Geodinamika Mantel Dan Litosfer Wilayah Indonesia (AHS) 1

UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN GENERAL LECTURE
FACULTY OF GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCED TECTONICS AND GEODYNAMICS

LABORATORY OF DYNAMIC GEOLOGY 10TH SEPTEMBER 2020
Mantle and Lithosphere Geodynamics

of the Indonesian Region
Historical Understandings by Theories of Geosyncline, Undation,
Plate Tectonics, Terrane Tectonics, and Mantle Dynamics
Awang Harun Satyana

Independent Geologist, SKK Migas Advisor (2015-2019)
“The East Indian Archipelago is the most intricate part of the earth’s surface…The East Indies are an important
touchstone for conceptions on the fundamental problems of geological evolution of our planet…”
van Bemmelen (1949)
Awang Harun Satyana – short CV Status: 31 December 2019
 Birth: Bandung, 24 September 1964

 Education: Geology, University of Padjadjaran (S1, 1989)
 History of Affiliations & Positions:
 1990-2000: Exploration Geologist Pertamina for Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua areas
 2000-2002: Sr. Review Geologist, Pertamina Management Production Sharing
 2002-2012: BPMIGAS, sequentially as: Manager Geology for South Sumatra & Java; Manager Geology for Kalimantan & Eastern
Indonesia; Sr. Manager Geology, Sr. Manager Exploration Assessment & Resources Management, Sr. Manager Unconventional
Hydrocarbons, Sr. Specialist for Planning
 Since Nov. 2012 : SKK Migas, sequentially as: VP Management Representative for Pertamina EP, Chief Specialist for Planning,
Executive Advisor for Planning Control, Special Staff to Chairman of SKK Migas, Executive Advisor to Chairman of SKK Migas, 24
September 2019 - preparing for retirement (MPP) on 1 October 2020
 Professional Organization: AAPG, GSA, IATMI, IAGI, IPA, HAGI; currently IPA, IAGI, HAGI
 Publications (since 1993): 573 publications (115 papers for conferences, 59 articles for journal & others, 53 book chapters, field trip
books/notes, 200 invited presentations and/keynotes, 76 guest lectures, 70 course manuals)
 Instructor for professional courses (since 2002) on: (1) petroleum geology of Indonesia, (2) petroleum geochemistry, (3) petroleum system
analysis, (4) tectonics and structure , (5) interpreting biomarkers
 Field trip instructor for oil companies to several areas in: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, Lesser Sunda, Papua
 Associate Editor for AAPG Bulletin in 2006 and 2007
 Awards: 2001 (Pertamina), 2002 (IAGI), 2003 (IPA), 2006 (IAGI), 2007 (IAGI), 2008 (HAGI), 2009 (BPMIGAS), 2010 (Pertamina), 2011 (IAGI)
 Instructor for “Geotrek Indonesia” (a non-profit community for understanding geo-history heritages of Indonesia)
 Contact: ph. +62 812 144 71 436, e-mail aharunsatyana@gmail.com
Awang Satyana
free download of my publications (100 papers): https://unpad.academia.edu/AwangSatyana
https://independent.academia.edu/AwangSatyana
Contents
1. In the Beginning: Origin of Mountains
2. Geosyncline Understanding of Indonesia
3. Undation Understanding of Indonesia
4. Plate Tectonic Understanding of Indonesia
5. Terrane Tectonic Understanding of Indonesia
6. Mantle Dynamic Understanding of Indonesia
7. In the End: Towards GUTT - Grand Unified Tectonic Theories
Contents
In the Beginning: Origin of Mountains
citizenfresh.deviantart.com
In the Beginning: Origin of Mountains
• The greatest ranges of mountains encircling the globe such as the Alps-Himalayan,
Appalachians, Urals, and the Rockies, have caused admiration and questions among
the early geologists or earth scientists. Backed by the geological knowledge that had
developed since the 18th century, they know that the mountains were formed by the
crumpling of the Earth's crust, but how ?
• Begun by the speculations of the origin of the mountains, the great tectonic theories
in geology were born. Now, we witness that the tectonic theories are so well
developed that they not only can explain the origin of the mountains, but also the
origin of other large-scale structural features on Earth: continents, ocean basins,
oceanic ridges, oceanic trenches, island arcs, high plateaus, and others. Geologists
now also use the tectonic theories to search for oil and gas and mineral deposits.
Lithospheric Dynamics of Indonesia
Lithospheric Dynamics of Indonesia
Mantle Dynamics of Indonesia
TECTONICS
• Tectonics/geotectonics: the branch of geology dealing with the broad architecture of the outer part
of the Earth, that is, the regional assembling of structural or deformation features, a study of their
mutual relations, origin, and historical evolution. (Bates and Jackson, 1987)
• Geologists use the term tectonics, in a general sense, to refer to the sum of physical processes that
yield regional-scale geologic features. Studies in tectonics consider such issues as the origin of
mountain belts, the growth of continents, the formation of the ocean floor, the development of
sedimentary basins, and the causes of earthquakes and volcanoes. (van der Pluijm & Marshak, 2004)
Tectonic Theories of the Earth
• Geosyncline
– (James Hall, 1859; James Dana, 1873; Suess, 1875; Haug, 1900; Stille, 1924; Haarmann, 1930)
• Undation
– (van Bemmelen 1927-1977)
• Continental Drift
– (Taylor, 1908; Wegener, 1915)
• Plate Tectonics
– (Hess, 1962; Vine & Matthews, 1963; Wilson, 1965; Bird et al., 1967; Sykes et al., 1968; Morgan, 1968;
Gilluly, 1971; etc.)
• Terrane Tectonics
– (Howell et al., 1982; Metcalfe; 1987; etc.)
• Plume Tectonics (Mantle Dynamics)

