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Physical Science
Quarter 1- Module 2
Week 3: Intermolecular Forces
Week 4 : Biological Macromolecules

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Science - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Lesson 1 (Intermolecular Forces)
Lesson 2 (Biological Macromolecules: Structures and Function)
First Edition, 2020
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 Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 1-Module 2
Week 3: Intermolecular Forces
Week 4 : Biological Macromolecules

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

What This Module Is All About i

What I Need To Know i
How To Learn From This Module i
Icons For This Module ii

Lesson 1: Intermolecular Forces

What I Know 1
What’s In 3
What’s New 4
What is it 5
What’s More 9
What I Have Learned 10
What I Can Do 11
Assessment 12

Lesson 2: Biological Macromolecules

What I Know 15
What’s In 17
What’s New 17
What is it 18
What’s More 26
What I Have Learned 27
Assessment 28
What this module is all about

This module covers the following MELCS (1) Describe the general types of
intermolecular forces, (2) Explain the effect of intermolecular on the properties of
substances, and (3) explain how the structures of biological macromolecules
such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their
properties and function.

Lesson 1 in this module will help the learner to understand that there is a
force of interaction other than intramolecular forces that exists between
molecules called as intermolecular forces. Students will also learn how these
forces affect the properties and structure of some substances and why this
substance exist as liquid and others not.

Lesson 2 emphasizes the importance of biological macromolecules in our

body which includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid. The
structures of these macromolecules will also be given emphasis since it affects
their properties and function.

What I Need to Know

After going through this module you are expected to:

1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17)
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances
(S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)
3. Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties
and function. (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)

How to learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

• Read the lesson carefully. Take your time.
• Follow instructions in doing the activities. Do it diligently.
• Be honest in doing the activities.
• Check your understanding by answering the post test at the end of the
module.

i
Icons for this module

ii
 Lesson
Intermolecular Forces
1
What I Know

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.
1. The following are intermolecular forces of attraction EXCEPT
A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Dipole-dipole D. London Dispersion

2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary

dipole.
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

3. Which of the following will most likely form a hydrogen bond?

A. HCl B. HI C. HF D. H2S

4. What type of intermolecular forces of attraction that holds Cl2 --- Cl2 molecules
together?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion

5. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe Hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bond is…
A. a bond between hydrogen and the highly electronegative atoms N, O, F
B. a bond formed between a partial positive hydrogen in a polar molecule and a
slightly negative atom in another molecule
C. a very strong dipole-dipole interaction
D. the weakest form of intermolecular force

6. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT

A. C B. F C. O D. N

7. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular

interaction?
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

1
8. What type of intermolecular force of attraction is present as indicated by the
arrow below?
H Cl H Cl

A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London dispersion

9. The type of intermolecular force which is a result of unequal sharing of electrons

resulting in a partially positive and partially negative end is called_________
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

10. Which intermolecular forces of attraction exist in H2S ----- H2S?

A. Dipole-dipole, London forces C. Ionic, London dispersion
B. Hydrogen bond, London dispersion D. London – London

11. The type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exist in all molecules is
A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion forces

12. Substance with __________ intermolecular forces will have _________ boiling
point.
A. Stronger, lower C. Weaker, higher
B. Stronger, higher D. Weaker, the same

13. Which of the molecules has the highest boiling point?

A. HBr B. HCl C. HF D. HI

14. Which of following compounds should have the lowest boiling point?
A. HF B. H2O C. NH3 D. O2

15. Which of the following compounds most likely have the highest boiling point?
A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12

2
 What’s In

Have you ever wonder how sugar totally mixed up with water. What happened
to the particles of sugar? Where did it go? Is it gone? But you noticed that the water
taste sweet which means that sugar is still there.
Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 where you learned that atoms
chemically combined to form compound? The chemical attractions that held the
atoms together in a compound are referred as intramolecular forces. These forces of
attractions exist between atoms. In water for example, the atoms of hydrogen
chemically combined with the atoms of oxygen to form water molecule.
There are three types of intramolecular forces namely: (1) Ionic bond formed
when there is transfer of electrons and is usually formed between a metal and non-
metal; (2) Covalent bond is a bond formed when there is sharing of electron. This
type of bond exists between two non-metal atoms. There are two types of covalent
bonds. A polar covalent bond (formed when there is unequal sharing of electrons
between two combining atoms, and non-polar covalent bond (formed by equal
sharing of electrons); and (3) metallic bond is formed between positively charged
atoms in which the free moving electrons are shared forming a crystal lattice.
The forces of attraction that holds together sugar and water molecule in a
mixture is another type of attraction called intermolecular force. These forces of
attraction exist between molecules which hold them together.
Going through this module will help you understand the different intermolecular
forces of attraction that exists between molecules. You will also learn from this
module that the type of intermolecular forces present in the substance is responsible
for its properties.

