Resin Composites4

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glabella, the tip of the nose, philtrum and chin point. Any deviation from the midline will be
noted. Other lines such as the interpupillary line, incisal plane and the outline of the gingival
margin are analyzed, and they usually need to be parallel to result in a pleasant smile.
The type of smile influences on esthetics and it can be considered low, medium and high. A
smile is considered low when less than 75% of the clinical crown is exposed. Medium is
when 75 to 100% of the upper anterior teeth are exposed (Jan Hatjó, 2008). In a high smile,
the crowns of all of the teeth and the gingival are exposed. More than 4 mm of exposed
gingiva is considered to be an unattractive smile by both professionals and patients alike
(Kokich, 1999).
2. Periodontium
The concern of periodontal situation is no longer exclusively the prevention and

treatment of diseases but now also includes the search for esthetic alternatives for the contour
of the gingival tissue. Therefore when analyzed, the cervical gingiva must be continuous,
without abrupt irregularities and must maintain a harmonious relationship with the lip line. In
the region of the lateral incisors, the configuration of the cervical gingiva presents a coronal
shift compared to embarking upon central and canines. Changes that may affect the esthetic
harmony can be corrected with a plastic gingiva.
The gingival zenith should also be observed and taken into account during the fabrication
of restorations on the buccal surface of anterior teeth. Gingival zenith is located distally and is
the highest point of the gum of the tooth. Moreover, the interdental papilla should promote
closure of the interdental space behind the contact point, contributing to a pleasant smile
(Conceição, 2007; Kyrillos, 2005).
3. Dental Characteristics
3.1. Teeth Together

The harmony of the dental arch can be analyzed by the midline and through it we should
see the symmetry of the face and teeth. Teeth properly positioned and aligned resulting in an
significantly esthetic pleasing. The incisal line of the upper front teeth, for example, must
accompany the convexity of the lower lip. However, individual characteristics such as
crowded teeth, or bad positioned much inclined to the buccal or lingual alone can cause dental
disharmony (Conceição, 2007).
Restorative dentistry can correct any irregularities although it may take several
U.S. or applicable copyright law.
procedures, and in some situations, it is necessary to collaborate with other disciplines such as
orthodontics and periodontics (Rufenacht, 2003).
3.2. Shape and Size of Incisal Embrasures

Cervical embrasures in young people are filled by gingiva but in elderly or those
suffering from periodontal disease, they have become more evident. The cervical embrasures
have the form of an inverted "V" and they are enlarged. Typically, the incisal embrasures are
narrow and straight in the region mesio-incisal maxillary central incisors, more rounded and
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asymmetrical between the distal central incisor and mesial lateral incisor and increasingly
wide between the distal lateral incisor and upper canine (Baratieri, 2001; Conceição, 2007).
The shape and size of incisal embrasures change over time and influence the appearance
of teeth. The change of cervical/incisal embrasures, according to the morphological changes
resulting from aging or deleterious habits (attrition, for example), cause the disappearance of
incisal embrasures (Baratieri, 2001; Conceição, 2007).
3.3. Proportion
The correct proportion of teeth in a dental arch can be achieved by implementing a
restoration or through small multi-plasties in the enamel. When evaluating a dental arch, we
start with the measurements of the height and width of the central incisors because they are
largely determine the composition of a smile. A proportion where the width is 75 to 80% of
the height of the tooth can be considered smooth for the central incisors; in lateral incisors the
proportion is generally 60 to 65% (Conceição, 2007; Jan Hatjó, 2008).
3.4. Balance
Balance seems more important than symmetry. Ideally, the teeth on the left side of the
arch must have the same weight in the smile as the teeth on the right side of the arch. This
means that the other components of esthetics such as tooth size, visibility, shape, color,
position, surface texture, alignment, slope, incisal embrasures, contact points, furrows and
ridges and angles of development should be arranged in a harmonious way. Just as the teeth
in the same arch must be in balance with each other, the upper teeth should be in balance with
the lower teeth (Baratieri, 1998).
3.5. Tooth size

While the teeth should be in proportion to each other, they must also be in proportion to
the face. A variation in tooth size in relation to the dimensions of the face may affect the
achievement of good esthetic results. The anterior teeth length and average anterior teeth
width of the male, are usually larger than females (Guillen, 1994; Starret, 1999). However,
the average exposure of the upper central incisor during smiling has been calculated to be
1.91 mm to 3.40 mm for men and women. The average visible length of maxillary central
incisors decreases with increasing age, whereas the length of the lower incisors increases
(Baratieri, 2001).
An important benchmark in determining the size of the maxillary incisors is that they
usually have the same item-cervical length of canines ((Rufenacht, 2003) because the lateral
incisors are, on average, 1.5 mm smaller than the central incisors (Jan Hatjó, 2008). This
detail becomes very important when the six upper anterior teeth are being submitted for the
manufacturer of composite resin laminates.
3.6. Shape
The ideal shape for a dental restoration is that of the corresponding natural tooth. If one
does not have such a reference, photos and personal characteristics of the patient (such as age
and sex) can be used (Baratieri, 1998).
When the tooth shape is altered, the direction of the reflection of ambient light that covers
the tooth is also changed. Flat and smooth surfaces reflect light more directly to the observer
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and thus seem wider, broader and closer. On the other hand, rounded and irregular surfaces
reflect light to the sides, reducing the amount of light reflected directly to the viewer and
appearing closer, smaller and more distant (Silva e Souza Jr. et al., 2000).
3.7. Surface texture

The surface texture of teeth undergoes changes with aging. Typically, young teeth have
more surface roughness. Given the physiological wear over the years, the surface texture of
the anterior teeth appears to be more smooth and regular. As mentioned earlier in this chapter,
the restoration of the surface elements can be accomplished by the use of diamond tips for
small- and medium-grain on low speed after the final polishing of the restoration.
One must remember that smooth surfaces reflect more light, and that the greater the
amount of reflected light, the took shows wider, brighter and closer than they appear before
are apparent, making them appear artificial (Fernandes et al.2002).
EMPLOYMENT OF OPTICAL ILLUSION IN ESTHETIC RESTORATIONS

An object that has many acute angles can be easily defined, while an object with curved
surfaces is difficult to determine. The variation of the shape and angle of the tooth surface
involves the reflection of light and It can simulate the natural appearance of teeth (Goldstein,
2000; Mondelli et al., 2003).
Remodeling cosmetics can be employed to modify the shape or contour of teeth. By
changing the reflection of light, it creates an optical illusion that can change the length and
the wide of those teeth. This feature can be used in various clinical situations by creating
cosmetic illusions, thus solving many esthetic problems (Goldstein, 2000; Mondelli et al.,
2003; Araújo et al., 2005).
The flat area found on the buccal surface of anterior teeth can influence both the
observation of the width and the length of the anterior teeth, especially the upper ones. When
the dentist will be done a laminate teeth in a large teeth, reduce or close diastema teeth or in
very narrow teeth, for example, the conoid lateral incisors, this check is very interesting. In
the first case (large teeth), it is important to reduce the flat area on the mesio-distal aspect.
Furthermore, using a slightly darker color on the body and restoring with a more grayish
color in the mesial and distal thirds may assist in reducing the apparent width of a tooth, as
darker colors are less visible.
When the intention is to increase the width of a tooth, the flat area must be increased
mesio-distally. Although teeth may have the same actual width, they may have different
apparent widths depending on the width of the flat area (Baratieri et al., 2001; Araújo et al.,
2005)
The apparent length of teeth can also be changed by manipulating the flat area. A tooth
can be apparently reduced by lowering the flat area. The buccal surface of anterior teeth is
divided into thirds: cervical, central, and incisal. By changing these parts, especially enlarging
or reducing the central region, the area can be set flat. Therefore, a lower flat area in the
cervico-incisal direction results in a lower apparent length of the tooth. The opposite strategy
can also be applied to give the impression of increased length (Araújo et al., 2005).
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CASE REPORT
Patient 1
Figure 1. The patient came to office complaining about aesthetics of your anterior teeth.
Figure 2. It was planned to perform reconstructions with direct laminates. The old restorations were
removed.
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Figure 3. It was performed palatal shell of composite resin to assist in the teeth reconstructions. After
that was done the application of dentin composite resin.
Figure 4. It was performed the application of the enamel composite resin.

Figure 5. Aesthetic ends reaching the expected result.
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Patient 2
a b
Figure 6a and 6b. Patient came to the clinic complaining of anterior tooth darkened.
Figure 7. Teeth prepared to receive a direct laminate.

Figure 8. Matrix proof to observe if there is enough space for composite resin.
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Figure 9. Acid attack was carried out for 30 seconds.
Figure 10. The tooth was washed for 20 seconds with abundant water.
Figure 11. The primer was applied and dried with mild air jets.
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Figure 12. The adhesive was applied and dried with mild air jets.
Figure 13. Adhesive Photopolimerization.

Figure 14. Silicone guide to control the thickness of the layers of composite resin. It was made after
diagnosis waxing.
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Figure 15. Silicone palatal shell to assist in the teeth reconstructions. It was made after diagnosis
waxing.
Figure 16. Proof of silicone palatal shell.

Figure 17. Palatal shell of composite resin.
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Figure 18. A thin layer of opacifiers was used.
Figure 19. Space available to use composite resin.