– (van Bemmelen, 1932; Maruyama et al., 1994, Widiyantoro & van der Hilst, 1997; Spakman and Hall, 2005 )
Origin of the Mountains
Geosyncline Theory Plate Tectonic Theory
Umbgrove (1950) Press and Siever (1998)

Contents
Geosyncline Theory
• Elongate belts of deep subsidence and related thick sedimentation called geosynclines are the
precursors of later mountain ranges in which the exceptionally thick geosynclinal strata are
exposed by grand uplift following or accompanying through folding and metamorphism. (James
Hall, 1859 – based on Appalachian Mts.)
• Three successive phases of geosynclinal cycle : sedimentation, tectogenesis, and orogenesis.
(James Dana, 1873)
• Based on the Alpine Mts., terminologies of miogeosynclinal and eugeosynclinal sequences were
entered into geosynclinal concepts. (Suess, 1875; Haug, 1900; Stille, 1924; Haarmann, 1930;
Umbgrove, 1938). Miogeosyncline: nonvolcanic geosyncline/close to craton. Eugeosyncline:
volcanic geosyncline/away from craton.
• The geosynclinal theory lasted for more than 100 years since the time of James Hall until the
new global tectonic theories (plate tectonics) came into being in 1960's. Before that, most
syntheses of geologic history rely heavily upon the geosynclinal theory.
Mountain Building:
Uplift of the
Geosyncline
Umbgrove (1950)
Mesozoic Geosyncline
in East Indonesia
Umbgrove (1938)
Umbgrove (1938)
van Bemmelen (1949)

West Indonesia
by Geosyncline Concept
Umbgrove (1938)
IDIO-GEOSYNCLINE VOLCANIC GEANTICLINE OUTER ARC
West Indonesia
INTRA-MONTANA
TROUGH
MARGINAL BASIN by Geosyncline
Concept
Umbgrove (1938)
Marine negative gravity anomaly
negative gravity anomaly: crustal buckling theory Vening Meinesz (1930)

