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CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
__________________
Ex 1
Complete the sentences by choosing the best Coordinating Conjunction for each
space.
2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet)
6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or)
Total Marks: /8
A Subordinating Conjunction is a word which joins together a dependent clause
and an independent clause. There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The
more commonly used ones are listed below.
BECAUSE, AS, SINCE - are used to introduce the cause in a cause effect relationship
between two ideas
Subordinate Conjunctions
As
1. because: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. when: We watched as the plane took off.
After
1. later in time: After the train left, we went home.
Although or though
1. in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before
1. earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open.
Because
1. for the reason that: We had to wait, because we arrived early.
For
1. for, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
If
1. on condition that: If she is here, we will see her.
Lest
1. for fear that: I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Note the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.
Providing or provided
1. on condition that: All will be well, providing you are careful.
Since
1. from a past time: I have been here since the sun rose.
2. as, because: Since you are here, you can help me.
So or so that
1. consequently: It was raining, so we did not go out.
2. in order that: I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is usually followed by that in
formal English.
e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
Supposing
1. if: Supposing that happens, what will you do?
Than
1. used in comparisons: He is taller than you are.
Unless
1. except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Until or till
1. up to the time when: I will wait until I hear from you.
Whereas
1. because: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. on the other hand: He is short, whereas you are tall.
Whether
1. if: I do not know whether she was invited.
While
1. at the time when: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. on the other hand: He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. although: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate
clauses.
As if
1. in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything.
As long as
1. if: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
2. while: He has lived there as long as I have known him.
As soon as
1. immediately when: Write to me as soon as you can.
As though
1. in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm.
Even if
1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains.
In case
1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else
1. otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.
So as to
1. in order to: I hurried so as to be on time.
Ex 2
1. We recognized her at once, ____________ we had not seen her for years.
(although, in case)
2. He kept reading ___________ he fell asleep. (for, until)
3. The moon will rise ____________ the sun sets. (as soon as, than)
4. It looks ____________ the train will be late. (while, as though)
5. ____________ she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than)
6. We will not go skiing ____________ the weather is good. (as if, unless)
7. ____________ he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For)
8. ____________ I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that)
9. They have known her ___________ she was a child. (until, since)
10. I must leave now, ____________ I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than)
11. What shall we do ____________ it rains? (or else, supposing)
12. ____________ you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until)
13. The door was open, ____________ we could hear everything. (in case, so)
14. I studied more ____________ he did. (than, whereas)
15. We packed a lunch, ____________ we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest,
for)
16. I will join you, ____________ the weather is fine. (providing, than)
17. ____________ he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because)
18. We must hurry, ___________ we will be late. (so that, or else)
Total Marks: / 18
Correlative Conjunctions
Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative
conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that
should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative
conjunctions.
Correlative Conjunctions
Sample Exercises
In 1795 B.C.E., Babylon was not only the capital city of ancient Babylonia but also the
world's first metropolis.
When building Hoover Dam, laborers not only discovered silver but also gold.
When building Hoover Dam, laborers discovered not only silver but also gold.
Beth became angry both with our singing and our shouting.
Beth became angry both with our singing and with our shouting.
The hounds were neither smart enough to climb the ledge nor small enough to enter
the cave.
• I am happy. I am sad.
• Students go to school. Teachers go to school.
• The camper fell during the hike. The camper did not get hurt.
• Summer days are hot. Summer days are long.
• Summer school is challenging. Summer camp is challenging.
Connecting Adverbs
Connecting adverbs are often used to show the relationship between the ideas
expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in a preceding clause, sentence or
paragraph.
As indicated in the following table, several connecting adverbs have meanings similar
to those of the conjunctions and, but or so.
Ex 4
1. The work was new to me. ____________, it did not seem difficult. (Consequently,
Nevertheless)
2. Continue along Queen Street. ____________ turn left. (Then, Therefore)
3. It was very misty. ______________, we could not get a clear view of the
mountain. (Hence, However)
4. We had walked several miles. ____________, we did not feel tired.
(Accordingly, Still)
5. She is a talented actress. ____________, she is very beautiful. (Moreover,
Thus)
6. We take the bus every day. __________, we are familiar with the bus route.
(Nevertheless, Thus)
7. The child was sleepy. ______________, we went home early. (Otherwise,
Therefore)
8. The food was delicious. _____________, the service was excellent. (Likewise,
Nevertheless)
9. We looked everywhere. _____________, we could not find the keys.
(However, Thus)
10. The book is long. _____________, the vocabulary is difficult. (Consequently,
Furthermore)
11. Luckily, the moon was bright. ______________, we could not have seen the
path. (Accordingly, Otherwise)
12. He is old. _____________, his mind is still active. (Nonetheless, Therefore)
Total Marks: / 12
Ex 5
1. I have invited him. ____________, I have invited his sister. (Also, And)
2. He walked up to the door ____________ knocked. (and, likewise)
3. The bus fare is expensive; ____________, I prefer to walk. (so, therefore)
4. She is well-educated. ____________, she has very good manners. (And, Besides)
5. I would rather travel by train, ___________ the bus leaves earlier. (but, however)
6. We were born in this village; ____________, we know everyone here. (hence, so that)
7. Put less wood on the fire, ___________ it will be too smoky. (or, otherwise)
8. They got off the train. __________ they began to search for a hotel. (And, Then)
9. She studied for many months; ____________, she knew the material thoroughly.
(consequently, so that)
10. The weather was hot; ____________, the air was humid. (and, moreover)
11. Please come with us, ____________ I can introduce you to my friends. (thus, so
that)
12. The sun was warm, ____________ a cool breeze blew in from the sea. (but,
however)
13. I have read this book before; ____________, I do not remember the plot. (but,
however)
14. They were hot ____________ tired. (also, and)
15. The door was locked; ____________, we would have waited inside. (or, otherwise)
16. I have known her for many years; ____________, I understand her character well.
(so that, thus)
17. We opened the window ____________ fresh air would blow into the room.
(consequently, so that)
18. He is ignorant; ____________, he is lazy. (and, furthermore)
19. They visited many stores; ___________, they could not find what they were looking
for. (but, however)
20. You should go to sleep now, ____________ you will be tired tomorrow. (or,
otherwise)
21. I was worried; ___________, I was determined not to show it. (but, nevertheless)
Total Marks: / 21