ELL 100 - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

LECTURE 8: NETWORK THEOREMS

SUPERPOSITION
AND
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
APPLICATION

Circuit with more than one energy/power supply units

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 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
APPLICATION

System with more than one energy sources

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 SUPERPOSITION
PRINCIPLE
• Helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than one
independent source.
• It is used to determine the value of some circuit variable
(voltage across or current through a particular impedence)
• It is applied by calculating the contribution of each
independent source separately.
• The output of a circuit is determined by summing the
individual responses of each independent source.
• The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property
(specifically, additivity)
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 SUPERPOSITION
LINEARITY – ADDITIVE PROPERTY
• The response to a sum of inputs is the sum of the responses to
each input applied separately.

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 SUPERPOSITION
LINEARITY – ADDITIVE PROPERTY
• Example: Ohm’s Law
Voltage (output) developed across a resistor in response to
applied current (input)
v1  i1 R (for applied current i1)
and
v2  i2 R (for applied current i2)
Then applying current (i1 + i2) gives
v  (i1  i2 ) R  i1 R  i2 R  v1  v2
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 SUPERPOSITION

STATEMENT
• In any linear bilateral network containing two
or more independent sources (voltage and/or
current sources), the resultant current / voltage
in any branch is the algebraic sum of currents /
voltages caused by each independent source
(with all other independent sources turned off).

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 SUPERPOSITION

Superposition theorem for two independent sources

(either voltage or current).
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 SUPERPOSITION
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE APPLYING SUPERPOSITION:
• To turn off a voltage source: Replace by its internal resistance
(for non-ideal source) or short circuit (for ideal source).
• To turn off a current source: Replace by its internal resistance
(for non-ideal source) or open circuit (for ideal source).
• The dependent sources should not be zeroed. They remain the
same for every particular solution with each independent source.

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 SUPERPOSITION
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE APPLYING SUPERPOSITION:

• To turn off a voltage source,

• To turn off a current source,

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 SUPERPOSITION
STEPS TO APPLY
• Step-1: Retain one source at a time in the circuit and replace all
other sources with their internal resistances.
• Step-2: Determine the output (current or voltage) due to the
single source acting alone using any circuit analysis techniques
(mesh, node, transformations etc.).
• Step-3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for every independent source.
• Step-4: Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to all the independent sources.
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 SUPERPOSITION
Example 1: Consider the network shown in figure.
Calculate Iab and Vcg using superposition Theorem.

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 1: Voltage source only (turn off current source)
7 23
R e q   ( Rac  Rcb ) || Rab   Rbg   2  
8 8
3
I  1.043 A
23
8
=> current through a-b is given by
7 24
I ab    0.913 A(a to b)
8 23
I acb  1.043  0.913  0.13 A

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 1: Voltage source only (turn off current source)
Voltage across c-g terminal: Vcg  Vbg  Vcb  (2 1.043)  (4  0.13)  2.61 V

Note :
‘c’ is higher potential than ‘g’.

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 2: Current source only (turn off voltage source)

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 SUPERPOSITION

Step 2:
Current in the following branches:

(14 / 3)  2
3 resistor=  1.217 A; 4  resistor =2-1.217=0.783A
(14 / 3)  3
2
1 resistor =    0.783=0.522 A (b to a)
3
Voltage across 3 resistor (c & g terminals) Vcg =1.217  3=3.651V
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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 3: Add contributions from both sources
Current flowing from ‘a’ to ‘b’ due to voltage source only Iab= 0.913 A
Current flowing from ‘a’ to ‘b’ due to current source only Iab= -0.522 A
The total current flowing through 1Ω resistor (due to the both sources)
from ‘a’ to ‘b’ = 0.913 - 0.522 A = 0.391 A
Voltage across the current source due to voltage source Vcg= 2.61 V.
Voltage across the current source due to current source Vcg= 3.651 V
Total voltage across the current source Vcg= 2.61 + 3.65 V = 6.26 V
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 SUPERPOSITION
Example 2: Calculate the current Iab flowing through the 3Ω resistor
using the superposition theorem.