Tertiary Geosynclines
in West Indonesia
Umbgrove (1938)
Tertiary Geosynclines
in West Indonesia
G.A.F. Molengraaff (1860-1942)
Molengraaff (1920)
Contents
Undation Theory
• Periodic convection circuits of masses in the mantle will cause differential vertical
movements at the surface called as undations (van Bemmelen, 1927-1977).
• Vertical movements of undations produce potential gravitative energy with fields of
internal stresses. This leads eventually to lateral movements of masses, called gravity
tectonics.
• The undation theory gives a synthesis of the terrestrial evolution, uniting geological,
geophysical, and geochemical data into a comprehensive model.
• The latest development of the undation theory is the insight that there is a causative
relation between the major gravity anomalies of the globe and the global
geodynamic processes. This leads to a more rheological interpretation of
geodynamic processes.
The vertical movements of undations
produce potential garvitative energy
with fields of internal stresses. This
energy leads eventually to lateral
movements of masses, called gravity
tectonics.
van Bemmelen (1927, 1949)

Five Classes of Undations
1. Local-undations are caused by laccolithic pockets of magma and their gravity tectonic
responses are such as mushrooming, outflows of mud, salt, lavas, and melanges or collapses of
volcanoes.
2. Minor-undations are connected with still more restricted diapirism of gneissic domes and
batholiths. The resulting gravity tectonics may lead to intra-crustal mushrooming.
3. Meso-undations are represented by the mountain and island-arcs which are pushed up from
the foredeep-trenches.
4. Geo-undations of a smaller scale result from upwellings of upper-mantle matter and give rise
centres of diastrophisms. Compression of marginal trenches into nappes such as of the
Pennine and the Alpine are responses of the geo-undation.
5. Mega-undations of global dimension result from ascending currents of lower mantle which
produce upwarps of the outer spheres. Their ascent is volumetrically compensated by
subsidence of adjacent geosynclinal zones. The related stress fields may result in continental
drift and the sea- floor spreading.
van Bemmelen (1927-1977)
Dimensions and Causes of Undations
van Bemmelen (1976)

van Bemmelen (1974)
Sea-floor spreading and
continental drift by
mega-undations
van Bemmelen (1976)

Gravity anomaly of the globe and geodynamics of the lithosphere van Bemmelen (1975)
Undation Concept
van Bemmelen (1949)

Undation Concept
van Bemmelen (1949)
Structural Evolution of Central Java
Uplift of South Java geanticline, subsidence of North Java
geosyncline. Deposition of Sigugur limestone and Merawu Series.
Oligo-Miocene
Old andesite volcanism in South Java depositing 1st marl tuff, 1st
breccia, 2nd marl tuff; subsidence of the geosyncline, deposition of
Penyatan Beds by submarine basalt volcanoes.
lower Middle Miocene
The geanticline was pushed up and broke down, the geosyncline

strongly subsided. Differential vertical movements caused strong
gravitational reactions. Deposition of 2nd breccia, Sliding
intra-Middle Miocene deformation in the geosyncline.
The South Java geanticline sank again due to southward gliding of

elevated block causing the absence of Southern Mountains.
Deposition of 3rd marl tuff and Karangbolong limestones in south,
the Bodas Series in north.
upper Middle Miocene
The South Serayu was pushed up more to the north of intra-Middle

Miocene (northward shifting system of crustal waves). North
Serayu sank further down. Deposition 3rd breccia, and very thick
3000 m Bodas Series in North Serayu. Growth of Mio-Pliocene
Late Miocene-Middle Pliocene volcanism under North Serayu.
North Serayu Range started to rise from the geosyncline.

Deposition of Ligung Series. Gravitational spreading of the plastic
Neogene deposits.
Plio-Pleistocene
Intensive volcanism in the North Serayu Range. The volcanic load

promoted gravitational spreading. The cones were block-faulted
2500 M and slipped down.
Pleistocene-Holocene
25 KM van Bemmelen (1949)
Evolution of
South Sulawesi
van Bemmelen (1949)

Evolution of New Guinea
van Bemmelen (1949)