Figure 20. It was used composite resin simulating dentin.
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Figure 21. Restored teeth before polished.
Figure 22. The end of the treatment reached the expected aesthetic outcome.
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Fernandes, et al. Odontologia Estética. São Paulo: Santos, 2002.
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INDEX
A aggregation, x, 96, 105, 107, 109, 154, 163,
166
absorption spectra, 216, 219, 223, 224 alcohols, 271, 365, 366
access, 282 alfalfa, 369
accessibility, 77, 91 algorithm, 32, 320, 322, 323, 333, 346
accounting, 238 aloe, 355
acetic acid, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 117 aluminium, 318
acetone, 60, 69, 70, 87, 105, 131, 241, 358 amalgam, 300, 315
acid, 9, 18, 58, 62, 80, 96, 99, 100, 105, 107, amine, x, 62, 231, 233, 271, 274, 296
108, 109, 110, 111, 116, 161, 170, 186, amines, 9, 95
189, 258, 279, 280, 295, 296, 300, 302, amino, 72
361, 371, 372, 382 amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), viii,
acidic, viii, 8, 55, 56, 64, 65, 77, 80, 278, 279 55
acrylic acid, 100, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, amorphous polymers, 256, 262
117 amplitude, 28, 29, 30, 176, 177, 256, 266,
activation energy, 7, 40, 270, 277, 278, 281, 290
282 anatomy, 376
actuators, 161 anchoring, 168
adaptation, 97, 188, 340 androgen, 371
additives, viii, 10, 16, 55, 57, 72, 90, 103, anisotropy, 31, 180, 186, 204, 274
104, 117, 118, 125, 157 annealing, 214
adhesion, 47, 110, 111, 167, 232, 291, 300, anomalous diffusion, 23
377, 396 ANOVA, 72, 98
adhesion strength, 110, 111 anti-asthma, 361
adhesive joints, 294 anti-cancer, 361
adhesives, vii, 59, 96, 97, 355, 377 antioxidant, 358
adsorption, 6, 7, 58, 74 antitumor, 361

aerospace, 232, 318 apoptosis, 94, 371, 372
aesthetic, vii, xi, 299, 389, 395 apples, 355
aesthetics, 56, 300, 388 aptitude, 349
AFM, 172, 173, 204, 257 aqueous solutions, 8, 102
Africa, xii, 353 Arabian Peninsula, xii, 353, 359
age, 386, 387 architecture design, 318
agglutination, 113 argon, 222, 224, 225
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aromatic compounds, 358 bile duct, xiii, 354, 365

aromatic rings, 115 bioactive dental composites, vii
arrest, 361 bioactive materials, 58, 77
Arrhenius law, 276, 281 biocompatibility, 59, 86, 157, 159
ascorbic acid, 98, 186, 187, 205 biodegradation, 58
ASI, 125 biodiversity, 365
ASS, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, biofuel, 160
111 biological activity, xii, 58, 354, 357, 361
assessment, vii, 1, 40, 50, 51, 382 biomaterials, 56, 58, 91, 92, 93
asthma, xii, 354 biomedical applications, 92, 160
astringent, xii, 353, 356, 360 biosensors, 154, 160, 213
atmosphere, 13, 67, 71, 157, 162, 200, 226, biotechnology, 155
256 Bis-GMA, 57, 62, 63, 64, 76, 77, 78, 81, 85,
atomic force, x, 154 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 300
atoms, 104, 113, 115, 214, 215, 216, 219, bisphenol, 57, 62, 99, 268, 271
220, 221, 226, 227, 257, 290 bleeding, 360
atonic, xiii, 354, 365 blends, 65
attachment, 58, 67 blood, xii, 353, 355, 356, 357, 360, 368, 369
authenticity, 364 blood flow, 355
autoacceleration, 278 Boltzmann constant, 220
autocatalysis, 279 bonding, xiii, 41, 56, 80, 83, 86, 93, 95, 102,
automate, 200 225, 375, 396
automation, 155, 205, 339 bonds, 9, 58, 77, 102, 103, 110, 111, 113,
automatization, x, 154, 189 115, 226, 259
autonomy, 155 bone, 56, 58, 59, 89, 91, 93, 94, 243
bone form, 58, 94
B braids, 318
branching, 267, 268
background noise, 195 Brazil, 299, 375
bacteria, 58, 358 brittle deformation, 268
bacterial strains, 362 brittleness, 56
bandwidth, 148 bronchial asthma, 371
barter, 359 bronchitis, xiii, 354, 365
base, 26, 57, 76, 77, 91, 93, 108, 109, 113, bruxism, 377
121, 123, 161, 194, 300, 321, 324, 363 burn, 20, 200, 355
beams, 48, 320 by-products, 8, 161
behavioral change, 43
behaviors, 180, 289 C

Beijing, 52
Belarus, 101, 126, 127 CAD, 200, 201, 318, 324
Belgium, 48 cadmium, 66
bending, x, 12, 20, 31, 40, 42, 43, 52, 72, calcifications, vii, 55
231, 232, 234, 327 calcium, vii, 55, 56, 57, 59, 68, 72, 74, 75,
benefits, x, 154, 165, 187, 190, 192, 205, 382 77, 78, 80, 82, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
biaxial tension, xi, 317 98, 99
bile, xiii, 354, 365
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calibration, 10, 29, 33, 68, 186, 187, 190, chemical, viii, ix, x, xi, 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15,
191, 196, 200, 202 16, 18, 44, 47, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63,
CAM, 231 69, 77, 80, 86, 91, 92, 99, 101, 102, 103,
Canary Islands, xii, 353, 355, 370 104, 105, 107, 113, 153, 154, 155, 156,
cane sugar, 105 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168,
CaP, viii, 55, 56, 58, 59, 99 170, 187, 188, 197, 198, 205, 215, 221,
capillary, 3, 198, 215 222, 232, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262, 265,
caprolactam, 103, 117 270, 272, 292, 301, 354, 360, 361, 365,
carbon, ix, x, xi, 12, 15, 19, 23, 31, 33, 34, 366, 368, 371, 372
42, 45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 102, 153, 154, 155, chemical bonds, 102, 107, 301
156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, chemical degradation, xi, 15, 18, 255, 256
165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 174, chemical industry, 2
176, 177, 178, 180, 183, 186, 190, 192, chemical interaction, 56, 104, 105, 113, 256
195, 198, 203, 204, 205, 207, 226, 231, chemical pretreatments, 170
232, 233, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, chemical properties, viii, 55, 57, 161
248, 249, 252, 256, 274, 295, 318, 326, chemical reactions, 80, 103, 104
335 chemical stability, x, 102, 154, 165
carbon atoms, 160 chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 161, 163,
carbon dioxide, 295 198
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), ix, 153, 154, 156, chemicals, 197, 354, 368
160, 161, 163, 168, 170, 172, 192, 198, Chicago, 72
207 China, 52, 356, 360, 372
carbonization, 225, 226 chirality, 161
carbonyl groups, 117 chlorination, 209
carboxyl, 62, 72, 113 chlorine, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,
carboxylic acid, 80, 109 196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205
caries, xi, 85, 299, 303, 310, 377, 384 chromatographic technique, 69, 86
casein, 93 chromatography, 86, 162, 260, 368, 371, 373
catalyst, 10, 161 CIS, 60
catalytic effect, 166 classes, 9, 102, 360, 362
catalytic system, 213 classification, 102, 156, 362, 372
cation, 60, 72, 73, 74, 115 clay minerals, 232
cavity preparation, 376, 377, 382 cleavage, 238, 301
cell differentiation, 98 climate, 361
cell line, 89, 372 clinical application, 62, 75
cell metabolism, 354 clinical problems, xi, 299
cellulose, 383 clinical trials, 91, 361
centromere, 98 closure, 13, 376, 385

ceramic, 10, 59, 95, 104, 111, 189, 199, 200, clusters, 118, 145, 221, 228
202, 205, 235, 375, 378 coatings, 46, 56, 93, 94, 294
chain scission, xi, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, cobalt, 116, 167, 221
260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, coffee, 380
268, 291, 292 coherence, 58
chalcones, xii, 353, 357 colic, 360
challenges, 339 colitis, 361, 371
charge density, 378
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color, 72, 258, 356, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, confinement, 292
380, 381, 382, 386, 387 conformity, 342
combined effect, 23, 269 congenital malformations, 376
commercial, x, 59, 62, 65, 76, 85, 86, 88, 89, consensus, 383
90, 91, 95, 99, 154, 198, 203, 336, 354, conservation, xiii, 375
357, 363 consolidation, 156
compatibility, 197 constant rate, 265, 276
competition, 154 constipation, xiii, 354, 365
complement, 361 constituents, xiii, 354, 357, 358, 360, 362,
complex interactions, 23 364, 365, 366, 368
complex numbers, 176 construction, ix, 15, 47, 110, 111, 153, 157,
complexity, 2, 12, 44, 154, 376 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 174, 188, 200
compliance, 86 consumers, 364
complications, 105 consumption, 155, 187, 188, 190, 193, 201,
composite resin, vii, xiii, 45, 67, 98, 293, 270, 272, 289
300, 301, 302, 303, 307, 308, 313, 315, contact time, 124
375, 376, 378, 379, 380, 382, 384, 386, containers, 87, 363
389, 390, 392, 393, 394 contour, 343, 383, 385, 387
composition, viii, 8, 11, 57, 58, 59, 61, 76, conventional composite, 76, 192
77, 80, 85, 86, 87, 91, 97, 102, 103, 104, COOH, 109, 113
108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, cooling, 86, 233
119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 158, 166, 170, coordination, 57, 104
172, 174, 175, 177, 180, 183, 184, 186, copolymer, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79,
190, 192, 195, 204, 280, 300, 301, 315, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89
360, 361, 365, 368, 372, 386 copolymerization, 93
compounds, 58, 102, 107, 114, 118, 186, copolymers, 9, 57, 59, 60, 61, 66, 69, 71, 76,
189, 222, 294, 301, 318, 354, 356, 357, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
358, 359, 361, 362, 365, 366, 367 93, 259, 302
compression, vii, 1, 2, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, copper, 116, 118, 163, 164, 214
34, 37, 44, 49, 50, 104, 120, 121, 123, 124, copyright, 156, 159, 164, 168, 171, 172, 173,
220, 232 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187,
computation, 340, 341, 346 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201, 202
computer, 66, 67, 200, 324 corolla, 363
computing, 320 correlation, viii, 10, 16, 18, 39, 73, 76, 85,
concise, 207 86, 101, 192, 334, 344
condensation, 58, 103, 107, 226, 363 correlation coefficient, 192
conditioning, 16, 17, 190, 191, 194, 302 corrosion, 2, 46, 102, 110, 111, 157, 318
conductance, 173 cortex, 364