3
 What’s New

Activity 1. FIND ME
Find and encircle the words in the puzzle.

D I P O L E D I P O L E R A P A V
S U R F A C E T E N S I O N A R I
B R V I N T R A M O L E C U L A R
O P H Y D R O G E N B O N D R L S
I L O N D O N D I S P E R S I O N
L A P R N O N P O L A R B O N P B
I V A P O R P R E S S U R E R R F
N S M E L T I N G P O I N T T A O
G U T B R C O V A L E N T B O N D
P O N I C B O N D F O R W A R D C
O A N M E I O N D I P O L E S O E
I B V I S C O S I T Y S P O T M S
N C I N T E R M O L E C U L A R R
T T V I O N I C B O N D A L E S T

Boiling Point Intramolecular Non-polar

Covalent bond Ion-dipole Polar
Dipole-Dipole Ionic bond Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bond London Dispersion Vapor Pressure
Intermolecular Melting point Viscosity

4
 What is It

Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules, atoms, or

ions. Intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker than intramolecular in terms of
energy involved however; intermolecular forces are responsible for the properties of
molecules. The intermolecular forces explain why substance exists as solid, liquid or
gas at room temperature. The following are the types of intermolecular forces.
Ion-dipole Interaction
An ion-dipole interaction is the force of interaction that exists between
charged particles called ions and a polar molecule. When NaCl dissolves in water,
NaCl dissociates to form Na+ ion and Cl- ion. Since water is a polar molecule, it has a
partial positive end and partial negative end. Thus, the Na+ ion from the NaCl
molecule will attract the partially negative end of the water molecule, while the Cl - ion
of NaCl will also attract to the partially positive end of the water molecule (Figure 1).

Ion-dipole

:
:

Fig. 1. Ion-dipole Interaction

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Dipole- dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar
molecule like HCI. The unequal sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and Chlorine
atoms in HCl creating a partially positive pole in H and partially negative pole in Cl
and is referred as DIPOLE (Figure 2).

Hδ+ Clδ- Hδ+ Clδ-

Dipole-dipole

Fig. 2. Dipole-dipole interaction

5
 In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles attract each
other in way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the
other molecule.
Hydrogen Bond
The bond that exists between water molecules is Hydrogen bond (Fig.3). It is
a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen which is a polar
molecule and a highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In
Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen to
become strongly positive.

Hδ+ Hδ+
: Oδ- : Oδ-
: :
Hδ+ Hδ+
H-bond

Fig.3. Hydrogen bond in water

The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal

solvent. H-bond prevents the water from evaporating quickly into the atmosphere. It
also causes ice to float in water since at freezing temperature, water molecules tend
to form a crystal lattice as it expands.

London Dispersion Forces- is present in all molecules. It is the weakest

intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar
molecule. The strength of the dispersion forces increases as the molecular weight of
the substance increases.

Activity 2
Unscramble the letter to tell what property is being described in the
statement.
1. _____________ (Bilniog pniot) is the temperature at which the vapour
pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
2. ______________ (Vcisitoy) measures how well the substance flow.
3. ______________ (Sfrucae tnsioen) measures the toughness of the surface
of the liquid.
4. ______________ (Mltineg pniot) is the temperature at which a substance
changes from liquid to gas.
5. ______________ (Vopar perussre) is the small amount of gas that can be
found above all liquid?

