1

NEGERI SEMBILAN MATRICULATION COLLEGE

ENGLISH (WB023)

2010/2011

“APES”

GROUP MEMBERS

1) Mohd Muqri bin Shobri (MS1012505346)

2)Ahmad Aidil bin Abd Razak (MS1012550289)

3)Muhd Afiq Arfan bin Kamal Ariffin (MS1012505086)

PRACTICUM

F 1P 6
LECTURER’S NAME : Cik Siti Nor MuliaBt Abdul Rahhim

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 1st FEBRUARY , 2011

2
 INTRODUCTION

Our group had done the research to some numbers of students in Negeri Sembilan

Matriculation College. A lot of suggestions we have heard from them. But we are interested

To one of their suggestions. And they wished we can solve this big question mark in their

Mind.

After some discussion together, we have decided to choose most interesting topic which is

"APES”

In this research, we will discover about apes. There is much type of apes that exist in this

world but in this research, we will only focus on some of them. From our point of view, we

think most people do not have enough knowledge about apes.

Last but not least, we hope our report contents can help those confused person to answer their
questions

~~~….Do not let your question remains unsolved…. ~~~

3
 Acknowledgement

It is my honor to express my undying gratitude to the person who helped us a lot during
our research about Apes. The person whom we are saying is firstly our own parents who
had helped us a lot, especially regarding our financial issue and morale support throughout
the research. It would be impossible to continue this research without the support provided
by them.

Not forgetting our nifty and brilliant teacher, Cik Siti Nor MuliaBt Abdul Rahhim
who always give us support in form of tips and constructive information during our
research about this topic. It would be virtually impossible to do all this things without the
guides and aids from the professional, especially to us, whom just new to this type of
assignments.

Last but not least, we also would like to convey our heartiest appreciation to those who had
helped us a lot, physically, mentally, even emotionally, unequivocally or indirectly
throughout our research. We would never forget all the aid that had been contributed to us.

4
 CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

A primate is a member of the biological order the group that contains prosimians (including
lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers) and simians (monkeys and apes). With the exception of
humans, who inhabit every continent on Earth, most primates live in tropical or subtropical
regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia. Primates range in size from the Madame Berthe's
Mouse Lemur, which weighs only 30 grams (1.1 oz) to the Mountain Gorilla weighing
200 kilograms (440 lb). According to fossil evidence, the primitive ancestors of primates may
have existed in the late Cretaceous period around 65 million years ago, and the oldest known
primate is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis, 55–58 million years ago. Molecular studies suggest
that the primate branch may be even older, originating in the mid-Cretaceous period around
85 mya.

The Primates order has traditionally been divided into two main groupings: prosimians and
simians. Prosimians have characteristics most like those of the earliest primates, and included the
lemurs of Madagascar, lorisiforms and tarsiers. Simians included the monkeys and apes. More
recently, taxonomists have created the suborder Strepsirrhini, or curly-nosed primates, to include
non-tarsier prosimians and the suborder Haplorrhini, or dry-nosed primates, to include tarsiers
and the simians. Simians are divided into two groups: the platyrrhines ("flat nosed") or New
World monkeys of South and Central America and the catarrhine (narrow nosed) monkeys of
Africa and southeastern Asia. The New World monkeys include the capuchin, howler and
squirrel monkeys, and the catarrhines include the Old World monkeys (such as baboons and
macaques) and the apes. Humans are the only catarrhines that have spread successfully outside
of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia, although fossil evidence shows many species once existed
in Europe as well.

Considered generalist mammals, primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics. Some primates
(including some great apes and baboons) do not live primarily in trees, but all species possess
adaptations for climbing trees. Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree,
walking on two or four limbs, knuckle-walking, and swinging between branches of trees (known
as brachiation). Primates are characterized by their large brains, relative to other mammals, as
well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell, the dominant
sensory system in most mammals. These features are most significant in monkeys and apes, and
noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs. Three-color vision has developed in some primates.
Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails. Many species are sexually
dimorphic, which means males and females have different physical traits, including body mass,
canine tooth size, and coloration. Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly
sized mammals, and reach maturity later but have longer lifespan. Some species live in solitude,
others live in male–female pairs, and others live in groups of up to hundreds of members.

5
1.2 KEY TERMS

TERMS MEANING
taxonomis A person who is skilled in taxonomy
ts
tarsiers a small, arboreal, nocturnal primate of the genus Tarsius,  of Indonesia and the
Philippines, having a long thin tail, very large immobile eyes, and prominent pads on
the fingers and toes: all populations are dwindling.

catarrhine belonging or pertaining to the group Catarrhini, comprising humans, anthropoid

s apes, and Old World monkeys, having the nostrils close together and opening
downward and a nonprehensile, often greatly reduced or vestigial tail.

weaned to accustom (a child or young animal) to food other than its mother's milk; cause to
lose the need to suckle or turn to the mother for food.

lemurs An animal like monkey, with thick fur and long tail
prehensile Able to hold things
solitude The state of being alone
scavenged To eat dead animal that have been killed by another animal
imperiled To put something in danger
brachiate to progress by means of brachiation

arboreal Living in trees

demotion to reduce to a lower grade, rank, class, or position
impiety lack of dutifulness or respect.

cognition The process by which knowledge is developed in the mind

solitary Done alone, without other people