conduction, 3, 123 cosmetic, xiii, 355, 360, 375, 387
conductivity, 132, 135, 142, 146, 157, 158, cost, xii, 8, 17, 25, 27, 102, 130, 131, 147,
169, 170 155, 159, 162, 189, 300, 317, 318
conductor, 156, 158, 165, 205 cost effectiveness, 318
conductors, ix, 153, 165, 166, 197 cotton, 383
conference, 127, 347 cough, xii, 354
configuration, 85, 91, 97, 99, 115, 161, 198, coumarins, 365, 366
236, 331, 348, 385 covalent bond, 56, 160, 225
Account: ns063387
covering, 321, 325 defence, 358

CPU, 321, 325 deformability, 334
cracks, xi, 10, 12, 13, 47, 122, 280, 291, 299, deformation, 243, 268, 318, 319, 320, 327,
300 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 340, 341,
creep, 315 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350
creosote, 105 degradation, vii, xi, 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13,
critical value, 262, 279, 340 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 31, 32, 40, 43, 44, 46,
Croton, xii, 353, 355, 357 47, 51, 58, 59, 67, 93, 118, 159, 255, 256,
crown, 377, 385 261, 264, 266, 269, 272, 277, 283, 291,
crowns, 385, 397 292, 294, 296, 378, 379
crystal structure, 165, 221 degradation mechanism, 4, 12
crystalline, viii, xii, 55, 61, 72, 113, 256, 262, degradation process, 10, 16, 31, 292
295, 354, 363 degradation rate, 19, 277
crystallinity, 94, 115, 262 dehydrate, 99
crystallites, 96 dehydration, vii, 105, 112
crystallization, 58, 114, 122, 256 Denmark, 187
crystals, 59, 71 dental clinics, 56
CSF, 117, 121 dental implants, 56
cultivars, 365, 366 dental resins, 57, 97
cultivation, 363 dental restorations, 316
culture, 58, 93, 94 dentin, xi, 95, 299, 377, 381, 382, 383, 389,
culture conditions, 93 394
culture medium, 58 dentist, 375, 380, 382, 387
cure, 9, 19, 32, 46, 57, 62, 63, 65, 66, 83, 90, deposition, x, 93, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,
99, 215, 222, 256, 268, 269, 270, 282, 356 218, 219, 220, 221, 227
curing process, 300 deposition rate, 214, 215, 220
cycles, 11, 110, 201 depression, 77
cycling, 33, 41, 52 depth, ix, 19, 23, 29, 129, 135, 137, 165, 200,
cyclooxygenase, 361 220, 222, 226, 282, 381, 382, 383
cytotoxicity, 59, 60, 65, 71, 86, 88, 89, 91, derivatives, xii, 329, 354, 361
96, 359, 372 dermatology, 372
desorption, 271, 296
D destruction, 285
detachment, 363
Daemonorops, xii, 353, 355, 369 detectable, 219
data analysis, 32 detection, vii, x, 1, 12, 29, 32, 33, 34, 51, 52,
data collection, 44 87, 94, 154, 155, 160, 165, 170, 176, 183,
database, 44, 365 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 197, 198,
decay, 118, 262 200, 201, 205
decomposition, xi, 231, 235, 242, 281, 282, detection system, 155, 187, 188, 197, 198,
284, 286, 328 200
decomposition temperature, xi, 231, 235, 242 detergents, xii, 354
decongestant, xiii, 354, 365 developing countries, xii, 353
deconvolution, 32, 51 deviation, 139, 222, 385
defects, 28, 33, 56, 75, 77, 224, 225, 226, DGEBA, 45, 271, 296
227, 274 diabetes, xiii, 354
Account: ns063387
diaminodiphenylmethane, 265 diversity, 154, 378

diaphragm, 343 DNA, xi, 168, 231
dielectric constant, 224, 225 DOI, 211, 350
dielectric permittivity, 258 double bonds, 9, 301
dielectrics, 32, 152 Dracaena, xii, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 369,
diesel fuel, 14 370
diet, 358 Dracaena draco, xii, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358,
differential equations, 288 369, 370
diffraction, 104, 114, 115, 222 drawing, 262, 318, 327, 336, 337, 338, 343,
diffusion, ix, x, xi, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 345, 346, 347, 349
18, 40, 44, 45, 47, 105, 153, 165, 169, 170, drug delivery, 92
176, 177, 180, 183, 186, 213, 214, 216, drugs, xii, 92, 353, 361, 368
219, 220, 221, 226, 227, 255, 256, 270, drying, 4, 12, 67, 105, 110, 363, 380
271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 281, 292, 293, DSC, 93, 257
295 durability, viii, 2, 10, 18, 45, 48, 101, 256,
diffusion process, 4, 7, 44, 105 296
diffusivities, 296 dyes, 354, 380
diffusivity, 7, 9, 13, 40, 48, 57, 76, 90, 274, dynamic mechanical analysis, 296
280, 281, 295 dynamic viscosity, 214, 215, 220
dihydrochalcones, xii, 353, 357
diluent, 57, 61 E
dimethacrylate, 57, 62, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100
dimethylsulfoxide, 71 East Asia, xii, 353, 355
dipole moments, 86 ecology, 368
discontinuity, 33 eczema, 356
discretization, 321, 331, 332, 339, 340, 342 editors, 92, 93, 372
discs, 384 Egypt, xii, 354
diseases, xii, 353, 356, 360, 367, 385 elastic fracture, 38
disorder, 98 elastomers, 271
dispersion, x, 75, 83, 90, 103, 105, 106, 113, electric current, 118, 119
116, 131, 132, 134, 154, 156, 158, 162, electric field, 138
166, 170, 303, 305, 306, 311, 312 electrical conductivity, 154
displacement, xii, 67, 68, 236, 317, 321, 323, electrical properties, ix, 153, 157, 161, 170,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 340, 172, 173, 177
343, 344, 345 electrical resistance, 159, 165, 172, 174, 175
dissociation, 278, 281 electrochemical behavior, 168, 174, 183
dissolved oxygen, 189, 192 electrochemical impedance, x, 154
distillation, 361 electrochemistry, ix, 153, 170, 176

