. At the and of the design the quality of steel material should be selected with great
care (see the course of Steel Structures II).
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
1.7 Application
1. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
1.1 Initial parameters
2
- area to be built A 0 := 725 ⋅ m
- width of the building b := 20.0 ⋅ m
- heigth of the side walls Hw := 7.5 ⋅ m
- slope of the roof α := 10 ⋅ deg
1.2 Initial data for the main structural members
- main frames (welded I section)
column
flange b cf := 240 ⋅ mm t cf := 16 ⋅ mm
web h cw := 468 ⋅ mm t cw := 8 ⋅ mm
depth h c := h cw + 2⋅ t cf = 500⋅ mm
beam
flange b bf := 240 ⋅ mm t bf := 16 ⋅ mm
web h bw := 368 ⋅ mm t bw := 6 ⋅ mm
depth h b := h bw + 2⋅ t bf = 400 ⋅ mm
- columns in side walls HEA160 h csw := 150 ⋅ mm
- purlin Lindab Z 200 h p := 200 ⋅ mm
- beams in walls Lindab C 200 h bsw := 200 ⋅ mm
1.3 Theoretical properties of the structural model
hb
- height of the columns Hc := Hw − = 7.3⋅ m
2
L0
- heigth of the frame Hf := Hc + ⋅ tan ( α) = 9.019⋅ m
2
1.4 Number of the main frames
A0
- prescribed length of the building d 0 := = 36.25⋅ m
b
- interval of the frames cf := 6.0 ⋅ m
d0
- required number of the frames n n := + 1 = 7.042
cf
- applied number of the frames n a := 7
The building consists of 7
1.5 Area of the bulding frames!
- length of the building d a := ( n a − 1) ⋅ cf = 36⋅ m
A a := b ⋅ ( d a + b bf + 2⋅ h csw) = 730.8⋅ m
- actual area of the building 2
Aa
- deviation δ := − 100% = 0.8⋅ %
A0
The actual area of the building satisfies the
official plan!
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
The wind bracing system may be in the following relationship with the purlin system:
• Concept A: Purlin system is independent to the wind bracing system
• Concept B: Purlin system and wind bracing system form a unified static system
In case of Concept A it is assumed that the purlin system carry the loads and effects which
act directly to the roof, and it does not take part in the bracing of the building. In this case the
wind bracing system is a spatial trussed structure, which consists of the two neighboring main
frames, the diagonals and the longitudinal bars which are placed under the purlins
independently to them. In the case of Concept B the longitudinal bracing bars are replaced by
the purlins. Which concept to be followed in the design may be supported by the following
rules and comments:
• Application of the Concept A may be suggested in the case greater span (more than
20m) and/or for considerable design loads (e.g crane load) since the solution is not
economical for relatively small spans with relatively low design loads and effects.
• Application of the Concept B may not be suggested for relatively small span (less
than 20m) where besides the dead load and the meteorological loads the seismic effect
is not dominant.
More details can be available in the material of the Practice 4. In this design project the
Lindab Z purlin is suggested for the roof system. It is a practical experience that the optimal
distance between two neighboring purlins is e=1,5÷3,0 meters. The depth of the purlin may
change form 200 mm to 300 mm, while the thickness from 1,5 mm to 2,5 mm. The distance is
determined also by the rule that the optimal value of the angle of the bracing diagonals to the
axis of the frame beam is about 45 degrees, but it is not greater than 60 degrees and not lower
than 30 degrees. The suggested numbers for intermediate units are 4, 6 or 8, since the
application of a half-bracing unit can be avoided by this way (see Figure 1.6).
b≈12÷24m
Ls
b≈18-36m
Ls
b≈24-48m
Ls
Ls - distance between the ridge point of the roof and the outer point of the edge purlin in
the plane of the roof system (see Figure 1.7)
The practical arrangement shown in Figure 1.7 may differ from the theoretical arrangement
shown in Figure 1.6:
(i) at ridge double purlins are used (Figure 1.7a);
(ii) at edge of the roof special edge shape is used (Figure 1.7b).