Contents
Plate Tectonics Theory
• "A revolution in earth sciences" has been advocated by most earth scientists when the plate
tectonics theory developed during the 1960’s and gained its integrated concept in early
1970’s. The plate tectonic theory is a comprehensive descriptive model for the kinematic
pattern of current tectonic movements on the globes. The theory braids the concept of
continental drift (Wegener, 1915), sea-floor spreading (Hess, 1962), and oceanic transform
faults (Wilson, 1965).
• Although continental drift was proposed 50 years earlier, the theory of plate tectonics was not
developed until the early 1960’s when marine geology surveys had provided enough data of
the topography of the ocean floors and their magnetic and seismic characteristics.
• Many earth scientists were involved to the birth of this global tectonic theory. Their works can
be grouped as works within the fields of ocean floor topographic mapping, geomagnetics,
seismology, and general geology (mountain-building, magmatic evolution, heat flow, and
others).
Alfred Wegener 1915’s
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener 1915’s SiAl

continents float on SiMa denser
rocks like a raft
Miller (1983)
Hamblin & Christiansen (2009)
Arthur Holmes 1928’s mechanism for drifting
continent: mantle convection current
Miller (1983)
Plate Tectonics Theory
• Plate tectonics theory offers a unified explanation for most features of the Earth. The
Earth's surface is segmented into intact, semi-rigid slabs or plates of lithosphere,
move about with respect to one another by riding upon a less rigid undermass called
the asthenosphere. Junctures between plates coincide with the world's active seismic
belts.
• The three types of junctures are: divergent-in which plates move away from one
another, convergent-in which plates move toward one another, and simple shear
(transform)-in which plates slide past one another.
• Major Earth features can be explained by plate tectonics. For example, mountain
ranges take place at convergent boundaries of plates.
Plate Tectonic Theory
The Earth's surface is segmented into
intact, semirigid slabs or plates of
lithosphere, move about with respect to
one another by riding upon a less rigid
undermass called the asthenosphere.
Skinner et al. (2004)

Seismic and rheologic
layering of the Earth
Keary and Vine (1990)
Lithosphere thickness
Van der Pluijm and Marshak (2004)

Divergent Boundary: (a) sea-floor spreading, (b) continental rifting Press and Siever (1998)
Convergent Boundaries: (a) oceanic vs continent,
(b) oceanic vs oceanic, (c) continent vs continent
Press and Siever (1998)
Surface motions of the plates based on continuous GPS measurements Skinner et al. (2004)
Continents in movement
Scotese (2016)
Earthquakes and volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries

Plate Tectonic Control on Geologic Resources

PLATE Willie (1971)
TECTONICS
Katili (1971)

Present Tectonic Setting of SE Asia Hall (2012)
Plate convergence
beneath Java
Plate tectonic
sections across
Sundaland
Katili (1981)
Plate Velocity Map
Pacific
Plate
Sunda Platelet
Indo-Australia Plate
Origin of the Mountains
Geosyncline Theory Plate Tectonic Theory
Umbgrove (1950) Press and Siever (1998)

Geosyncline concept Plate tectonic concept
Umbgrove (1938) Katili (1973)
3D tectonic diagram of western Sundaland according to two concepts

Evolution of New Guinea
van Bemmelen (1949)
Undation
Plate-Terrane Tectonics
Hall (2007)
Cenozoic Tectonic Reconstruction of Indonesia based on
Plate Tectonic Theory
Hall (2012)
Indian plate subducts
beneath Sumatra-Jawa
Newsweek (December, 2005)

Gold and Copper: Deposits and Prospects
Carlile, Mitchell, Garwin

Pertamina and Beicip (1982, 1985)
Contents
Terrane Tectonics
• Studies worldwide reveal that many continental margins consist of a multitude of separate
crustal blocks, each with its own distinctive origin and history. These blocks have been
juxtaposed against one another by major faults.
• Each block is a distinctive terrane, a term that refers to a region or group of rocks sharing a
common age, structure, stratigraphy, and origin. These exotic segments of the orogenic belt
are called accreted terranes (Howell et al., 1982).
• The terranes vary in size, and their rocks, fossils, histories, and magnetic properties contrast
sharply. Fossils indicate that each terrane formed at different times and in very different
environments than any other; paleomagnetic data show that the various terranes originated
at different latitudes thousands of kilometers away.
• Continent grew by the accretion of material around its margins during a series of mountain-
building events. Each province probably represents a period of relatively rapid crustal
growth during mountain building, related to convergent margin tectonics and magma
production.
Accreted terranes along
continental margin
 Studies worldwide reveal that
many continental margins consist
of a multitude of separate crustal
blocks, each with its own
distinctive origin and history.
These blocks have been
juxtaposed against one another by
major faults.
 Each block is a distinctive terrane,