distilled water, 8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 37, 40 electrode surface, 156, 163, 166, 169, 170,
distortions, xii, 224, 317, 320, 325, 326 172, 174, 177
distribution, xi, 33, 34, 36, 57, 60, 61, 72, 74, electrodes, ix, x, 153, 154, 155, 159, 161,
75, 77, 80, 90, 96, 100, 119, 142, 143, 144, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
156, 157, 162, 165, 173, 191, 201, 216, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
218, 220, 226, 227, 231, 232, 241, 248, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 190, 191, 192,
249, 252, 260, 300, 345, 354, 366, 378 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201,
distribution function, xi, 143, 231, 248 204, 205, 208
Account: ns063387
electrolyte, 46, 159, 170, 176, 187, 203 epoxy polymer, 215, 226
electromagnetic, vii, ix, 104, 107, 119, 129, epoxy resins, 9, 232, 293
130, 132, 135, 147, 148, 150, 152, 224 epoxyamine polymer, 215
electromagnetic properties, vii, 130, 151 equality, 38
electromagnetic waves, 130, 147, 150 equilibrium, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 16, 58, 267,
electron, ix, 58, 61, 104, 115, 123, 153, 166, 271, 272, 275, 276, 277, 280, 289, 321,
167, 168, 176, 180, 183, 204, 216, 219, 331, 332, 333
222 equipment, 27, 34, 91, 155, 162, 165, 301
electron diffraction, 222 Eritrea, 359
electron microscopy, 61 erosion, 274, 279
electronic circuits, 197, 198 ESI, 320, 366, 370
electrons, 115, 166 ester, 10, 232, 258, 271, 277, 278, 281, 362
electrophoresis, 198 etching, xi, xiii, 200, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305,
elongation, 120, 330 306, 311, 312, 375, 380
emission, 13, 31, 51, 61, 68 ethanol, 69, 71, 302
emulsions, 105 ethers, 271
enamel, xi, xiii, 56, 92, 299, 300, 302, 303, ethylene, 57, 60, 62, 72, 100, 271, 277, 278
375, 376, 377, 378, 381, 382, 383, 386, ethylene glycol, 62, 100, 277
389 ethylene oxide, 57, 60, 72, 100
energy, 3, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 35, Europe, 26, 96
39, 42, 49, 50, 52, 59, 76, 131, 141, 227, evaporation, x, 70, 87, 213, 216, 227
261, 281, 296, 320, 331, 333 evidence, 85, 216, 279
engineering, vii, 1, 2, 50, 51, 52, 102, 232, evil, 16
255, 350 evolution, 13, 112, 300, 318, 319, 327, 337,
entrapment, 80, 220 368
entropy, 220 excitation, 33, 176
environment, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, exclusion, 260
19, 23, 32, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 57, 66, 73, execution, xiii, 375
75, 77, 157, 270, 292, 295, 300, 381 exercise, 39
environmental conditions, 44 expectorant, xiii, 354, 360, 365
environmental degradation, vii, 1, 9, 16, 34, experimental condition, 87, 189, 193, 194,
39, 48 221
environmental variables, 16 experimental design, 72, 193
enzyme, 160, 167, 361 exposure, vii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14,
enzyme immobilization, 167 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27, 32, 36, 39, 40, 41,
enzymes, ix, 58, 153, 160 43, 44, 48, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 73, 77, 96,
epoxy, ix, x, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 23, 34, 105, 262, 272, 276, 277, 289, 290, 291,
37, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 97, 115, 382, 386
122, 123, 153, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, extraction, 10, 12, 69, 70, 71, 86, 205
167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 186, 189, extracts, xii, 59, 61, 71, 87, 88, 89, 241, 353,
190, 192, 195, 200, 203, 204, 213, 214, 357, 358, 367, 373
215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, exudate, xii, 354, 362, 363, 371
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232, 233,
234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,
242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
252, 265, 274, 293, 296, 333
Account: ns063387
F food, 167, 354, 360

food additives, 354
fabrication, v, vii, x, 44, 59, 65, 75, 94, 106, food safety, 167
154, 155, 158, 162, 163, 170, 174, 183, force, 19, 35, 52, 68, 201, 220, 301, 334, 335,
188, 189, 190, 197, 198, 199, 201, 213, 336, 343, 344
214, 241, 318, 376, 378, 384, 385 formation, viii, 12, 55, 57, 58, 93, 96, 101,
families, 258, 278, 320, 323, 327, 354, 381 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 113, 114,
Fermi surface, 219 115, 118, 157, 159, 161, 162, 214, 215,
ferrite, 130, 152 216, 218, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227,
fiber, xi, 45, 48, 49, 50, 102, 165, 167, 232, 285, 361, 362, 363, 371
233, 241, 242, 246, 248, 255, 274, 277, formula, 17, 56, 73, 176, 215, 220, 341
279, 291, 294, 296, 325, 326, 327, 330, fouling, 154
331, 332, 340, 345 fracture toughness, 18, 34, 238, 266, 293,
fibers, 114, 154, 157, 232, 241, 244, 246, 294
248, 292, 293, 294, 320, 321, 331 fractures, 238
fibroblasts, 95 fragments, 102, 103, 116, 280
fibrosarcoma, 372 France, 47, 255, 317, 350
filament, 159, 243 Frankincense, xii, 353, 359, 361, 370
filler particles, 122 free energy, 99, 220
fillers, viii, 57, 60, 61, 73, 75, 76, 80, 90, free radicals, 225
102, 104, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, freezing, 109
123, 124, 125, 160, 232 friction, 11, 33, 104, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
filling materials, 85 123, 124, 327, 331, 335, 338, 345
films, 9, 14, 217, 294 fructose, xiii, 354, 364, 365
fine tuning, 44 fruits, 358, 360, 370
finite element method (FEM), 320, 321, 336, FTIR, 61, 66, 72, 74, 92, 99, 104
339, 347, 349, 350, 369 functionalization, 154, 168, 205
first generation, 102, 187 fungi, 362, 370
fissure sealants, 59
flame, 232 G
flavans, xii, 353, 357
flavonoids, 357, 358, 366, 369, 370 gel, 15, 18, 30, 85, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108,
flexibility, 300 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 257, 267, 279,
flight, 28, 30, 50 296
flora, 372 gel formation, 103, 105, 107, 108
flow analytical system, x, 154, 205 gelation, 267
flow injection analysis (FIA), x, 154, 155, gel-fraction, 113, 116
192 gene expression, 94, 371

flowers, 363, 366 general practitioner, 378
fluctuations, 67 genes, 93, 361
fluid, 23, 47, 157, 214, 218, 220, 221, 222, genus, 354, 356, 363, 366
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 300, 348 geometry, 20, 24, 36, 201, 320, 321, 322,
fluorescence, 381 339, 340, 341, 343, 344
foams, 28 Germany, 67, 203, 208, 227
folk medicine, xii, 353, 355, 356 gingival, 377, 382, 385
Account: ns063387
glass transition, x, xi, 77, 213, 214, 221, 226, heat capacity, 33
231, 256, 265, 266, 267, 282 heat transfer, 33
glass transition temperature, x, xi, 77, 213, heating rate, 104
214, 221, 226, 231, 256, 265, 267, 282 height, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 68, 85, 200, 235,
glasses, 8, 58, 72, 93, 200 386
glassy polymers, 2, 226, 294 helicity, 161
glucose, xiii, 71, 105, 160, 354, 364, 365 hemisphere, 362
glycerin, 103, 105, 108, 109 hemorrhage, 360
glycerol, 100 heterogeneity, 73, 235
glycol, 9, 10, 62, 100 high strength, 125
gold nanoparticles, 221 histogram, 74, 216
gonorrhea, 356 history, 20, 46, 256, 330, 339, 355
good behavior, 204 homogeneity, x, 154, 163, 166, 235, 335
gout, 360 homoisoflavans, xii, 353, 357
GPS, 20 homoisoflavones, xii, 353
grades, 9 hormones, 94
grain size, 163 house, 152
granules, 355 hue, 378, 380, 382
graphene sheet, 160, 161, 180 human, vii, 55, 85, 94, 98, 358, 361, 372
graphite, ix, x, 123, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, human body, vii, 55
160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, humidity, 4, 6, 13, 60, 61, 67, 75, 78, 82,
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 100, 274
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, hybrid, viii, 23, 50, 92, 101, 102, 103, 105,
188, 189, 190, 191, 203, 204, 205, 294 106, 107, 113, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122,
gravimetric analysis, 235, 242 123, 124, 125, 205, 232, 378, 379
gravimetric behaviours, xi, 255 hydrocarbons, 296, 362
Greece, 1 hydrogen, 80, 83, 86, 271, 272
Greeks, 355, 356 hydrogen bonds, 271, 272
grounding, 191 hydrolysis, xi, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 46, 58, 105,
growth, x, 31, 34, 51, 74, 94, 96, 105, 213, 107, 255, 256, 257, 270, 271, 272, 273,
214, 215, 218, 220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 274, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 292, 293,
279, 296, 362 295
growth rate, 220, 226 hydrolysis kinetics, 277
growth time, 227 hydrolytic stability, 9, 15, 294, 295
guardian, 355 hydroperoxides, 283, 284, 285
guidance, 382 hydrophilic materials, 30
guidelines, 91, 315 hydrophilicity, 58, 80, 258, 271, 277, 279,
281
H hydrophobicity, 167
hydroxyapatite, viii, 55, 94, 96, 99
hard tissues, vii, 55, 56 hydroxyapatite (HAP), viii, 55
hardener, x, 161, 163, 214, 231, 233 hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 62, 99
harmony, 377, 385 hydroxyl, 57, 58, 62, 69, 72, 104
HDPE, 104, 120 hydroxyl groups, 57, 104
healing, 361 hypothesis, 57, 85, 248, 271
health, 33, 358
Account: ns063387
I inflammation, 360, 361

inflammatory disease, 370
ideal, 30, 76, 100, 147, 162, 165, 176, 263, infrared spectroscopy, 12, 47, 99
264, 266, 387 infrastructure, 16, 198
identification, 91, 274, 320, 362, 365, 366 ingredients, 96, 355
identity, 355 inhibition, 281, 361
illusion, 387 inhibitor, 69, 87, 361, 371
image, 31, 34, 172, 262, 344 initial reagents, viii, 101
images, 34, 73, 88, 172, 173, 174 initial state, 9
immersion, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, initiation, 20, 91, 97, 241, 273, 280, 284,
15, 17, 18, 23, 29, 30, 37, 38, 40, 44, 48, 285, 289, 343
50, 52, 61, 66, 68, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, injections, 194
84, 85, 90, 220 injuries, 326
immobilization, 162, 167 inner ear, vii, 55
immunomodulatory, xii, 354 inorganic fillers, 232
impact energy, 13, 20, 22, 23, 27, 37, 38, 42, insects, 358
43 insertion, 300, 301, 321, 380
impact strength, 21, 44, 120 Instron, 66
impregnation, 318 insulation, 110
improvements, ix, 27, 122, 153, 155, 194, integration, 69, 70, 87, 155, 162, 164, 167,
196 188, 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 205, 272,
impurities, x, 154, 161, 166, 364 273, 329, 333
in vitro, 58, 59, 71, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, integrity, xi, 77, 80, 90, 158, 299, 303
315, 357, 371, 372 interaction effect, 335
in vivo, viii, 55, 58, 160, 371 interface, 2, 5, 11, 12, 22, 30, 40, 58, 80, 105,
incisors, 385, 386, 387 161, 170, 214, 215, 246, 248, 274, 275,
incubation period, 8, 12 294, 296, 300, 315
incubation time, 5, 10, 16 interfacial adhesion, 12
incubator, 71 interference, 69, 189, 192
indentation, 257, 266 interphase, 4, 23, 46, 47, 56, 57, 98, 275, 296
independent variable, 332 interrelations, 17
India, xii, 353, 356, 359, 360 intestine, 356
Indians, 355 intrinsic viscosity, 260
indium, 214 ion exchangers, 166
individual characteristics, 385 ion implantation, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227,
induction, 95, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291 229
induction period, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291 ion-exchange, 373
induction time, 286, 287, 288, 289 ionizable groups, 57