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
The distances denoted in Figure 1.6 may be calculated by the following expressions:
hc
+ hbsw + hcov + le
L
Ls = + f where f = 2
2 ⋅ cos α cos α
where hbsw is the depth of the wall beams, hcov is the thickness of the covering and le is the
extension (about 150mm). The distance between the purlin and the ridge point may be
g≈150÷200 mm.
Ls ea
g
ea
ea
(a)
(b)
The two suggested constructions for the covering system are shown in Figure 1.8. In any
case the external loads and effects are carried by the external trapezoidal sheet.
(a) (b)
external trapezoidal sheet
vapour permeable leaf
external trapezoidal sheet heat insulation (150 mm)
vapour permeable leaf vapour proof leaf
heat insulation (150 mm) internal trapezoidal sheet
vapour proof leaf
internal trapezoidal sheet
spacer members
Fig.1.8 Covering system with heat insulation and double trapezoidal sheets:
(a) insulation is placed between the purlins
(b) insulation is placed on the purlins
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
1.9 Application
The covering is constructed with insulation layer placed onto the purlins (wall beams):
- thickness of the covaring h cov := 200 ⋅ mm
- extension le := 150 ⋅ mm
- distance between the edge purlin and the theoretical point of the frame corner
hc
+ h bsw + h cov + le
2
f := = 812 ⋅ mm
cos ( α)
The rules of the arrangement of purlins are valid for the arrangement of the wall beams (see
Section 1.8). The arrangement is governed by the dimension of the openings (gates and
windows). It is important that the wall beams in side and front walls are located at the same
levels (see Figure 1.1). The wall columns in the front walls should be located below the
purlins. Figure 1.9a shows the situation where the gate is framed by two neighboring wall
columns and a wall beam. Figure 1.9b shows the situation where the gate is wider than the
distance between two wall columns and therefore the frame of the gate is ensured by
secondary columns.
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
The spatial stiffness of the building structure is ensured by the wind bracing system. As it is
mentioned in Section 1.8, the wind bracing system may be design on two different concepts.
The so called ‘conservative” concept (Concept A) uses longitudinal bracing members
between the braced units and the purlins and the wall beams are not the parts of the bracing
system. The so called “economic’ concept (Concept B) assumes that the purlins and the wall
beams can replace the longitudinal bracing members, therefore they may be neglected
(partially or totally). In the practice the mixed construction is also used, where longitudinal
bracing members are used only at the frame corners and the ridge point. Theoretically, using
the modern computational tools the optimum wind bracing system may be determined by
advanced numerical methods. Practically, these methods are time and cost consuming. In this
design project the conservative design method is discussed. In Figure 1.10 thick lines denote
the frames, dashed lines denote the members of the wind bracing system, while thin lines
show the purlins and the wall beams. Here it is assumed that the planes of the bracing
structures are located in the reference (centroid) planes of the main (walls and roof) structures.
Later it is allowed to move these planes.
(a) bracing members
wind bracing
(in roof)
purlins
The aim of the preliminary drawing is to establish the initial parameters of the design in
drawings. The preliminary drawings are the basic documents for the structural analysis and
design. Therefore, these drawings should contain all the initial parameters of the building
used in the procedure of the analysis and design. These drawings should not be confused with
the architectural plans and the scenario of the building. In this design project the following
three drawings should be prepared (the format of the drawings is A4 or A3):
• top view of the foundation and the roof structure
• side views of the building
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Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
The building is symmetric, therefore the one half of the drawing may show the top view of the
foundation, while the other half of it may show the top view of the roof. If the wind bracing
system follows the Concept A (the bracing system is independent to the purlin system), the
top view side of the drawing may be divided into two symmetrical parts: the upper quarter of
the drawing shows the arrangement of the purlin system, while the lower quarter of the
drawing shows the bars of the bracing system. The view of the foundation and the roof
system is projected to the horizontal plane. The drawing gives exact answer to the following
parameters:
• top view of the foundation (right side of the drawing):
- theoretical span
- number of the frames
- distance between the frames
- arrangement and initial parameters of the columns in the side walls
- scheme of the foundation
• top view of the roof structure (left side of the drawing):
- arrangement and initial parameters of the purlins
- arrangement and parameters of the wind bracing system.
