RETINA a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside.

It is composed of nerve cells

with photoreceptors that are shaped like rods and cones.

1. The rod-shaped photoreceptors sense extremely low levels of light and provide efficient
vision in dim light. These photoreceptors do not discern color well, so dimly lit objects are
perceived as being uncolored—that is, seen in shades of gray.
2. The cone-shaped photoreceptors provide color vision and respond best to light.

 Higher levels of light are required for the eye to discern color. As rays of light strike the
photoreceptors of the retina, they produce electrical impulses that travel from the nerve
cells on the retina through the optic nerve to the brain. These impulses are processed in
the brain and give the perception of seeing.
Three types of cone-shaped photoreceptors:

 Red-sensing cones (60 percent)

 -sensing cones (30 percent) and.
 Blue-sensing cones (10 percent)

COLOR BLINDNESS is the inability to distinguish colors.

 Most common one are the red-green color blind. They tend to see red and green as
yellows
 Totally color blind only sees color black, white and shades of gray.

Note:

- A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is

capable of visual phototransduction.
- Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction of the visual system. It is a process by
which light is converted into electrical signals in the rod cells, cone cells and photosensitive
ganglion cells of the retina of the eye.
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