industrial fibers, 256 ions, x, 8, 57, 58, 59, 75, 76, 78, 94, 115,
industrialized countries, xii, 353 180, 213, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226,
industries, 102 278, 279, 292, 369
industry, 110, 232, 279, 301, 318, 360 iron, 116, 221, 226
inertia, 165 irradiation, x, 213, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226,
infection, 157, 358, 360 227, 233
inferiority, 56 IR-spectra, 104, 113, 114, 115
IR-spectroscopy, 109, 113
Account: ns063387
isolation, xii, 353, 357, 360, 368 leukotrienes, 361

isophthalic acid, 9 lifetime, 196, 202, 215, 222, 256, 292, 380
Israel, 60, 206 light, xi, 28, 62, 63, 65, 68, 72, 80, 88, 96,
issues, vii, 1, 33, 59, 166, 339 97, 99, 131, 173, 214, 224, 299, 303, 381,
Italy, xii, 353, 354, 369 382, 383, 384, 387
iteration, 340 light scattering, 80
light-cured composite, 97
J linear damage model, xi, 231
linear polymers, 261, 267, 277, 292
Japan, 71, 129, 151, 296 liquid chromatography, 86
joints, 48 liquids, 3, 13, 23, 167, 294
localization, 325, 326
K longevity, 380, 383
longitudinal elongation, 329
Kenya, 359, 360 low temperatures, 6
ketones, 271 lower lip, 385
kinase activity, 371 LTB4, 361
kinetic curves, 269, 274, 287 LTD, 51
kinetic equations, xi, 255 lubricants, 104, 121, 125
kinetic model, xi, 96, 255, 273, 275, 277, lubricating oil, 14
288, 290, 292 Luo, 205, 350
kinetics, xi, 13, 47, 59, 61, 72, 77, 85, 90, 97, lying, 172
154, 176, 180, 215, 218, 222, 255, 256,
286, 292, 294, 296 M
L macromolecular systems, 294

macromolecules, 225, 259
Lagrangian formulation, 348 macrophages, 58
laminar, 160 magnetic field, 32, 131, 135, 137, 141, 142,
lamination, 200 147
laryngitis, xiii, 354, 365 magnetic materials, 130
laser ablation, 161 magnetic moment, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136,
lasers, 51 137, 140, 142, 144
lattice parameters, 113 magnetic particles, 167
laws, 274 magnetic properties, 130, 131
laxative, xiii, 354, 365 magnetic resonance, 61, 144
leaching, 59, 67 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 61
lead, xii, 8, 23, 58, 75, 83, 86, 102, 103, 116, magnetism, 144
226, 266, 282, 317, 321 magnetization, 140
leakage, 198, 300, 315 magnitude, 147, 186, 204, 226, 227, 277, 285
LED, 306, 307, 312, 313 majority, xii, 58, 161, 186, 197, 258, 259,
legend, 355 353
legislation, 192, 195, 201 malaria, 360
leprosy, 355 man, 397
lesions, vii, 55, 85, 92 management, viii, 101
leukemia, 372 manipulation, 155
Account: ns063387
Manna, xii, xiii, 354, 362, 363, 364, 365 metabolites, 354, 358
mannitol, xiii, 354, 364, 365, 366 metal ion, 107, 221
manufacturing, 11, 17, 19, 25, 28, 170, 233, metal nanoparticle growth, x, 213
241, 252, 301, 318, 319, 321, 346, 347, metal nanoparticles, x, 213
348, 349, 350 metal particles, vii, viii, 129, 130, 132, 142,
mapping, 66, 173, 293, 321 144, 146, 151, 161, 215
marine environment, 47 metal salts, 105, 115
Maryland, 49 metals, 2, 102, 107, 111, 115, 122, 166, 197,
mass, ix, xii, 3, 4, 8, 19, 24, 26, 60, 62, 63, 204, 227
64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, methacrylate, ix, xi, 56, 59, 62, 66, 76, 80,
80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 95, 98, 85, 96, 99, 153, 156, 163, 164, 190, 191,
130, 131, 153, 155, 162, 165, 169, 170, 194, 198, 259, 271, 299, 300, 301, 302
177, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, methacrylate composites, xi, 59, 299
271, 276, 277, 280, 289, 290, 291, 293, methacrylates, 97, 301
318, 332, 333, 354, 363, 365, 368, 371, methacrylic acid, 99
373 methanol, 20, 69
mass loss, 70, 87, 289, 290, 291 methodology, 10, 162, 174
mass spectrometry, 8, 86, 95, 293, 368, 371, methyl methacrylate, 271
373 microelectronics, 30
materials science, 102, 256 microfabrication, 188, 199
mathematics, 45 microorganisms, 358
matter, 256, 262, 267, 284 microphotographs, 132, 133, 134
maxillary incisors, 386 microscope, 31, 50, 71, 132, 216
maximum water sorption, 75 microscopy, x, 61, 71, 154, 161, 204, 257
measurement, 29, 67, 75, 83, 95, 155, 261 Microsoft, 72
measurements, 9, 11, 29, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, microspheres, 379
75, 81, 86, 162, 163, 164, 172, 174, 175, microstructure, 2, 294
177, 180, 185, 186, 187, 190, 192, 203, microstructures, 116
235, 270, 277, 386 microwave heating, viii, 101
mechanical properties, viii, x, xi, 2, 14, 15, mineralization, 89, 94, 98
16, 57, 75, 93, 95, 101, 109, 123, 215, 222, miniaturization, 155, 189, 197, 204
231, 232, 244, 255, 256, 258, 295, 300, Ministry of Education, 227
318, 333, 337, 343, 346, 347, 378 Missouri, 368
mechanical stress, 13 mixing, 60, 65, 83, 103, 104, 105, 119, 161,
mechanical testing, 76 162, 163, 170, 191, 193, 201, 215, 233,
media, 71, 88, 89, 162, 229, 241 356, 360
median, 61, 72, 75, 99, 329, 337 model system, 275
medical, xii, 155, 187, 353, 355, 358, 360, modelling, xi, 52, 292, 295, 296, 317, 319,
362, 368 320, 347, 348, 349
medical history, 368 models, 2, 4, 7, 13, 39, 40, 43, 44, 72, 96,
medicine, xii, 353, 355, 356, 360, 367 274, 319, 320, 329, 347, 349
melanoma, 372 moderately hydrophilic polymers, 294, 296
melt, 131, 333 modifications, 73, 76, 199, 379
melting, 256, 261 modulus, x, 12, 17, 31, 32, 41, 42, 57, 68, 86,
mercury, 66, 67, 300 95, 96, 98, 104, 122, 123, 124, 231, 232,
metabolism, 354 234, 236, 237, 238, 242, 243, 244, 248,
Account: ns063387
265, 266, 277, 327, 330, 333, 334, 335, nanoparticles, x, 118, 166, 213, 214, 216,
344 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225,
moisture, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 40, 226, 227, 232, 379
41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 293, 294, 296 nanophase structure, viii, 101
molar ratios, viii, 55 nanophases, 115
molds, 65, 75, 233, 363 nanostructured materials, viii, 101
mole, 60, 69 nanostructured organosilicate composites, vii
molecular mass, 57, 60, 72, 80, 83, 261 nanostructures, 155, 188, 221
molecular mobility, 214 nanotechnology, 126
molecular structure, 69, 102, 226 nanotube, 161, 162, 166, 168, 174
molecular weight, 6, 87, 104, 294 National Bureau of Standards, 293
molecules, 6, 12, 32, 72, 73, 102, 103, 115, NATO, 125
166, 167, 168, 215, 279, 280, 289, 290, natural appearance, 387
300, 301, 368 natural polymers, 96
monolayer, 216 near infrared spectroscopy, 100
monomer molecules, 300 neutral, viii, 55, 63, 77, 80, 81, 381
monomers, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 69, 76, 77, neutrophils, 371
80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 103, nickel, 116, 144, 145
280, 302 Nigeria, 359
Montenegro, 127 NIR, 66, 85, 100
Morocco, xii, 353, 355 nitric oxide, 160
morphology, x, 57, 88, 89, 213, 214, 227, nitrogen, 66, 157, 200
377 nodes, 263, 264, 265, 323, 331, 335, 336, 344
Moscow, 127, 228, 229 nodules, 94
mosquitoes, 360 nonlinear optics, 213
moulding, 17, 50, 104, 318, 348, 349 non-polar, 69
MTS, 236, 243 North Africa, xii, 353, 359, 360
multiple factors, 380 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 32, 61,
multivariate data analysis, 46 69, 70, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 257, 294
multiwalled carbon nanotubes, 161, 170 nucleation, x, 10, 46, 74, 213, 214, 215, 221,
muscle relaxant, 356 222, 224, 226, 227, 294
mythology, 355 nuclei, 69, 258
nucleus, 89, 122, 123
N null, 258
numerical analysis, 336, 346
NaCl, 15, 67, 71 numerical tool, 295
nanocomposite properties, viii, 101 nymph, 355
nanocomposites, viii, 101, 102, 103, 104,