6
Activity 3. Let me FLOAT!!!
Materials:
• Glass
• Water
• Powdered pepper (paminta)
• Liquid detergent
• dropper
Procedure:
1. Fill the glass with about three-fourth full of water.
2. Sprinkle a pinch of powdered pepper (paminta) on the surface of the water.
Observe.
Did the pepper floats in water? _____________________________
3. Put a drop of liquid detergent on the surface of the water. Observe.
What happen to the pepper as you put a drop of liquid detergent to the
water? _____________________________________________________

Chemical bond holds atom together in a molecule, this type of interaction is

called Intramolecular It is the interaction that exist within the molecule. Intermolecular
forces on the other hand, are the force of interaction that exists between molecules.
Though this type of interaction is weaker than intramolecular force it greatly affects
the properties of substance.
In the activity, when you sprinkle powdered pepper (paminta) on the top of the
water, it floats on the surface. When a drop of liquid detergent touches the surface of
the water, it breaks the surface tension of the water thereby allowing the pepper to
sink in the water.
Surface Tension – is a property of the surface of the water caused by the
cohesive forces (intermolecular forces) between molecules which allows liquid to
create a thin film on its surface.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the stronger the surface tension. The
H-bond in water produces a high surface tension in water; thus, allowing the paper
clip floats in water. Substance with weaker intermolecular forces will have lower
surface tension.
Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is
equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
Melting Point – is the temperature at which a substance begins to change
from solid to liquid.
In general, substance with stronger intermolecular force (IMF) will have higher
boiling point than substance with a weaker intermolecular forces. The strong
intermolecular force of the substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the
bond hard to evaporate and boil.
Viscosity – is the property of substance resistance to flow. In general,
stronger IMF means high viscosity.

7
 Vapor pressure – is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into
the gaseous or vapor state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with weak
intermolecular forces will evaporate easily thus, has a higher vapor pressure while
liquid with strong IMF will not easily evaporate thus will have lower vapor pressure.

What’s More

Enrichment Activity: Do this…

1. Identify the possible intermolecular force attraction in the following:

a. NaCl ------ H2O _________________________________

b. NH3 ------ NH3
c. H2S ------- H2S
d. O2 ------- O2
e. HCl ------ HCl
f. CH3OH ------ CH3OH
g. H2 ---------- H2
h. Na2S ------ HCl
i. Br2 ------- Br2
j. H2O ----- H2O
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________

2. Arrange the following compounds (H2O, H2S, Br2, NaCl) in increasing….

a. Boiling Points ________________________________________

b. Melting Points ________________________________________
c. Surface Tension ________________________________________
d. Vapor Pressure ________________________________________
e. Viscosity ________________________________________

8
 What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize it!

• Intramolecular forces are forces that holds atom together in a molecule.
• Intramolecular forces are forces between molecules. Ion-dipole, dipole-
dipole, Hydrogen bond and London Forces or Van der Waals Forces.
• Ion-dipole is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles
called ions and a polar molecule.
• Dipole-dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar
molecule. In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent
dipoles attract each other in way that the positive end of one molecule
attracts the negative end of the other molecule.
• Hydrogen bond- is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction where
Hydrogen bond to highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and
Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly electronegative element F, O, N
causes the hydrogen to become strongly positive.
• London Dispersion Forces- is the weakest intermolecular force which is
formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
• Intermolecular forces affect the properties of substance such as boiling
point, melting point, surface tension, vapor pressure, and viscosity. In
general, the stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point,
melting point, surface tension and viscosity of the substance. However, in
terms of vapor pressure, the stronger the intermolecular the substance has
the lower its vapor pressure.
• It also follows that, the larger the molecule, the stronger the intermolecular
force it has.
• The relative strength of intermolecular forces is shown in figure 4 below:

London Dipole- Hydrogen Ion – dipole Ionic bond

Dispersion dipole bond interaction
Forces interaction
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTRAMOLECULAR

Weakest Strongest

Fig. 4. Relative strength of intermolecular forces

9
 What I Can Do

In this activity will let you understand the effect of attractive forces to viscosity
of a substance.
Materials Needed:
- a tablespoon of sample liquids (water, oil, condensed milk, chocolate
syrup)
- timer

Procedure:
1. Get one tablespoon of each liquid.
2. Get ready with the timer.
3. Pour liquid one at a time and record the time it takes the liquid to hit the
ground. Record your observation.
4. Repeat if needed.

Guide Questions:
1. Which liquid flow freely to the ground? ____________________
2. What would be the reason why some liquid some liquid flow freely while
others did not? _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

10
 Assessment

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.
1. What type of bond exists between oxygen (O2) molecules?
C. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
D. Dipole-dipole D. London Dispersion

2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary dipole.

