UNIT 12

THE PERIODIC TABLE

12.1 – OVERVIEW PERIODIC TABLE
- Way of classifying elements
- Shows element in order of proton number
- Elements show periodicity: elements w/ similar properties appear at regular intervals
- Elements in columns form families called GROUPS
- Elements arranged in rows  periods
- Heavy zigzag line separates metals from non-metals  over 80% elements are metals
GROUPS
- Group n° same as n° outer-shell electrons (except Helium group VIII)
- Valency electrons: outer-shell electrons. Dictate how element behaves.
- Elements in a group have similar reactions.
- Group VIII elements  stable arrangement of outer-sell electrons  unreactive
PERIODS
- Period n° tells n° electron shells in atoms.
Hydrogen  sits alone  because it has one outer electron and forms + ion (H+) like Group I
metals, it is a gas  usually reacts like non-metal
Transition elements  all metals. Block in middle of Periodic table.
Artificial elements  artificial: created in the lab. In lowest block. Radioactive – atoms break
down very easily (not found in nature)
Elements in a same group show trends.

12.2 – ALKALI METALS

Alkali metals – group I: Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium.
- Form white solid compounds which are water soluble
Physical properties
- Good conductors
- Softer than most other metals  cut w knife
- Lighter than most other metals  low density. Float in water while reacting w/ it.
- Low MP and BP compared w/ most metals
Trends  the lowe down the table
- Softness increases
- Density increases
- MP decreases – range – 28 to 180°C
Chemical properties
- React violently w/ water
o React violently w/ water giving hydrogen and hydroxide
 Lithium floats and fizzes
 Sodium shoots across water
 Potassium melts w/ heat of reaction and H2 caches fire
o Alkali metals react vigorously w/ water. H2 bubbles off, leaving solution of hydroxides
(alkalis  indicator changes colour)
o Metal + H2O  MetalOH + H2
- Reaction w/ chlorine
o Alkalis burst into flames when heated and put in gas jar chlorine.
o Burn brightly forming chlorides
o Metal + Cl2  MetalCl
- Reaction w/ oxygen
o Burst into flames when heated and plunged into gas jars oxygen
o Burn fiercely to form oxides ( dissolve in water to give alkaline solutions)  white solid
Trends in chemical properties
- Reactivity increases as you go down G I- reactions become more violent
o Li, Na and K are too dangerous to work with
React in the same way  same n° outer-shell electrons
Most reactive out of all metals
- Only need to lose 1 e to gain stable outer shell.  strong drive to react w/ other elements
and compounds to give up e and become ions
- Alkali metals form ionic compounds in which metal has charge of 1+.
o Compounds are white solids
o Dissolve in water to five colourless solutions.

12.3 – GROUP VII – HALOGENS

- Group of non-metals
- Includes: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
- Called Halogens
- Form coloured gases
o Fluorine – pale-yellow gas
 o Chlorine – green gas
o Bromine – red vapour
o Iodine – purple vapour
- Poisonous
- Form diatomic molecules
Physical properties
- Coloured in natural state and give coloured gases
- Low melting and boiling points
Trends in physical properties – lower in the column
- Boiling point increases
- Colour gets darker
Chemical properties
- React w metals to form elements called halides – reaction w iron wool
o Fluorine
 Iron wool bursts into flames as it passes over – no heating
 Pale green solid
o Chlorine
 Hot iron wool glows brightly when passed over
 Yellow solid
o Bromine
 Hot iron wool glows, less brightly when passed over
 Red-brown solid
o Iodine
 Hot iron wool shows faint red glow
 Black solid
- React w alkali metals – accept electrons – product: halide compounds
- Non-metal atoms  share electrons forming molecules w covalent bonds
How halogens react w halides
- A halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from a solution of its halide  displacement
reaction  redox reaction
Solution Add chlorine Add bromine Add iodine
contains
Chloride ions -- No change No change
Bromide ions Bromine No change
displaced
iodine ions Iodine displaced Iodine displaced