106, 113, 114, 116, 117, 122, 125, 160, O
232, 235, 238, 242
nanocrystals, 113 occlusion, 377
nanofibers, 232 oil, 14, 104, 110, 118, 121, 125, 159, 360,
nanomaterials, 103, 125, 213, 228 362
nanometer, 154 oligomers, 106, 115
nanometers, 379 opacity, 376, 381
operations, 256, 268
Account: ns063387
optical microscopy, 89 percolation, x, 134, 145, 152, 154, 157, 158,

optical properties, 300, 381 170, 171, 172, 174, 177, 180, 187, 204,
optical systems, 198 205, 206
optimization, x, 154, 155, 164, 166, 170, 176, percolation theory, x, 134, 145, 152, 154,
177, 204, 205, 319, 321, 322, 323, 347 157, 158, 170, 171, 174, 206
optoelectronics, 213, 214 perforation, 19, 21, 49
oral cavity, 376 periodontal, 377, 385, 386
organic compounds, 354 periodontal disease, 377, 386
organic matrix composites, xi, 255, 292, 293 permeability, viii, 48, 129, 130, 135, 143,
organic matter, 189 232, 270
organic polymers, 56, 232 permeation, 12, 48
organic solvents, 69, 87, 162 permission, 156, 159, 164, 168, 171, 172,
organism, 157, 300 173, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185,
organosilicate composites, viii, 101, 104, 187, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201, 202
107, 111, 112 permit, 335
organs, 354 permittivity, viii, 129, 130
oscillation, 234 peroxide, 62, 99
osmosis, 12, 296 PES, 271
Osmotic cracking process, xi, 255 PET, 271, 278
osmotic pressure, 10, 279, 292, 297 Petroleum, 125
osteoclastogenesis, 371 pharmaceutical, xii, 96, 155, 187, 353
Ostwald ripening, 220 pharmaceutical drugs, xii, 353
overlap, 169, 199 pharmaceuticals, 354
oxidation, xi, 154, 166, 167, 225, 255, 257, phase transformation, 96, 103
258, 270, 273, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, phenol, 105
289, 290, 292, 293, 295 phenolic compounds, 366
oxidation products, 287 Philadelphia, 52
oxidation rate, 282, 289 philtrum, 385
oxygen, xi, 104, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, phosphate, vii, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 68, 71, 72,
189, 255, 256, 258, 270, 273, 274, 281, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
282, 283, 289, 290, 292, 293, 296, 362 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 189, 190, 201, 203,
oxygen consumption, 273 302
photolithography, 198
P photomicrographs, 104, 114
photovoltaic devices, 161
PAA, 100 physical aging, 256
pain, 361 physical and mechanical properties, xiii, 176,
parallel, 7, 13, 16, 17, 29, 67, 71, 137, 165, 300, 375
232, 242, 279, 338, 385 physical environment, 301
partial differential equations, 323 physical properties, 166, 167, 215, 258
PASF, 117, 120 physicochemical properties, 58, 95, 97, 102,
pathogenesis, 358 103, 117, 214
pathogens, 362 physics, 228, 256
pathways, 88, 168, 172, 284, 372 physiological, 94
PCA, 10 plants, xii, 353, 354, 358, 363, 368, 369, 372
peptides, viii, 55 plaque, 92, 384
Account: ns063387
plastic deformation, 85, 262, 350 polymer synthesis, 256

plasticization, 9, 57, 77, 271 polymeric composites, 45, 47, 57, 72, 77, 92,
plasticizer, 199 95, 97
plastics, ix, 47, 50, 51, 102, 153 polymeric matrices, ix, 51, 153, 157
platform, 198 polymerization, viii, xi, 57, 59, 61, 62, 68,
platinum, ix, 153, 162, 196, 197, 198, 200 69, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98,
PMMA, 271 100, 101, 107, 108, 109, 113, 115, 214,
Poland, 126, 127 222, 226, 299, 300, 301, 302, 318, 383,
polar, 32, 69, 87, 117, 258, 271, 280, 294, 384
328, 329 polymerization process, 85, 113, 301
polar groups, 118, 271, 294 polymers, 4, 5, 52, 57, 72, 86, 91, 93, 102,
polarity, 271, 278 103, 106, 109, 156, 197, 199, 213, 214,
polarization, 192 221, 225, 226, 228, 258, 259, 261, 262,
poly(ethylene terephthalate), 232 266, 270, 271, 277, 278, 281, 290, 293,
poly(methyl methacrylate), 259 294, 295, 296, 301, 348
polyacrylamide, 109 polymethylmethacrylate, 214, 226
polyamides, xi, 104, 232, 255, 271 polyolefins, viii, 102, 104, 293
polybutadiene, 258, 259, 293 polyphenols, 361
polycarbonate, 214 polypropylene, 111, 232, 263, 271, 294, 318
polycarbonates, 295 polystyrene, viii, ix, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,
polycondensation, 113 134, 135, 136, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147,
polycondensation process, 113 148, 149, 150, 156, 214, 271, 294
polydispersity, 260 polystyrene resin, viii, ix, 129, 130, 131, 132,
polyesters, xi, 10, 15, 47, 255, 266, 271, 276, 133, 134, 135, 136, 142, 144, 145, 146,
277, 278, 279, 292, 293, 295 147, 148, 149, 150
polyethylenes, 272 polyurethane, 156, 232
polyimides, 232, 271 POOH, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289
polymer, x, xi, 2, 11, 12, 24, 33, 45, 47, 48, POOH decomposition, 286, 287, 288
56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67, 73, 77, 80, 81, 88, pools, 277, 292
90, 92, 104, 109, 111, 113, 122, 123, 155, population, xii, 353
156, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, porosity, 94
171, 182, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, porous materials, 103
219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, portability, 155, 188, 201
227, 232, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 265, positive correlation, 23
268, 270, 271, 272, 276, 277, 278, 279, potassium, 189, 190
280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 290, 291, 292, PRC, 67, 68, 100
293, 296, 300, 316, 333, 348 precipitation, viii, 55, 57, 58, 72, 74, 77, 103
polymer chain, 88, 220, 300 prediction models, vii, 2, 34, 39