a term that refers to a region or
group of rocks sharing a common
age, structure, stratigraphy, and
origin. These exotic segments of
the orogenic belt are called
accreted terranes (Howell et al.,
1982).
Microplates/ Terranes Concept
Pulunggono and Cameron (1984)

Lempeng Eurasia
Eurasian Plate
Indonesia in Plate Tectonics
mod. Ingram et al. (2004)
Indonesia in Terrane Tectonics

Plate is
composed of
terranes
terrane 1 terrane 2 terrane 3
plate 1 Metcalfe (2017)

Terrane
Composition of
Indonesia
1, East Java; 2, Bawean; 3,

Paternoster; 4, Mangkalihat; 5,
West Sulawesi; 6, Semitau; 7,
Luconia; 8, Kelabit-Longbowan;
9, Spratly Islands-Dangerous
Ground; 10, Reed Bank; 11,
North Palawan; 12, Paracel
Islands; 13, Macclesfield Bank;
14, East Sulawesi; 15, Bangai-
Sula; 16, Buton; 17, Obi-Bacan;
18, Buru-Seram;
19, West Irian Jaya. LT, Lincang
Terrane; CT, Chanthaburi
Terrane; C-M, Changning-
Menglian Suture; C.-Mai –
Inthanon, Chiang Mai –
Inthanon Suture; Nan-Utt., Nan-
Uttaradit Suture.
Metcalfe (2017)
Metcalfe (2017)
,
Metcalfe (2017)
Metcalfe (2017)
Metcalfe (2017)
Metcalfe (2017)
Metcalfe (2017)
Indonesia composed
of terranes
Ingram et al. (2004)

Hall (2013) Amalgamation of Terranes
Contents
Plume Tectonics (Mantle Dynamics)
• Plume tectonics developed mainly by Japanese earth scientists since 1994 (mainly S. Maruyama, M.
Kumazawa, S. Kawakami, and Y. Fukao), attempted to reach an understanding of the principle of the
dynamic Earth's behavior, specifically the relationship between surface environmental change and
the episodic-dynamic output of heat and materials from the Earth's interior.
• The circulation of matter in mantle (plume) has been known since the days of van Bemmelen in early
1930’s when he proposed the undation theory in 1927 and called asthenoliths. Arthur Holmes in
1928 proposed that the circulation was a driving force for continental drift. During the development
of plate tectonic theory, Earth's mantle plume was also considered to relate with a possible origin of
the Hawaiian islands and hotspots (Wilson, 1963) and that the deep mantle convection was related
with plate motions (Morgan, 1972). In addition to this, during the 1980’s, material evolution in
mantle were much discussed by A. E. Ringwood in Australia and Don Anderson in America based on
experimental petrology.
• Based on these, and backed by new technologies on seismic tomography of Earth interior (Nolet,
1987), ultra-high pressure experiments, computer simulation, and comparative planetary sciences,
Maruyama et al. developed their theory of superplume tectonics or simply called plume tectonics
since 1994.
Plume Tectonics (Mantle Dynamics)
• Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging
the subsurface of the Earth with seismic waves
produced by earthquakes or explosions. P-, S-
and surface waves can be used for tomographic
models of different resolutions based on seismic
wavelength, wave source distance, and the
seismograph array coverage (Nolet, 1987). The
data received at seismometers are used to solve
an inverse problem, wherein the locations of
reflection and refraction of the wave paths are
determined. This solution can be used to create
3D images of velocity anomalies which may be
interpreted as structural, thermal, or
compositional variations. Geoscientists use these
images to better understand core, mantle, and Simplified and interpreted P- and S-wave velocity variations in
plate tectonic processes. the mantle across southern North America showing the
subducted Farallon Plate.
Grand et al. (1997)
Mantle Dynamics
Maruyama (1999) Hamblin & Christiansen (2009)