A. Dipole-dipole B. ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

3. Which of the following substances will exhibit dipole-dipole intermolecular forces?

A. N2 B. CH3OH C. CO2 D. H2S
4. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT
A. C B. F C. O D. N

5. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular

interaction?
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion

6-10. Refer to the following option

A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London dispersion

What type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exists between the following
molecules?
6. NH3 ------ NH3
7. Li2S ------- H2O
8. N2 ------ N2
9. HBr ----- HBr
10. H2 ----- H2
11. Which of the following intermolecular forces has the highest boiling point?
A. Dipole- Dipole C, Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion

12. The type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exist in all molecules is
A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion forces

11
13. Substance with _________ intermolecular forces will have _________ vapor
pressure.
A. stronger, lower C. weaker, lower
B. stronger, higher D. weaker, the same

14. At which temperature would you expect water to have the greatest vapour
pressure?
A. 100o B. 75o C. 9o D. 0o

15. Which of the following compounds most likely have the lowest boiling point?
A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12

12
 Lesson

4 Biological Macromolecules

What I Know

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.
1. The following compounds are biological macromolecules EXCEPT
A. Carbohydrates C. Lipids
B. Carbon Dioxide D. Proteins
2. Which of the following biomolecules is important in muscle building?
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates contains the following elements EXCEPT
A. Carbon C. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen D. Oxygen
4. Which of the following monosaccharide is most abundant in nature?
A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose
5. A disaccharide which is mainly found in milk and other milk products is
A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose
6. Which of the following is the building block of proteins?
A. Amino Acid C. Nucleic acid
B. Enzymes D. Phosphate
7. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?

Image Retrieved: June 19, 2020 at

https://rb.gy/f7d1ig

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipids D. Proteins

8. Proteins found in connective tissues like tendons and ligament is

A. Collagen C. Keratin
B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin

13
9. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Keratin D. Myoglobin
10. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is
A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids
B. Oils D. Wax
11. The following are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA EXCEPT
A. Adenine C. Guanine
B. Cytosine D. Uracil
12. Proteins are polypeptide that contains repeating units of
A. Amino acids C. Glucose
B. Fatty acids D. Phosphate
13. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________
A. Glycosidic bond C. metallic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond
14. Enzymes are substances that catalyze a reaction. Which of the following is NOT
an enzyme?
A. Glycopase C. Pepsin
B. Lipase D. Sucrase
15. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA
molecule contains the following EXCEPT
A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar
B. Nitrogen bases D. Phosphate group

14
 What’s In

Every living organism is made up of cells, the very tiny units of life. Within the
cells are organic molecules which joined to form larger molecule.
There are four classes of macromolecules as you have learned in your Grade
10 Chemistry. These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid forming
a chainlike structure called polymers. Recall that these macromolecules composed
mainly the elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other macromolecules have
nitrogen and phosphate in their structure.
In this module, the structure of these macromolecules will be given emphasis.
The students will then explain how the structure affects the properties and functions
of macromolecules.

What’s New

Activity 1. Carbohydrates
Study the structure and answer the question below.

Fig. 1. Structure of simple monosaccharides.

Image: Retrieved June 15, 2020 from https://rb.gy/cigwad

1. What are the elements you notice in the structures? ___________________

2. What do you notice with the carbon: hydrogen: oxygen (C: H: O) ratio in each
structure? (Note: To answer these count the number of C, H, and O in the
structure.
3. Now, look at the structure below.
a. Did you see any similarities with the three structures? _____________
b. Do they have same kind of elements? _________________________
15
 c. What differences did you noticed with their structures? ____________

A. B.

C.