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 SUPERPOSITION
Solution:
Step 1: Consider only the 3A current source on the left
2 6
I1( dueto 3 Acurrent source )  3   A(a tob)
7 7

Step 2: Consider only the 2V voltage source on the left

I 2( dueto 2V votage source )  0 A(a tob)

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 3: Consider only the 1V voltage source
1
I 3( due to1V votage source )   A( a to b)
7

Step 4: Consider only the 3A current source on the right

2 6
I 4( dueto 3 Acurrent source )  3   A(a to b)
7 7

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 5: Consider only the 2V voltage source
on the right
2
I 5( due to1V votage source )   A( a to b)
7

Step 6: Resultant current Iab flowing through 3Ω resistor due to the

combination of all sources
I ab  I1( due to 3 Avotage source )  I 2( due to 2V votage source )  I 3( due to1V votage source )
 I 4( due to 3 Avotage source )  I 5( due to 2V votage source )
6 1 6 2 9
 0     1.285 A( a to b)
7 7 7 7 7
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 SUPERPOSITION
LIMITATIONS
1. It doesn’t work for calculation of power.
• Power calculation is not linear operation.

Example:
• When current i1 flows through resistor R, the power is P1 = Ri12,
When current i2 flows through R, the power is P2 = Ri22

• If current i1 + i2 flows through R, the power absorbed is

P3 = R (i1 + i2)2 = Ri12 + Ri2 2 + 2Ri1i2 ≠ P1 + P2.

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 SUPERPOSITION
LIMITATIONS
EXAMPLE :

Using superposition power consumed by the individual sources are

PW 1( dueto12V sourceleft )  12watts; PW 2( dueto12V sourceleft )  12watts;
Total power consumed  24 watts

But current flowing through the resistor is zero, so total power

consumed is actually zero!

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 SUPERPOSITION
LIMITATIONS
2. Superposition theorem cannot be applied for circuits with
nonlinear elements (eg. Diodes and Transistors).

3. In order to calculate load current or voltage for several choices of

load resistance, one needs to solve for every voltage and current
source in the network several times. With a simple circuit this is
fairly easy, but in a large circuit with many sources this method
becomes a painful experience! Thevenin/Norton equivalent with
Mesh/Node analysis is a better choice in that case.
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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
APPLICATION

Solar panel
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
APPLICATION

Communication Systems
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
APPLICATION

Stereo Amplifier Design Speakers

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
APPLICATION

Audio Amplifiers
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
STATEMENT
• Maximum power is transferred to the load from a network when the load
resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen from the load (RL = RTh).

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
DERIVATION
If the value of the load resistance is RL , the current
VTh
flowing through the circuit is i 
RTh  RL

Power transferred to the load is

2
 VTh  2
VTh RL 2 V 2
p  i RL  
2
 L
R  i R  Th

 th
R  RL  R 2
 2 R R  R 2L
 RTh 
2

  2 RTh  RL
Th L Th L

 RL 
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
DERIVATION dp  ( R  R ) 2
 2 RL ( RTh  RL ) 
 V Th 
2 Th L

dRL  ( RTh  RL ) 4

 ( RTh  R L  2 RL ) 
 V Th 
2
0
 ( RTh  RL )
3

0  ( RTh  RL  2 RL )  ( RTh  RL )
RL  RTh
The power transferred from the source to the load is maximum when the
resistance of the load is equal to the internal resistance of the source.
This condition is referred to as resistance/impedence matching.
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
VTh 2
• The maximum power transferred is obtained by pmax 
4 RTh
• The total power delivered by the source
p max  I L
2
( RL  RTh )  2  I 2
L RL

• Efficiency under maximum power transfer condition is given by

I L 2 RL
pmax  100  50%
2  I L RL
2

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Example 1. Find the value of the adjustable resistance R that
dissipates the maximum power across terminals a-b. What is
the maximum power that can be delivered to this load?

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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Solution: Obtain Thevenin
equivalent of source network
100
Vth  Vab  V15  I15 (15); I15   4 A; Vth  4(15)  60V
10  15

10 15
Rth   5  11
10  15

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Thevenin equivalent is obtained, with Vth=60V and Rth = 11Ω

Rth =11Ω

Vth = 60V +
- RL

Maximum power transfer occurs for RL = Rth = 11Ω

Power delivered to the load is
2
 V  V 2
60 2
Pmax  i RL  
2 Th
 RL 
Th
  81.82W
 Rth  RL  4 Rth 4  11
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 NUMERICAL
Q1. Find io in the circuit of Fig using superposition.