polymer composites, 11, 24, 48, 58, 92 preparation, iv, 60, 69, 86, 90, 104, 105, 155,
polymer films, 296 162, 167, 189, 378, 380, 382, 383
polymer materials, 111, 162 preservation, 189
polymer matrix, x, 2, 33, 45, 47, 56, 77, 122, prevention, 385
156, 157, 167, 168, 213, 214, 215, 221, principles, 3, 44, 384
222, 224, 232, 270, 278, 279 prisoners, 360
polymer oxidation, 290 probability, 156, 157, 180, 226, 248, 259,
polymer structure, 215, 270, 272, 280, 281 264, 265
Account: ns063387
probe, 29, 30, 31, 179, 181, 182 reaction rate, 292
professionals, 376, 379, 385 reactions, 8, 58, 106, 118, 166, 167, 268,
project, 27 273, 281, 282, 285, 296
proliferation, 58, 89, 94, 363, 371 reactive groups, 259, 268, 301
propagation, 31, 244, 246, 261, 279, 284, reactivity, 10, 76, 104, 154, 167, 180, 204,
289, 342, 343 258, 277, 281, 295
propane, 57, 62, 98 reading, xi, 299
prophylactic, 360 reagents, viii, ix, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106,
propylene, 9 107, 109, 113, 153, 155, 193, 197, 201,
prostaglandins, 361 256
prostate cancer, 371 real time, 16, 51, 235
prosthesis, 56 reality, 39, 296
protection, 15, 51 reasoning, 83
proteins, viii, 55, 93, 167, 168 receptors, 160, 205
protons, 69, 70 recognition, ix, 153, 166, 167
prototype, 159 recovery, 60, 109, 197, 203
prototypes, 154 red wine, 380
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 362 reference frame, 328
Pterocarpus, xii, 353, 355, 357 refractive index, 225, 258
PTFE, viii, 102, 104, 120, 121 regeneration, 58, 59, 89, 91, 92, 93, 167, 168
publishing, 347 regression, 192, 197, 203
pulp, 18, 48, 313, 314, 377 reinforcement, xi, 9, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31,
punishment, 355 40, 42, 49, 317, 318, 319, 320, 328, 348,
purification, 161 349
purity, 96, 142, 159, 163 reinforcing fibers, 232
PVC, 17, 111, 163, 164, 165 relaxation, 5, 39, 40, 214, 221, 222, 266, 330
pyrolytic graphite, 154 relaxation rate, 40
pyrophosphate, 73 relevance, 358
reliability, 2, 12, 205
Q repair, 110
reproduction, 105, 358, 378
quality control, 368 requirements, 130, 183, 205
quantification, 32, 34, 61, 192 researchers, 85, 90, 157, 170
quantitative technique, 69 residues, 10, 363
Quartz, 125 resilience, 20
resins, vii, xii, xiii, 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15,
R 46, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72,
76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90, 95, 96, 97,
radiation, 12, 104, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 197, 232, 292, 296, 300, 301, 316, 353,
227, 296, 369, 381 354, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362,
radicals, 282, 283, 284, 285, 289 367, 368, 369, 375, 376, 378, 379, 381,
radiography, 33, 34, 35 383
radius, ix, 22, 34, 35, 38, 42, 57, 66, 123, resistance, viii, x, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 48, 49,
129, 136, 137, 138, 150, 343 50, 51, 52, 57, 101, 153, 154, 159, 168,
raw materials, 354 170, 174, 176, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184,
reactant, 48, 60, 270, 272
Account: ns063387
185, 186, 189, 204, 232, 244, 280, 300, scaling law, 281
321, 328, 338, 378, 379 scanning electron microscopy, x, 60, 100,
resolution, 28, 66, 188, 216, 219, 270, 288, 154
321, 333, 376 scarcity, 17, 23
resources, 131, 368, 381 scatter, 222, 287, 288
response, x, 12, 19, 20, 23, 29, 32, 49, 50, 88, scattering, 80, 131, 293
94, 154, 155, 166, 170, 174, 175, 176, 180, scent, 360
183, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, schistosomiasis, 360
195, 196, 198, 202, 204, 275, 330, 334, science, 252, 257, 315, 348, 350
335, 336, 358, 369 scope, 187
response time, 176, 180, 183 second generation, 102
restoration, vii, 97, 225, 300, 308, 310, 375, sedative, xiii, 354, 361, 365
377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 386, selectivity, 166, 167, 198
387 selenium, 214
restorative material, vii, xi, 57, 299, 300, 301, semicircle, 176, 180
316, 375, 376, 377, 382 semiconductor, 162
rheology, 348 semi-crystalline polymers, 256, 261, 262,
rheumatic diseases, xii, 354 294
rings, 222, 301 semi-permeable membrane, 279
risk, 303, 326, 361, 377 senses, 360
robust design, 27 sensing, 159, 165, 166, 204
room temperature, 18, 62, 87, 131, 214, 218, sensitivity, x, xi, 20, 86, 154, 165, 166, 167,
221, 227, 233, 234, 236 169, 170, 172, 176, 180, 183, 186, 189,
root, 85, 360 190, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202,
roots, 358, 369 204, 205, 299, 300, 302, 303, 315
rotations, 319, 329 sensors, ix, 34, 153, 154, 155, 161, 162, 163,
roughness, 387 166, 167, 168, 174, 187, 188, 189, 198,
Royal Society, 46, 292, 293 204, 205
rubber, 23, 130, 132, 164, 246, 265, 293, Serbia, 127
383, 384 serum, 71
rubbers, 354 services, 375
rubbery state, 265, 294 SES, 163
rules, 384 sex, 387
Russia, 110, 121, 227 shade, 376
shape, 19, 22, 28, 48, 59, 89, 109, 110, 125,
S 131, 135, 137, 158, 170, 173, 183, 192,
215, 221, 222, 226, 248, 249, 262, 263,
safety, 18, 33, 102, 326, 378 268, 273, 282, 286, 300, 319, 325, 326,
saliva, 383 331, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344,
salts, 105, 114, 117 345, 376, 377, 382, 384, 386, 387
saponin, 370 shear, xi, 15, 40, 41, 46, 49, 50, 265, 268,
Sartorius, 67 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327,
saturated hydrocarbons, 295 330, 337, 338, 339, 345, 346, 347
saturation, 3, 5, 13, 16, 17, 20, 77, 91, 110, shear deformation, 321
214, 381, 382 shear strength, 15, 41, 46, 49
scaling, 197, 281 shelf life, 380
Account: ns063387
shortage, 321 Somalia, 359

showing, 17, 144, 160, 162, 165, 176, 320 sorption, 9, 75, 255, 271, 280, 293, 294
shrubs, 363 South America, xii, 353
side chain, 10 Spain, 153
signalling, 358 spastic, xiii, 354, 365
signals, 31, 32, 69, 167, 195, 200 specialists, 378
signal-to-noise ratio, 165 species, ix, xii, 67, 86, 88, 153, 166, 167,
signs, 18, 72 168, 169, 174, 176, 180, 186, 189, 205,
silane, 11, 20, 56, 69, 294, 296, 300, 302 279, 292, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 360,
silhouette, 383 362, 363, 366, 369, 372
silica, 76, 107, 110, 113, 115, 167, 300, 316 specifications, 27, 200
silicon, 94, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, spectroscopic techniques, 368
190, 197, 199, 384 spectroscopy, x, 61, 68, 85, 93, 96, 99, 154,
silorane composite, xi, 299 204, 228, 293
silver, x, 131, 156, 197, 213, 214, 216, 217, spin, 222
218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, St. Petersburg, 126
226, 227 stability, vii, viii, xi, 1, 2, 9, 16, 22, 32, 46,
simulation, xi, 293, 317, 318, 319, 322, 324, 48, 55, 57, 58, 59, 65, 72, 75, 82, 90, 105,
326, 338, 339, 340, 344, 347, 348, 349, 122, 154, 155, 159, 160, 167, 172, 176,
350 191, 192, 194, 196, 200, 232, 242, 255,
simulations, xii, 219, 317, 319, 320, 324, 299, 301, 378
339, 343, 345, 348, 350 stabilization, 281
sintering, 199, 200 stabilizers, 109
skeleton, 361 stable crack, 34
skilled personnel, 162 standard deviation, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 81, 82,
skin, ix, 129, 131, 135, 137, 144, 356, 360, 84, 100, 179, 181, 182, 196
372 state, vii, x, 1, 9, 13, 29, 31, 44, 46, 60, 72,
skin diseases, 360 73, 75, 93, 103, 105, 122, 132, 134, 154,
smoothness, 378, 379, 383 161, 165, 166, 190, 193, 199, 201, 203,
sodium, viii, 73, 96, 101, 103, 106, 189 213, 214, 221, 222, 226, 227, 256, 264,
software, 66, 200, 318, 320 266, 267, 268, 273, 274, 283, 285, 286,
sol-gel, viii, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 289, 291, 330, 332, 333, 340, 396
113, 114, 116, 125 states, 66, 167, 222, 225, 364
solid phase, 60 steel, 25, 26, 110, 117, 124, 164, 191, 237,
solid state, 93, 214 318, 333, 338
solidification, 363 sterols, 358
solubility, 6, 76, 99, 270, 272, 276, 280, 292, stomach, 356, 360
293, 300, 315 stomach ulcer, 360

solution, 8, 10, 14, 30, 33, 43, 45, 60, 68, 70, storage, x, 65, 72, 97, 113, 231, 234, 236,
71, 75, 77, 82, 93, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 242
108, 109, 110, 125, 157, 169, 176, 180, stratification, 321
182, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, stress, 13, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 46, 51, 52, 61,
197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 214, 221, 226, 68, 83, 85, 91, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104, 120,
260, 273, 279, 323, 339, 357 121, 237, 241, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249,
solvation, 70, 77 250, 251, 252, 256, 268, 274, 291, 303,
solvents, 3, 13, 47, 69, 70, 86, 159, 162, 265 328, 330, 350, 358, 359, 379
Account: ns063387
stress fracture, 36, 37 symbiosis, 358

stress intensity factor, 34 symmetry, 98, 385, 386
stress-strain curves, 237, 243, 249 synergistic effect, 123, 124
stretching, 72, 327, 330, 343, 345 synthesis, x, 57, 72, 73, 90, 102, 103, 105,
stroke, 344 213, 221, 321, 361, 369
strong interaction, 17 synthetic resins, vii
structural changes, 256, 258, 270
structural defects, 162, 225 T
structural relaxation, 256
structural transformations, 357 tanks, 29, 277
structural variation, 77 tannins, 354
structure, viii, xiii, 9, 15, 28, 30, 46, 56, 57, target, 204, 258
59, 61, 69, 75, 77, 80, 85, 86, 91, 94, 101, technician, 376
102, 103, 105, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, techniques, vii, x, xiii, 1, 28, 31, 32, 51, 60,
121, 123, 127, 160, 161, 168, 170, 174, 61, 75, 86, 104, 154, 155, 161, 170, 188,
176, 180, 199, 216, 222, 226, 227, 257, 189, 197, 198, 199, 204, 275, 340, 375,
258, 260, 262, 270, 277, 292, 293, 296, 377, 384
300, 301, 302, 318, 320, 321, 361, 366, technologies, 187
367, 369, 375, 376, 377, 380, 383, 384, technology, viii, xi, 101, 155, 197, 198, 199,
385 228, 299, 318, 350
styrene, 9, 13, 266, 277, 281, 295 teeth, xiii, 56, 300, 301, 375, 376, 377, 378,
substitution, 93, 318 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388,
substrate, 198, 215, 216, 218, 220, 222, 227, 389, 393, 395
289, 302, 380 Teflon,, ix, 153
substrates, 95, 214, 216, 222 TEG, 123, 124
sucrose, 364 temperature, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16,
Sudan, 359 17, 18, 23, 30, 33, 40, 43, 45, 48, 60, 67,
sulfate, 71 73, 76, 86, 100, 105, 109, 113, 119, 121,
Sun, v, 55, 253 123, 124, 157, 158, 161, 163, 170, 200,
supervision, 364 214, 220, 221, 222, 227, 233, 234, 235,
suppression, 152 242, 256, 260, 266, 270, 272, 276, 277,
surface area, x, 68, 85, 132, 153, 154, 182, 281, 282, 283, 290, 294, 295, 296, 318,
233 381
surface chemistry, ix, 153, 154 temperature dependence, 276
surface energy, 15, 58, 94 tensile strength, 13, 14, 17, 22, 23, 47, 243,
surface layer, 214, 216, 220, 221, 226 252
surface modification, 90, 166 tension, xi, 13, 23, 40, 89, 120, 121, 238,
surface properties, 57, 59 239, 243, 245, 317, 350, 363