Figure 2. Different Structures of Carbohydrates

Images retrieved: June 16, 2020 from (a) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-

Glucopyranose.svg (b) https://rb.gy/qglpvk, (C) https://rb.gy/enzuad

1. Carbohydrates
In the activity above, you noticed that all the structures contain the same
elements C, H, and O. These structures are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one
of the macromolecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only with a ratio
1:2:1.This can be written as CnH2nOn, where n corresponds to the number of carbon
atoms. The term carbohydrate comes from the Latin word saccharum which means
sugar.
The carbohydrate that we eat which is our main source of energy is converted
into glucose which is readily used in the body. It is classified as simple sugars
(monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex sugars (polysaccharides).
Monosaccharides are sugar with one saccharide units. Glucose (used as
dextrose and sugar found in blood), galactose (found in milk and other milk
products), and fructose (sugar found in fruits and honey) are monosaccharides. They
are isomers which mean, they have the same molecular formula but different

16
structural formula. The difference in their structures (Figure 2) is the one that made
also difference in their properties like boiling point galactose has higher boiling point
than glucose. Glucose is sweeter than galactose.
Disaccharides are sugar with two saccharide unit joined by a glycosidic
bond. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from 2 Glucose units and is found in malt.
Sucrose found in regular table sugar contains glucose and fructose units. Lactose
found in milk and milk products is a disaccharide containing Glucose and Galactose
units.
Polysaccharides are sugar contains many saccharide units. Starch and
Cellulose are polysaccharides. Starch, a storage form of glucose in plants and
cellulose, the structural material in plant cell wall composed of 250 - 400 glucose
molecules connected via α-1-4-glycosidic bond.

Fig. 3. Starch
. Retrieved June 19, 2020 from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/PH/PH709_BasicCellBiology/PH709_BasicCellBIology_print.html

17
Activity 2. Pair Me
Pair column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer
in the space provided.
Column A Column B

______ 1. Collagen A. carries oxygen from the lungs to the

Bloodstream

______ 2. Keratin B. Substance used to speed up a reaction

______ 3. Hemoglobin C. major insoluble fibrous protein found in

connective tissues

______ 4. Enzymes D. fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails

______ 5. Fibroin E. strongest natural fibers found in silk

2. Protein
Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It comes from the Greek word
proteios which means first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the
elements that make up a protein. Sulfur and other metals can also be found in some
proteins. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are made from multiple units of
simple molecules called amino acids (shown in figure below). Combination of 20
amino acid joined by a peptide bond makes a protein. Thus, proteins are called
polypeptides. The structure of amino acid is shown in the figure 4.

Fig 4. Structure of Amino Acid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-structure-of-amino-
acids_fig1_322686460

Each type of protein is made up of different combination of amino acid

arranged in specific way. The order to which the amino acids are arranged

18
determines the configuration and function of protein. Examples of proteins as
mentioned in the activity are the following:
Collagen - found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage
and the cornea of the eye.
Fibroin/Silk protein – one of the strongest natural fibers found in silk
Keratin - a fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails.

Myoglobin - contains a heme group contains an iron (II) ion at its center where
oxygen is being stored.

Hemoglobin - is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the
bloodstream

Enzymes on the other hand, are substances that catalyze a reaction. The following
are examples of enzymes and their specific function.

1. Lipase - help in digestion of fats

2. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
3. Sucrase - help in the digestion of sugars and starches

Activity 3.
Study the structure below and answer the following question.

Fig 5. Structure of Triglyceride

Image Retrieved June 19, 2020 from
https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/lipids_story.htm

1. What have you notice with the structure of triglyceride?

__________________________________________________

2. What elements compose the structure? __________________

19
 3. The structure below is a phospholipid.

Fig. 6. Structure of Phospholipid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/yzlhjw

a. What did you notice with the structure of phospholipid compared to

glyceride? ___________________________________________
b. Does it have the same components with glycerides? _____________
c. Have you notice any difference at all? _________________________
3. Lipids
Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of
biomolecules group together because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-
fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules making it soluble to non-polar solvents like
acetone, ether and benzene. It is classified into four categories: (1) triglycerides,
(2) Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.
Fatty acid
Fatty acid is a chain-like molecule containing a long chain of carboxylic acid.
Fatty acid can be saturated (contains single bonds) in its long chain hydrocarbon
chain or unsaturated (contains double bond). Since lipids are non-polar molecule, it
is insoluble in water. Saturated fatty acid is a straight chain where all the carbon
atoms in the chain have two hydrogen singly bonded to making the molecules to
form a strong attraction. Because of this strong attraction, saturated fatty acid have
high melting point and are solid at room temperature Unsaturated fatty acid on the
other hand, tends to bend due to the presence of a double bond in one of the carbon
in the chain. The molecule will not be as close as that of the saturated fatty acid.
Unsaturated fatty acids have low melting points than saturated fatty acids.