Zahirovic (2020)
Mantle Dynamics of Indonesia
Maruyama (1999)
vertical section of P wave speed
to a depth of 2000 km
Hall and Spakman (2005)
Hall & Spakman (2005)
700 km
depth slice
P wave speed at 275 km depth slice P wave speed at 1075 km depth slice
Mantle Dynamics of SE Asia

Bijwaard et al. (1998), van der Voo et al. (1999), Hall and Spakman (2005)
Contents
Indonesian Association of Geologists (IAGI)
Presentation in IAGI Booth in conjunction with the 38th IPA Annual Convention
Jakarta, 22 May 2014
Towards “GUTT”:
Grand Unified Theories of Tectonics
Awang H. Satyana
(Executive Advisor, SKK Migas)
Towards GUTT
“Grand Unified Theory of Tectonics”
• Geosyncline
• Undation
• Continental Drift
each partial theory
• Plate Tectonics
• Terrane Tectonics
• Plume Tectonics
Satyana (2014)
Trends of geodynamic
views in the 20th century
van Bemmelen (1972)

van Bemmelen (1974)
Deformation by Gravity Sliding-Gliding Tectonics
mod. after Pew (1983)

Ott (1987)
Ott (1987)
Gravity Sliding - Gliding Tectonics continued into North Makassar Basin,
Makassar Strait in the formation of toe thrusts
decollement
mod. after Guritno et al. (2003)

Three tectonic domains on Earth realms (the whole Earth’s
tectonics): plate tectonics, plume tectonics, and growth tectonics Maruyama et al. (2004)
Terima kasih atas perhatian Anda.
e-mail: aharunsatyana@gmail.com
Awang Satyana
Unduh gratis makalah Awang Satyana (100 makalah)

https://unpad.academia.edu/AwangSatyana/Papers
https://independent.academia.edu/AwangSatyana

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UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN GENERAL LECTURE

FACULTY OF GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCED TECTONICS AND GEODYNAMICS

Mantle and Lithosphere Geodynamics

Awang Harun Satyana

 Birth: Bandung, 24 September 1964

• Plume Tectonics (Mantle Dynamics)

Umbgrove (1950) Press and Siever (1998)

van Bemmelen (1949)

negative gravity anomaly: crustal buckling theory Vening Meinesz (1930)

G.A.F. Molengraaff (1860-1942)

van Bemmelen (1927, 1949)

van Bemmelen (1976)

van Bemmelen (1976)

van Bemmelen (1949)

The geanticline was pushed up and broke down, the geosyncline

The South Java geanticline sank again due to southward gliding of

The South Serayu was pushed up more to the north of intra-Middle

North Serayu Range started to rise from the geosyncline.

Intensive volcanism in the North Serayu Range. The volcanic load

van Bemmelen (1949)

van Bemmelen (1949)

Alfred Wegener 1915’s SiAl

Skinner et al. (2004)

Keary and Vine (1990)

Van der Pluijm and Marshak (2004)

Hamblin & Christiansen (2009)

Hamblin & Christiansen (2009)

Hamblin & Christiansen (2009)

Umbgrove (1950) Press and Siever (1998)

Umbgrove (1938) Katili (1973)

3D tectonic diagram of western Sundaland according to two concepts

van Bemmelen (1949)

Newsweek (December, 2005)

Carlile, Mitchell, Garwin

 Each block is a distinctive terrane,

Pulunggono and Cameron (1984)

Indonesia in Plate Tectonics

mod. Ingram et al. (2004)

Indonesia in Terrane Tectonics

terrane 1 terrane 2 terrane 3

plate 1 Metcalfe (2017)

1, East Java; 2, Bawean; 3,

Ingram et al. (2004)

Maruyama (1999) Hamblin & Christiansen (2009)

Mantle Dynamics of SE Asia

van Bemmelen (1972)

mod. after Pew (1983)

mod. after Guritno et al. (2003)

Unduh gratis makalah Awang Satyana (100 makalah)

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