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Designing Urban Public Realms Based On Indices of Citizen Satisfaction
Designing Urban Public Realms Based On Indices of Citizen Satisfaction
Designing Urban Public Realms Based On Indices of Citizen Satisfaction
Abstract: The present study is on evaluation of factors contributing to citizen satisfaction in public realms and how
to establish them. The results obtained employing analytical, descriptive, library research method demonstrated that
three factors of access to services, social security and place identity as the most significant factors contributing to
citizen satisfaction with urban public spaces. Furthermore, it was proved that establishment of such factors meet not
only citizen satisfaction but also human needs and ultimately lead to growth and prosperity in various perspectives.
Corresponding Author: Rahmatollah Amirjani, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training
University, Tehran, P.O. Box 1678815811, Iran, Tel.: +989358623577
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and contrast, selection, recognition of identity, • Spaces with various kinds of seating for different
solitude and attachment in space groups of people particularly women, children and
• Social interactions (Lerup, 1972) the elderly
• Spaces with defined areas of semi-private function
Another relevant study was conducted by Van inside
Raaji in 1983, which attempted to figure out the • Creation of spaces where enjoying various
contributing factors to attracting people to public experiences is possible. Spaces where people not
spaces. The results were enumerated as follow: only enjoy the seasonal beauty, but also are safe
against atmospheric conditions, take a walk, watch
• The way people evaluate a place things, talk to each other, stand by, look around,
• Physical characteristics eat, sit, read and wait
• Effectiveness • Providing a car and bicycle park entrances (Marcus
• Means of access and Francis, 1990)
• Social characteristics
In Carr study conducted along with several other
Similarly, Lynch and Hack mentioned a number of researchers, Carr classifies public spaces with the
other characteristics as below: following characteristics:
• Variation of place: Aimed for responsiveness of • Democratic space, creation of which requires the
place to different individuals and groups possible access of various groups to space, freedom
• Visual qualities of place: With emphasis on unity in activities, territory and property claims.
and readability of place • Responsive space referring to responsiveness of
public spaces to human basic needs including
• Consistency with users' needs and goals (Lynch
relaxation, peace of mind, physiological and
and Hack, 1985)
mental security/comfort, passive employment,
active employment and discovery.
In his study on Denmark urban spaces, Gehl, a
prominent researcher in restoration of public spaces, • Meaningful space based on favorable relationship
summarized his research achievements by three between human and place associated with physical
parameters each having its own specific characteristics and social characteristics (Carr et al., 1992).
as below:
Based on their studies on public spaces, Lennard
and colleagues pointed out the following characteristics
• Support: Supporting users against vehicles, crime in designing a public space:
and climatic conditions.
• Comfort: When doing various activities like • Perceived and personified place: This
walking, sitting, listening, talking, stopping, characteristic reflects the anatomy of place. Not
watching scenery and playing games. only does it make public spaces more spectacular,
• Pleasure: From aspects and proportions, desirable but conjures in the users a powerful image of its
climatic conditions, aesthetic qualities and positive personality and identity.
sensory experiences (Gehl, 1987). • Genius loci and unforgettable experiences:
Genius loci in public spaces are associated with
In 1990, Marcus and Francis also defined defining and determining the place by which a
successful public spaces with below characteristics: person gets impressed at the first encounter. Such
characteristic focuses on people and events in a
• Visible spaces for the passerby restricted to place, maintains the sense of solidarity and creates
boundaries meaningful and unforgettable experiences, since
• Spaces hosting various user groups including our memories are linked with places where they
residents, employees, customers, visitors and so on have occurred.
• Spaces with good lighting at different hours of the • Diversity of activities for multiple users: Since
day different individuals use a place in different ways,
• Spaces arranged for official meetings (coaches, such quality enables different people to attend a
chairs etc.) and unofficial gatherings (bleachers, place as their situation demands.
stairs etc.) • Orientation and proper definition of place:
• Spaces housing a variety of greenery Experts believe that people should be able to take
• Spaces designed based on a central location or a orientation and recognize their location, which
specific feature such as spaces formed for special would require articulation, readability and
events like celebrations distinguishing of different parts (Lennard and
• Spaces encouraging people to take a walk Lennard, 1993).
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Res. J. App. Sci. Eng. Technol., 7(8): 1662-1668, 2014
Fig. 8: The effect of satisfying public realm design on citizenship and personal life
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Res. J. App. Sci. Eng. Technol., 7(8): 1662-1668, 2014
various physical and spiritual aspects of humans, would Lennard, S.H.C. and H.L. Lennard, 1993. Urban Space
lead to providing human needs at different levels and Design and Social Life. In: Farmer, B. and
ultimately pave the way for humans to develop both H. Louw (Eds.), Companion to Contemporary
individual and civil life (Fig. 8). Architectural Thought, Routledge Inc., New York.
Lerup, L., 1972. Environmental and behavioral
CONCLUSION congruence as a measure of goodness in public
space: The case of Stockholm. Ekistics, 34:
The results obtained from the present research on 341-358.
how to design public realms regarding the factors Lokiatou, S.A. and T. Banerjee, 1998. Urban Design
contributing to establishment of citizen satisfaction Downtown: Poetics and politics of Form.
University of California Press, Berkeley.
showed that three major factors including access to
Lynch, K., 1998. A Theory of Good City Form.
services and activities, security and identity of place
Translated by Bahreini, S.H. (Ed.), Tehran
contribute to establishment of citizen satisfaction. Later University Publications, Iran.
on, it was explained how each factor contributes to Lynch, K. and G. Hack, 1985. Site Planning. 3rd Edn.,
designing of public places. Finally it was determined MIT Publish, Cambridge.
that establishment of such factors not only improves Madanipour, A., 2000. Urban Design, Translated by
citizen satisfaction but it also leads to development of Mortezai, F. (Ed.), Processing and Urban Planning
individual and civil life through providing human needs Co., Tehran, Iran.
at different levels. Marcus, C.C. and C. Francis, 1990. People places:
Design guidelines for urban open space. Van
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