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NUMERICAL

Solution:

i0  i0 ' i0 '' (1)

where i0’ and i0” are due

to the 4-A current source
and 20-V voltage source
respectively.

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 NUMERICAL
To obtain i0’ we turn off the 20-V source and apply mesh analysis
Loop 1: i1  4 A (2) Loop 2: -3i1 + 6i 2 -1i3 -5i o '=0 (3)

Loop 3: -5i1 -1i 2 +10i3 +5i o '=0 (4)

Node 0: i3  i1  i0 '  4  i0 ' (5)

Substituting (2) and (5) into (3) and (4)

gives two simultaneous equations
3i2  2i '0  8 (6)
i2  5i '0  20 (7)
52
=> i '0  A (8)
17 39
 NUMERICAL
To obtain i0″ we turn off the 4-A current source.
KVL in upper loop: 6i4  i5  5i ''0  0 (9)
KVL in lower loop: i4  10i5  20  5i0 ''  0 (10)
But i5 = − i0″.
Substituting this in Eqs. (9) and (10) gives
6i4  4i0 ''  0 (11)
i4  5i0 ''  20 (12)
60
=> i0 ''   A (13)
17

i0  i0 ' i0 '' = (52 – 60)/17

(1) = -8/17 = -0.47 A
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 NUMERICAL
Q2. Use superposition to find current flowing through the 3-Ω resistor.

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 NUMERICAL
Solution: Since there are three sources, i  i1  i2  i3
iT

20 V + 1Ω 4Ω
-
First consider 20V source only
4  (3  1) 2Ω i1
R eq   2  4 3Ω
4  3 1
20 5 4
iT   5 A; i1   2.5 A (currentdivision)
4 1 3  4
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 NUMERICAL
Then consider 2 A source only
-
2A + 2V
Source
1Ω 4Ω Transformation 4Ω
1Ω

2Ω i2 2Ω i2
3Ω 3Ω

4 2
R eq   1  3  5.33
42
2
iT   0.375 A; i2  iT  0.375 A
5.33
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 NUMERICAL

1Ω 4Ω

16 V
2Ω
Finally consider 16V source only -
i3 +
3Ω

4 2
R eq   1  3  5.33
42 iT
16 3 2
iT   3 A;  i3   1A; i3  1A
5.33 2 1 3
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 NUMERICAL
=> Current flowing through 3-Ω resistor is
i  i1  i2  i3  2.5  0.375  1  1.875 A

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 NUMERICAL
Q3. For the circuit shown in fig, the value of Vs1 and Is are fixed.
When Vs2 = 0, the current I = 4A . Find the value of I when Vs2 = 32 V.

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 NUMERICAL
Solution: The current flowing through 6Ω resistor due to the voltage
and current sources are given by (assuming circuit linearity):
I  I '(due to Vs1 )  I ''(due to Vs 2 )  I '''(due to I s )
I  Vs1   Vs 2   I s (1)
where, parameters α, β and η represent constants

When Vs2=0, I = 4 A => I  I '(due to Vs1 )  I '''(due to I s )  4

=> I  Vs1   I s  4 (2)

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 NUMERICAL
Vs 2 32
When Vs2 = 32 V is acting alone: IT    4A
R eq (8 || 8)  4
IT  8 48
I vs 2  I ''  (current division )   2A
88 16

I ''   Vs 2  2 A (3)

Current flow through 6Ω resistor

when Vs2 = 32 V is
I  Vs1   Vs 2   I s  4  2  6A

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 NUMERICAL
Q4. Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer and
compute the maximum power delivered

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 NUMERICAL
Solution: Step 1: Calculation of Thevenin Voltage and Thevenin
Resistance across terminals a-b

6 12 -12 + 18i1 - 12i 2 = 0, i2  2 A

RTh  2  3  6 ||12  5   9
18
=> i1 = −2∕3.
KVL around the outer loop: -12 + 6i1 +3i 2 +2(0)+VTh =0  VTh  22V
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 NUMERICAL
For maximum power transfer,
R L = R Th = 9 

The maximum power is,

VTh 2 222
pmax    13.44W
4 RL 4  9

51
 NUMERICAL
Q5. Find the value of RL that absorbs maximum power from
the circuit and the corresponding power under this condition.

