PENGANTAR IMUNOLOGI

Hendra Susanto, S.Pd., M.Kes., Ph.D

2020
 Immunology: the study of the immune system, including its responses to
microbial pathogens and damaged tissues and its role in disease.

Immunity: as resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease.

Immunology
Immune system: The collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that
mediate resistance to infections and the coordinated reaction of these cells
and molecules to infectious microbes comprises an immune response.

The most important physiologic function of the immune system is to

prevent or eradicate infections
 PENGANTAR
IMUNOLOGI

Hendra Susanto, S.Pd., M.Kes., Ph.D

2020
Importance
of the
immune
system in
health and
disease
◦ Sistem imun → suatu jaringan interaktif yg
terdiri atas organ limfoid, sel-sel imun, faktor-
faktor humoral dan sitokin.
◦ Unsur-unsur tersebut bekerjasama membentuk Sistem Imun
suatu rangkaian reaksi (respon imun) yg fungsi
utamanya ialah menyingkirkan organisme dan Immune
dan benda-benda asing (antigen) yg
mengganggu dan masuk ke dlm tubuh. Response
◦ Immune response ~ Ag ><Ab complex
 # Rata-rata BM besar

# Memiliki area ADS

(Antigenic Determinant

ANTIGEN (AG) Site)

# Bersifat self or non self

# Stimulator of Antibody
formation
 Protein spesifik ~ Antibodi
(20% dari protein plasma)

Terdiri dari Light Chain

dan Heavy Chain (LC ½ dr
A.Acid HC)

IMMUNOGLOBULIN
Terikat dgn Disulfide Bond
→ membentuk struktur spt
huruf Y

(IG) Memiliki Area Constan

Region dan Daerah V

Terbagi mjd 5 klmpk →

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD dan IgE
(IgG = 80% dan IgM = 7%
→ dpt menerobos
plasenta, IgA = 12% →
respon imun mukosa, IgE =
0,004% → respon alergi).
 Tdr dari 15 mcm
subfamily → C1,
C2, C3 dst.

SISTEM
memiliki aktivitas
enzimatik →
distimulasi oleh

KOMPLEMEN
lisis dan toksin
bakteri.

aktif setelah ada

Ag-Ab complex
(IgG/IgM-Ag) → ~
aktivitas
opsonisasi Ag
The two
principal ways
the innate
immune
system deals
with microbes
is by inducing
inflammation
and by
antiviral
mechanisms.
Adaptive
Immune
Response
Properties
of adaptive
immune
responses
Clonal
selection
 Cell Mediated Response Antibody Mediated Response
Antigen Antigen

Antigen-presenting cell Virgin

B Cells

Virgin Virgin
Cytotoxic HelperT Sensitized
T Cells Cells B Cells

Effector Memory Effector Memory Effector

Cytotoxic T Cells Helper B Cells B Cells
T Cell T Cell

Antibodies

Targets Targets
Cells with antigen on their surface (intracellular Pathogens or toxins circulating in tissues
pathogen) (extracellular pathogen)
Outcomes Outcomes
Cells killed directly Direct inactivation and indirect destruction
 Respon imun Mekanisme Aktivitas

Humoral Antibodi (terutama IgA) Menghambat pengikatan virus ke sel

Antibodi IgG, IgM dan IgA Menghambat fusi selubung virus

dengan membran plasma sel

Antibodi IgG dan IgM Meningkatkan fagositosis (opsonisasi)

Antibodi IgM Aglutinasi partikel virus

Aktivasi komplemen oleh IgG Opsonisasi oleh C3b dan lisis virus
dan IgM

Seluler IFN-γ yang sekresi oleh sel Tc Aktivasi antivirus langsung

atau Th

Limfosit T sitotoksik (CTL) Membunuh sel yang terinfeksi virus

Makrofag dan sel NK Membunuh sel yang terinfeksi virus

▪ The adaptive immune system mounts larger and
more effective responses to repeated exposures to
the same antigen.

▪ Immunologic memory: the immune system

remembers exposure to antigen, and this property of
adaptive immunity.

▪ The response to the first exposure to antigen, called

the primary immune response, is initiated by
lymphocytes called naive lymphocytes that are seeing
antigen for the first time.

▪ The term naive refers to these cells being

immunologically inexperienced, not having previously
responded to antigens. Subsequent encounters with
the same antigen lead to responses
called secondary immune responses that usually are
more rapid, larger, and better able to eliminate the
antigen than primary responses.
 ✓ Ab → menyerang
jaringan tubuh
sendiri.
✓ Kerusakan

AUTOIMMUNITY jaringan ~ aktivitas

toksin, viral dan
bakteri
✓ Ab → jg
menyerang normal
tissue
CELLS AND TISSUES
OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Importance of The Immune System in Health
and Disease
Principal Mechanisms of Innate and
Adaptive Immunity
Types of Adaptive Immunity
Properties Of Adaptive Immune Responses
Clonal Selection
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
Principal Cells of The Immune System
◦ Limfosit ➔ beredar melalui organ limfoid dan jaringan nonlimfoid
(menginisiasi adaptive immune response).

◦ Sel imun yang berlokasi/”bertempat tinggal” di jaringan akan

mendeteksi mikroba (e.g. makrofag, dendritic cells ➔
APC/antigen presenting cells) akan “memakan dan
menghancurkan” material asing dan mempresentasikannya
kepada limfosit untuk memulai respon imun. Sel mast berperan
dalam perekrutan leukosit lainnya untuk menghancurkan
mikroba/substansi asing.

◦ Sel fagositik/phagocytes (PMN, Monosit) ➔ di sirkulasi akan

terekrut/bergerak ke celah infeksi untuk memulai proses
peradangan/inflamasi. Sel limfosit T dan phagocytes ➔ effector
cells
Classes of Lymphocytes

Sel T helper (kelompok limfosit

T) ➔ disebut juga sel T CD 4+)
→ menstimulasi limfosit B
memproduksi antibodi

CTL (kelompok limfosit T ) ➔

disebut juga sel T CD 8+) →
membunuh sel dengan infeksi
mikroba intraseluler).

Sel Limfosit T regulatory (T reg

cells) ➔ (kelompok sel T CD
4+) → fungsi khusus
membatasi/mencegah
respon imun berlebihan di dlm
tubuh
Maturation of Lymphocytes
Naive Lymphocytes Recognize Foreign Antigens to
Initiate Adaptive Immune Responses

When naive lymphocytes recognize microbial antigens and also receive additional signals induced by
microbes, the antigen-specific lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into effector cells and
memory cells
The Important Characteristics of Naive, Effector,
and Memory Cells in The B and T Lymphocyte
Change in Proportions of Naive and Memory
T Cells with Age
Distribution of Lymphocytes in Lymphoid
Organs and Other Tissues
Morphology of Lymph Nodes
Morphology of The Spleen
Mucosal Immune System
Segregation of T and B Lymphocytes in Different
Regions of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
Migration of T Lymphocytes
Phases of Adaptive Immune Response