Ex : Cl 2 ( aq )+ 2 KBr ( aq ) ⟶ 2 KCl ( aq ) + Br 2(aq)

colourless orange
- Chlorine water added to colourless solution potassium bromide solution turns orange
- Chorine water added to colourless solution potassium iodide  solution turns red-brown
Trends (down the table)
- Reactivity decreases
- Why are they so reactive  they just need 1 more electron to reach stable outer shell of 8
electrons – Strong drive to react w elements / compounds to gain e- .
- Halogen-halide reaction: more reactive halogen will end up as the halide. Bigger tendency
to stay as ions

12.4 – GROUP VIII – NOBLE GASES

- Contains: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon
- Non-metals
- Colourless gases, present naturally in air un small amounts
- Monoatomic – exist as single atoms
- Unreactive – noble  because atoms have stable outer electron shells
Trends in physical properties  down the group
- Gases grow denser as mass of atom increases
o Balloon of helium – rises quickly into air
o Neon – rises slowly
o Argon - Falls slowly
o Krypton - Falls quickly
o Xenon - Falls very quickly
- Increasing boiling point  sign of increasing attraction btw atoms  harder to separate
them to form gas
USES
- Safe to use
- Glow when current passed through them at low pressure
- Helium – fill balloons / airships (much lighter than air – not inflammable)
- Argon – provide inert atmosphere
o Filler in tungsten light bulbs (oxygen would make filament burn)
o Protect metals being welded – wont react w hot metals
- Neon – advertising signs – glows red by passing a current, colour changes by mixing w
other gases
- Xenon – gives light like bright daylight w blue tinge – in lighthouse lamps, lights for hospital
operating rooms, car headlamps
- Krypton – lasers for eye surgery
12.5 – TRANSITION ELEMENTS
- Block of 30 elements in middle P.T  METALS
- Include most metals used every day
o Iron – most widely used – grey w metallic lustre
o Copper – reddish w metallic lustre
o Nickel – grey w metallic lustre
Physical properties  typical metal properties
- Hard, tough, strong
- High MP – mercury is exception (>1000 generally)
- Malleable (hammered into dif shapes) and ductile ( drawn out into wires)
- Good conductors heat and elec.  silver is best, then copper
- High density (>4 gen)
Chemical properties
- Much less reactive than G I, II, 3 metals (although iron rusts easily)
o Do not react w water or catch fire w air
- Show no clear trend in reactivity
- Most transition elements form coloured compounds
- Most can form ions w diff charges
- Can form more than 1 compound w another element ( bcs form ions of dig charges)
o Oxidation state: roman numeral that tells how many electrons each metal atom has to
lose to form a compound
o Transition metals have variable ox. States
- Most transition metals can form complex ions
o Ex: Add ammonia to solution w copper ions  forms Copper(II) hydroxide
 Keep adding ammonia to copper(II) hydroxide
 Each copper ion attracts 4 ammonia molecules and two water molecules  forming
large soluble complex ion
  solution acquires deep blue colour
USES
- In structures (bridges, buildings, cars)
o Iron in form of alloys called steels (most used)
- Many are used in making alloys  Chromium and nickel mixed w iron to make stainless
steel
- Conductors of heat and electricity
o Steel – radiators
o Copper – electric wiring
- Many elements and their compounds acts as catalysts
12.6 – ACROSS PERIODIC TABLE
Trends across a period
1. Number valency electrons increases 1 e/ time – same as group n°
2. Elements go from metal to non-metal
a. Silicon is in-between – metalloid: acts like a metal in some ways, as a non-metal in
others
3. MP and BP rise to middle of period, fall to v low T on the right
4.
a. Oxides of metals – basic  react acids to form salts
b. Oxides non-metal – acidic  react w alkalis to dorm salts
c. Aluminium oxide in between – amphoteric oxide
Change from metal to non-metal not clear-cut  elements along zigzag line are metalloids
Metalloids  conduct electricity under certain conditions – semi-conductors
- Used in CMP chips and PV cells for solar panels
Valency – n° e its toms lose, gain, share to form compound
- Matches n° valency electrons until group IV
- Matches the charge of ion
Reactivity
- decreases across metals ( the + electrons atom needs to lose  + dif  electrons must
have enough e to overcome pull of nucleus )
- decreases across non-metals ( few e- atom needs to gain  easier to attract them)