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 NUMERICAL
Solution: Obtain VTh and RTh for the circuit below
We can use superposition theorem to find VTh

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 NUMERICAL
Considering the 20V source only

The current through ‘b-c’ branch 20/20 = 1A (from ‘b’ to ‘c’)

=> voltage across the ‘b-a’ terminal Vba = 1 × 10 = 10 V
(’b’ is higher potential than ‘a’) ∴ Vab = −10 V

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 NUMERICAL
Considering the 10V source only
Note: No current is flowing through
the ‘c-b’ branch
∴ Vab = 5 V (‘a’ is higher potential than ‘b’)

Considering only 2 A source only

Note that the current flowing through
the ‘c-a’ branch is zero
∴ Vab =10 V
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 NUMERICAL
The voltage across the ‘a’ and ‘b’ terminals due to the all sources
VTh = Vab (due to 20 V) + Vab (due to 10 V) + Vab (due to 2A source)
= -10 + 5 + 10 = 5V

RTh  Rab  5  5 || 10   10 || 10 

 5  5  10 

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 NUMERICAL
Thevenin equivalent circuit is drawn below:

Maximum power transfer occurs for RL = Rth = 10 Ω

2
 V  V 2
5 2
Power delivered to the load is Pmax  i 2 RL   Th
 L
R  Th
  0.625W
 Rth  RL  4 Rth 4  10
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 NUMERICAL
Q6. Applying Norton’s theorem, calculate the value of R that results
in maximum power transfer to the 6.2Ω resistor. Find the maximum
power dissipated by the resistor 6.2Ω under that situation.

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Solution:
Step-1: Short the terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’ after disconnecting the 6.2Ω
resistor. The Norton’s current for the circuit shown is computed by using
‘mesh analysis’.

Loop 1: 12  I1 R  3( I1  I 2 )  0 36 24  20 R
=> I1  ; I2  
15  8 R 15  8 R
Loop 2: 10  5( I 2  I 3 )  3(I 2  I1 )  0, note I 3  2 A
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
The Norton resistance is obtained between the terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’

3R
RN  ( R || 3)  5  5
3 R

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Norton equivalent circuit is drawn below:

The maximum power will dissipate in load resistance when

load resistance = Norton’s resistance i.e. RN  RL  6.2 
3R
RN  6.2   5; R  2
3 R
1  24  20 R 
2
1 2
Pmax  I N RL      RL  6.61watts
4 4  15  8 R  61
 SUPERPOSITION
Q1. Using the superposition theorem, find va in the circuit of Fig.

(Ans. 14 Volts)
62
 SUPERPOSITION
Q2. Using the superposition theorem, calculate the value of source current
Ix that yields I = 0 if VA and VC are kept fixed at 7 V and 28 V

(Ans. IX = -5.833A)
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 SUPERPOSITION
Q3. For the circuit shown below, it follows from linearly that we can write
Vab=αIx+βVA+ηVB, where α,β and η are constants. Find the values of (1)
α,(2)β, and (3)η.

(Ans. α = -1,β=0.063, and η=-0.063

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 SUPERPOSITION
Q4. Using superposition theorem, find the current i through 5Ωresistor as
shown in fig.

Ans. -0.538A
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q5. Consider the circuit of fig.

(a)Find the linear relationship between Vout and input sources Vs and Is
(b)If Vs=10V and Is = 1, find Vout
(c)What is the effect of doubling all resistances values on the coefficients
of linear relationship found part (a)?
(Ans. (a) Vout=0.333Vs+6.66Is; (b) ) Vout=9.999V (c) Vout=0.333Vs+6.66Is;
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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q1.Determine the value of RL that will draw the maximum power from the
rest of the circuit in Fig. Calculate the maximum power.

Answer: 126.67 Ω, 96.71 mW.

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 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q2.Find the maximum power that can be delivered to the resistor R in the
circuit of Fig..

Answer: 1.6Ω, 5.625W

68
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q3. The variable resistor R in Fig. is adjusted until it absorbs the
maximum power from the circuit.
(a) Calculate the value of R for maximum power.
(b) Determine the maximum power absorbed by R

Answer: 25 kΩ, 49 mW
69
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q4. For the circuit in Fig, what resistor connected across terminals a-b
will absorb maximum power from the circuit? What is that power?

Answer: 8 kΩ, 152 W

70
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q5. Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R in the circuit of
Fig.

Answer: 20.77 W
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