The drawing of the top view of the foundation and the roof structure which satisfies the
Sections 1.7 and 1.9 (Applications) is shown in the Figure 1.11. It can be seen that the
bracing system follows the design Concept A. Furthermore, it can be seen that the column
foundations are tied up by beams, and this system works together with the concrete slab of the
industrial floor.
The aim of the side view drawings of the building is to give direct information about the
arrangement of the wall beams and about the area and place of the openings as well. The
building is symmetrical, therefore the right hand side of the drawing may show the
arrangement of the openings, while the left hand side may show the arrangement of the wall
beams and the bracing system. The drawing should give exact answer for the following
parameters:
- places and initial section of the wall beams
- arrangement and initial sections of the bracing system
- place and area of the openings.
The drawing of the side view does not contain architectural sceneries, it concentrates to the
above parameters. The drawing which satisfies the Sections 1.7 and 1.9 (Applications) is
shown in the Figure 1.12. It can be seen that the wind bracing system is an ‘independent’
structure, the wall beams are not the part of it.
1.12.3 Side view of the frame (cross section of the building) (M 1:100)
The aim of the side view drawing of the frame is to give direct information to take the
structural and load model for analysis and design. The frame is symmetrical, therefore the
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
right hand side of the drawing may contain the general parameters, while the left hand side of
it may show the theoretical parameters and the arrangement of the structural members:
• general parameters (right hand side)
- distance between the outer flanges of the columns (b)
- height of the facade (Hv);
- slope of the roof (αα);
- height of the structure (Ht);
- parameters of the column section (bcf;tcf.hcw;tcw);
- parameters of the beam section (bbf;tbf.hbw;tbw);
- parameters of the haunch (bhf;thf.hhw;thw);
- layers of the covering system;
• arrangement of members and theoretical parameters (left hand side)
- theoretical height of the columns (Hc);
- theoretical height of the frame (Hf);
- arrangement and initial section of the purlins;
- arrangement and initial section of the wall beams;
- type of the joints;
- type of the column base;
- length of the haunch;
- quality of materials
- standards are used;
The drawing which satisfies the Sections 1.7 and 1.9 (Applications) is shown in the
Figure 1.13. It can be seen that the column foundation, the beams between the concrete
blocks and the concrete slab of the industrial floor form a unified structural system.
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Top view Top view of the foundation
(projected to horizontal plane)
wall columns
2600 (HEA or IPE)
purlin (Lindab Z200)
4400
2600 Purlin system
10550
2600
5350
2750
19500
5350 5350
bracing members (L or rod section)
bracing member, if it is needed (CHS)
9750
18 000 18 400
9,700
7,860
3000 4,600
1200 3,600
7700
2900
600 0,0
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Ferenc Papp
Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
Covering system:
153
2640 - external trapezoidal sheet
10713 - vapour permeable leaf
2640 Welded I section
- flanges: 240-16 - heat insulation (150 mm)
2640 - vapour proof leaf
- web: 368-6
- internal trapezoidal sheet
2640
- purlin
330 Moment
resistant end-
2850 Haunch:
3500 plated bolted
- flange: 240-20
connections
9019 9219 - web: 330-6
Purlins (Lindab Z200)
1200 Wall beams (Lindab C200)
7300
Welded I section 7500
CHS bracing members - flanges: 240-16
CHS bracing members, if it is needed - web: 468-8
2900 19500/2 20000/2
Grade of steel: S235
Standard: Eurocode 3
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Steel Buildings – Preliminary design
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