surface region, 220 terpenes, 371
surface treatment, 15, 16, 20, 49, 166, 293 testing, vii, 1, 2, 7, 16, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28,
surfactants, 162 30, 31, 35, 44, 48, 51, 52, 61, 65, 80, 83,
susceptibility, 58, 130, 135 85, 87, 89, 90, 104, 107, 117, 123, 190,
swelling, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 271, 274, 236
296, 360 tetraethoxysilane, 110
Switzerland, 295 textiles, 349, 359
SWNTs, 162 texture, 377, 378, 379, 384, 386, 387
Account: ns063387
TGA, x, 60, 61, 72, 100, 104, 231, 232, 235, transformations, 103, 104, 258, 330, 376
236, 242 transition metal, 107, 115, 116, 125, 166
TGF, 103, 108, 109 transition metal ions, 116
therapeutic use, 368 transition period, 292
thermal analysis, 9, 104 transition temperature, 200, 221
thermal decomposition, 60, 282 translation, 370
thermal energy, 131 transmission, 29, 30, 104, 131, 147, 216, 218,
thermal evaporation, 214 224, 225
thermal expansion, 46 transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
thermal oxidation, xi, 161, 255, 273, 284, 104, 113, 114, 131, 216, 218, 220, 222,
292, 293, 294, 295 257
thermal properties, 102, 232, 238 transparency, 225
thermal stability, x, 61, 113, 116, 123, 162, transport, ix, 153, 165, 270
231, 232, 235, 242 transverse section, 320
thermal treatment, 118 treatment, xii, xiii, 15, 20, 48, 90, 105, 112,
thermodynamic parameters, 102 113, 114, 118, 119, 121, 155, 161, 189,
thermodynamic properties, 56 201, 353, 354, 361, 365, 367, 377, 382,
thermogravimetric analysis, 60, 100 384, 385, 395
thermogravimetry, 282 trial, 367
thermoplastics, viii, 102, 104, 117, 121, 125, trypsin, 71
256, 263 tumor, 361, 372
thermosets, 256, 268, 277, 292 tumor cells, 361
thin films, 94, 216 Turkey, 368
three-dimensional representation, 29 Tuskegee University, 231
threshold level, 23
time increment, 333 U
time periods, 74
tin, 214 ulcerative colitis, xii, 354
tissue, 58, 67, 92, 93, 385 ultrasonic frequency, 28, 29, 31
titanium, 94 ultrasound, 233
toluene, 14, 15, 69 uniform, 16, 57, 62, 119, 137, 169, 226, 241,
tonic, 360 342, 377
tonsillitis, xiii, 354, 365 united, 364
tooth, xi, xiii, 56, 57, 58, 59, 75, 85, 299, United States, 364
300, 301, 302, 315, 375, 376, 377, 378, universal gas constant, 7
380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, upper respiratory tract, 360
388, 390, 391, 396 urethane, 62, 97, 100
tooth enamel, xi, 56, 299, 376, 378 uric acid, 189
topology, 61 urinary tract, 360
total energy, 21, 23 urine, 356, 360
toxicity, 102 USA, 46, 48, 55, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,
tracks, 200 71, 72, 91, 94, 163, 194, 209, 231, 233,
trade, 48, 360, 368 369, 370
traditions, 360 USSR, 228
transducer, 28, 163, 196, 204
transformation, 96, 329
Account: ns063387
V water diffusion, 9, 32, 44, 77, 90, 274, 293,

296
vacuum, x, 60, 65, 213, 214, 216, 217, 227, water immersion, vii, 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 17, 23,
231, 232, 233, 241 29, 37, 50
Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding water sorption, xi, 2, 10, 11, 45, 46, 57, 59,
(VARTM), x, 231, 233 67, 80, 90, 92, 95, 100, 294, 299
validation, 348 wave power, ix, 129, 147, 148
valve, 190, 191, 193, 194, 202 wave propagation, 31
vapor, 44, 200, 215, 233 wavelengths, 224
variables, 2, 192, 256, 333, 339 WAXS, 257
variations, x, 20, 33, 68, 80, 85, 86, 154, 166, wear, 121, 124, 125, 127, 300, 375, 378, 379,
180, 183, 194, 261, 268, 269, 277, 300, 382, 383, 387
337, 338 weight changes, 11
vector, 132, 137, 138, 161, 340, 341 weight gain, 289, 291
vegetables, xii, 353 weight loss, 5, 14, 15, 73, 113, 117, 235, 289,
velocity, 19, 20, 21, 29, 31, 48, 49, 50, 124, 291
219, 333 weight ratio, 318
versatility, 155, 177, 192, 198, 204 weight reduction, 18, 318
vibration, 20, 33, 113 wells, 71, 110, 125
vinylester, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 45, 46, 294 West Africa, 355
viruses, 356 wettability, 258
viscosity, x, 32, 57, 76, 90, 213, 215, 216, wetting, 220
217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 228, wires, 10
233, 260, 268, 300, 346 wood, 18, 111, 349, 355, 356
viscous epoxy resin, x, 213 workers, 118
volatility, 189, 365 worldwide, xii, 274, 279, 353
wound healing, 356
W
X
Washington, 50, 93, 209
waste, 191, 202 x-ray analysis, 115
water, vii, viii, xi, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, x-ray diffraction (XRD), 61, 72, 74, 100
12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 29, 31, 32,
33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, Y
51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 67, 72, 73, 77,
80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 100, 109, 110, yarn, 320, 327, 328, 338, 344
125, 157, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, Yemen, 355
195, 196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, yield, 23, 59, 90, 122, 237, 258, 268, 289,
255, 256, 258, 268, 270, 271, 272, 274, 290
275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 292, 293, 294, young people, 386
295, 296, 299, 302, 360, 364, 378, 384,
391 Z
water absorption, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 18, 23, 39,
44, 45, 47, 50, 125, 271, 280, 294, 295, zirconia, 60, 96
378, 384
Account: ns063387
Account: ns063387

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The concern of periodontal situation is no longer exclusively the prevention and

3.1. Teeth Together

3.2. Shape and Size of Incisal Embrasures

3.5. Tooth size

manufacturer of composite resin laminates.

3.7. Surface texture

EMPLOYMENT OF OPTICAL ILLUSION IN ESTHETIC RESTORATIONS

Figure 4. It was performed the application of the enamel composite resin.

Figure 5. Aesthetic ends reaching the expected result.

Figure 7. Teeth prepared to receive a direct laminate.

Figure 9. Acid attack was carried out for 30 seconds.

Figure 13. Adhesive Photopolimerization.

Figure 16. Proof of silicone palatal shell.

Figure 17. Palatal shell of composite resin.

Figure 18. A thin layer of opacifiers was used.

Figure 19. Space available to use composite resin.

Figure 20. It was used composite resin simulating dentin.

Figure 21. Restored teeth before polished.

Baratieri, L.N. Odontologia Restauradora: fundamentos e Possibilidades. 1. ed. São Paulo:

Conceição. Laminado de porcelana. In: Dentística-Saúde e estética. Porto Alegre: Artmed, p.

adsorption, 6, 7, 58, 74 antitumor, 361

aromatic compounds, 358 bile duct, xiii, 354, 365

behaviors, 180, 289 C

centromere, 98 closure, 13, 376, 385

conductance, 173 cortex, 364

covering, 321, 325 defence, 358

diaminodiphenylmethane, 265 diversity, 154, 378

distillation, 361 electrochemistry, ix, 153, 170, 176

F food, 167, 354, 360

192 gene expression, 94, 371

I inflammation, 360, 361

induction time, 286, 287, 288, 289 ionizable groups, 57

isolation, xii, 353, 357, 360, 368 leukotrienes, 361

L macromolecular systems, 294

nanocomposites, viii, 101, 102, 103, 104,

optical microscopy, 89 percolation, x, 134, 145, 152, 154, 157, 158,

plastic deformation, 85, 262, 350 polymer synthesis, 256

polymer chain, 88, 220, 300 prediction models, vii, 2, 34, 39

shortage, 321 Somalia, 359

293, 300, 315 stomach ulcer, 360

stress fracture, 36, 37 symbiosis, 358

surface properties, 57, 59 239, 243, 245, 317, 350, 363

V water diffusion, 9, 32, 44, 77, 90, 274, 293,

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