SIMPLE

STRAIN
ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES
HOOKE’S LAW
states that up to the proportional limit, the stress is
proportional to strain. The constant of proportionality
based from experiment is the modulus of elasticity.

! = #$
% Unit Deformation or stain

! Modulus of Elasticity

! Axial Stress
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
SIMPLE STRAIN
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the
change in length caused by the applied force, to the
original length.

$ = &/(

! Strain or Unit Deformation

! Axial Deformation (elongation or contraction)
" Original Length of the member
AXIAL DEFORMATION

$ = %/' " = !$ " = (/)

!( )(
&= =
# *#
" Axial Force
# Cross-sectional area

# Modulus of Elasticity
EXAMPLE
During a stress-strain test, the unit deformation at a stress of
35MPa was observed to be 167x10-6 m/m and at a stress of
140MPa it was 667x10-6. If the proportional limit was 200MPa,
what is the modulus of elasticity? Would these results be valid if
the proportional limit were 150MPa? Explain..

answer :
EXAMPLE
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a
length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It supports
a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is
7,850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of
the rod.

answer :
EXAMPLE
A round bar of length L tapers uniformly from a diameter D at one end
to a smaller diameter d at the other end. Determine the elongation
caused by an axial tensile load P if E is its modulus of elasticity.

P P

10 m

answer :
EXAMPLE
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and aluminum bar
as shown. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an
overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa
in the steel, 120 Mpa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the Aluminum.
Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa

Bronze
Steel A = 650 mm2 Aluminum
A = 480 mm2 A = 320 mm2

P 3P 4P 2P

1.0 m 2.0 m 1.5 m

answer :
EXAMPLE
The rigid bar ABC shown is hinged at A and supported by a steel
rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if
the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical
movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.

Steel
L = 4 ft
A = 0.50 in2
E =29 x 106
EXAMPLE
The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by pins at A and D. The
vertical rods are made of aluminium and bronze as shown.
Determine the vertical displacement at Point B when the force P
is equal to 10 kips is applied. Neglect the weight of the bars.

Aluminum
E=10x10 6 psi
L=3ft
A= 0.75 in2
A
B
2 ft 3 ft Bronze
E=12x10 6 psi
L=4ft
A= 0.25 in2

C
2ft 2ft
P

answer :
EXAMPLE
The steel bars AC and BC, each of cross-sectional area 120 mm2,
are joined at C with a pin. Determine the displacement of point C
caused by the 15-kN load. Use E = 200 GPa for steel. Resolve
the problem if the 15-kN load acts horizontally to the right.

answer :
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
Static indeterminacy does not imply that the problem cannot
be solved; it simply means that the solution cannot be
obtained from the equilibrium equations alone. A statically
indeterminate problem always has geometric restrictions
imposed on its deformation. The mathematical expressions of
these restrictions, known as the compatibility equations,
provide us with the additional equations needed to solve the
problem (the term compatibility refers to the geometric
compatibility between deformation and the imposed
constraints). Because the source of the compatibility equations
is deformation, these equations contain as unknowns either
strains or elongations. We can, however, use Hooke’s law to
express the deformation measures in terms of stresses or
forces. The equations of equilibrium and compatibility can then
be solved for the unknown forces.
EXAMPLE
The composite bar is firmly attached to unyielding supports.
Compute the stress in each material caused by the application of
the axial load P=50kips. b) If the maximum allowable stress in
each material is Salum=22psi and Ssteel=40psi, find the
maximum P that the structure can support.
.

answer :
EXAMPLE
The figure shows a copper rod that is placed in an aluminum
sleeve. The rod is 0.005 inch longer than the sleeve. Find the
maximum safe load P that can be applied to the bearing plate,
using the following data:

answer :
EXAMPLE
The aluminum post shown in the figure is reinforced with a brass
core. If this assembly supports an axial compressive load of P =
9 kip, applied to the rigid cap, determine the average normal
stress in the aluminum and the brass. Take Eal = 10(103) ksi and
Ebrass = 15(103) ksi.

answer :
EXAMPLE
A reinforced concrete column 250mm in diameter is designed to
carry an axial compressive load of 400KN. Using the allowable
stress in concrete of Sconc =6MPa and S steel = 120MPa, determine
the required area of reinforcing steel. Assume Econc=14GPa and
Esteel = 200GPa.

answer :
EXAMPLE
Before the 400KN load is applied, the rigid platform rests on two
steel bars each of cross-sectional area of 1200mm2, as shown.
The cross-sectional area of copper is 2400mm2. . Compute the
stress in each rod after the 400KN load is applied. Neglect the
weight of the platform. Esteel =200GPa Ealuminum =70GPa.

answer :
EXAMPLE no. 03
The rigid beam is supported by the two bars shown in a
horizontal position before the load P is applied. If P=200KN,
determine the stress in each rod after its application. b) Find
the vertical movement at point D when P = 200kN. c) If the
allowable stress in aluminum is 80MPa and steel is 120MPa,
find the maximum load P that the system can carry

Aluminum Steel
L=6m L = 4.5 m
A = 600 mm2 A = 800 mm2
E =70 x 103 MPa E =200 x 103 MPa
A D

3m B 3m C 3m P

answer :