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 Fig. 7. Fatty Acid
Retrieved: June 19, 2020 from https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids

Triglycerides
Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. The 3 fatty acids
connected to the glycerol backbone are not necessarily of the same kind.

Fat and oils are example of triglycerides. Fats are usually from animal
sources contain mostly saturated fatty acid making it solid at room temperature. Oil
refers to a triglyceride from plant sources. It contains unsaturated fatty acid and is
liquid at room temperature.

Phospholipids

Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a
phosphate group. Phospholipids (Fig.8), unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end
(hydrophilic end) which is the phosphate group and non-polar end (hydrophobic
end), the fatty acid group. The dual property of liquid allows the phospholipid to form
a bilayer.

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 Fig. 8. Phospholipid
Image retrieved: June 19, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/molec
ular-structure-of-phospholipid

Activity 4.

Study the structure of DNA and answer the questions below.

Fig. 9.DNA Structure.

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-
biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html

1. What are the common parts of the nucleotide? ___________________

________________________________________________________

2. Name the different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA molecule.
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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 3. In DNA what is the paring arrangement of the bases?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

4. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic

information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are the
two types of nucleic acid with specific functions.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of life carries the genetic material
and provides information for its own replication. It is a double helix structure
composed of a sugar and phosphate backbone and complementary bases Adenine-
Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine pair.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) on the other hand, carries the information from DNA
for protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA namely:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Figure 9. Structure of Nucleic Acid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-acid

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 What’s More

Do this….
Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column
B. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. A. carbohydrates

2. B. Lipids

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/s79lc0

3.
C. Nucleic Acid

4.
D. Proteins

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 What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize…..

• Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acid are the four classes
of macromolecules.
• Carbohydrates composed mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is
categorized as simple sugar (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and
complex sugar (polysaccharides). Glucose, Galactose and Fructose
are examples of monosaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates
composed of 2 saccharides units and a polysaccharide with many
saccharide units. The saccharide units in disaccharides and
polysaccharides are bonded via glycosidic bond.
• Proteins composed C, H, O, and N. Sulfur and other metals can also
be found in some proteins. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that
are made from multiple units of simple molecules called amino acids.
• Collagen, Keratin, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, and Fibroin are examples
of Proteins. It properties and function is determine by their structures.
Enzymes are also a kind of protein which catalyzes a reaction without
being used up.
• Lipids are family of biomolecules group together because of its
property of being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are non-polar
molecules making it soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether
and benzene. It is classified into four categories: (1) triglycerides, (2)
Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.
• Nucleic Acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of
genetic information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers
that contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
group. DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acid with specific
functions.

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 Assessment

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.
1. The biological macromolecules composed of multiple units of amino acids is
A. Carbohydrates C. Lipids
B. Proteins D. Cellulose

2. Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

A. Fructose C. Glucose
B. Galactose D. Sucrose

3. Carbohydrates contains the following elements EXCEPT

A. Carbon C. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen D. Oxygen

4. Which of the following polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of plants?

A. Amylose C. Cellulose
B. Amylopectin D. Starch

5. A disaccharide which is mainly found in milk and other milk products is

A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose

6. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipids D. Proteins

7. Proteins found in hair, skin and nails is

A. Collagen C. Keratin
B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin

8. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Keratin D. Myoglobin

9. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is

A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids
B. Oils D. Wax

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10. In DNA, Thymine is paired with _________________________
A. Adenine C. Guanine
B. Cytosine D. Uracil

11. The following statement describes saturated fatty acid EXCEPT

A. It contains a carbon to carbon single bond.
B. It has high melting point.
C. It is solid at room temperature.
D. It contains a carbon to carbon double bond.

12. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________

A. Glycosidic bond C. Metallic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond

13. Which of the statements below DOES NOT describe an enzyme? Enzymes
A. are proteins C. being used up during the reaction
B. catalyzes a reaction D. speeds up a reaction

14. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA
molecule contains the following EXCEPT
A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar
B. Nitrogen bases D. Phosphate group

15. It contains an unsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant and is liquid at
room temperature. This lipid being describe is
A. Fats C. Steroids
B. Oils D. Wax

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