acquisitio The act of getting something
n
advocate a person who pleads for or in behalf of another; intercessor.

confer to consult together; compare opinions; carry on a discussion or deliberation.

captivity the state or period of being held, imprisoned, enslaved, or confined.

liberty freedom from control, interference, obligation, restriction, hampering conditions,

etc.; power or right of doing, thinking, speaking, etc., according to choice.

6
afflicted to distress with mental or bodily pain; trouble greatly or grievously
tending to spread from person to person
tribunal a place or seat of judgment.

deliberate characterized by deliberation; careful or slow in deciding: a deliberate decision.

derogated to stray in character or conduct; degenerate

forage the seeking or obtaining of such food.
fragmente existing or functioning as though broken into separate parts; disorganized; disunified
d
mating to bring (animals) together for breeding purposes
verge the edge, rim, or margin of something
Diminutiv a small thing or person.
e
Vocalizatio to endow with a voice; cause to utter.
ns
Caudal taillike: caudal  appendages.
folktale any belief or story passed on traditionally, esp. oneconsidered to be false or based on 
superstition.
Sagacity acuteness of mental discernment and soundness of judgment
Perceived to become aware of, know, or identify by means of the senses
affinities a natural liking for or attraction to a person, thing, idea, etc
notable prominent, important, or distinguished
pandemic prevalent throughout an entire country

7
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 To discover the importance of apes to people.

1.3.2 To acknowledge student about the extinction of apes

1.3.3 To boost up the knowledge of student on apes

1.3.4 To described the difference between apes and monkey

1.4 QUESTIONS

1.4.1 Do students realize that apes are different from man and monkey?

1.4.2 Does student know about great ape project?

1.4.3 Does student know apes help people in many ways?

8
 CHAPTER 2:LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: INTRODUCTION

"Ape", from Old English apa, is possibly an onomatopoetic imitation of animal chatter. The term
has a history of rather imprecise usage. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore
exceptionally human-like) non-human primate, but as zoological knowledge developed, it
became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated species.

The original usage of "ape" in English might have referred to the baboon, an African monkey.
Two tailless species of macaque are commonly named as apes, the Barbary ape of North Africa,
Macacasylvanus, and the Sulawesi black ape or Celebes crested macaque, M. nigra.

Until a few decades ago, humans were thought to be distinctly set apart from the other apes, so
much so that most people still do not think of the term "apes" to include humans at all. The terms
"non-human apes" or "non-human great apes" is used with increasing frequency to show the
monophyletic relationship of humans to the other apes.

A group of apes may be referred to as a troop or shrewdness.

9
2.2:APES FAMILY

The gibbon family, Hylobatidae, is composed of fifteen medium-sized species. Their major
distinction is their long arms, which they use to brachiate through the trees. As an evolutionary
adaptation to this arboreal lifestyle, their wrists are ball and socket joints. The largest of the
gibbons, the Siamang, weighs up to 14 kg (31 lb). In comparison, the smallest great ape is the
Common Chimpanzee at a modest 40 to 65 kg (88 to 143 lb).

The great ape family was previously referred to as Pongidae. This definition is still used by many
anthropologists and by lay people. Chimpanzees, gorillas, humans and orangutans are all more
closely related to one another than any of these four genera are to the gibbons. Current evidence
implies that humans share a common, extinct, ancestor with the chimpanzee line, from which we
separated more recently than the gorilla line.

Both great apes and lesser apes fall within Catarrhini, which also includes the Old World
monkeys of Africa and Eurasia. Within this group, both families of apes can be distinguished
from these monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars (apes have five—the "Y-5" molar
pattern, Old World monkeys have only four in a bilophodont pattern). Apes have more mobile
shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter
front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys (with caudal
vertebrae greatly reduced, resulting in tail loss in some species). These are all anatomical
adaptations to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation) in the apes, as well as
better balance in a bipedal pose. However, there are also primates in other families that lack tails,
and at least one (the Pig-Tailed Langur) that has been known to walk significant distances
bipedally. The front skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone and post-
orbital constriction.

Although the hominoid fossil record is far from complete, and the evidence is often fragmentary,
there is enough to give a good outline of the evolutionary history of humans. The time of the
split between humans and living apes used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years
ago, or even up to 30 or 40 million years ago.

10
2.3 Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees are great

apes that are closely
related to humans. These
intelligent primates live in
a variety of environments
in western and central
Africa. Because of the
rapid deforestation of their
habitats, chimpanzees are
an endangered species.

ANATOMY
Chimpanzees have very
long arms (the arms are
longer than the legs), and
a short body.

Hair and Skin:

Chimpanzees are covered with black hair on most of their body (except their fingers, palms,
armpits, and bottoms of their feet). Baby chimpanzees have very pale skin in the areas that have
no hair and a white tuft of hair on the rump.

Senses:
Chimpanzees have senses very similar to ours, including hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch.

Face:
Chimpanzees have a slight brow ridge, large ears, small nostrils, and an elongated snout. They
are capable of many expressions. Chimpanzees have a hairless face except for a short, white
beard in both male and female adults. Some adult females become bald.

Hands and Feet:

Chimpanzees' hands are very much like ours; they have four long fingers plus an opposable
thumb (the thumb is shorter than the other fingers). Their feet have five toes, including an
opposable big toe. Chimpanzees can grasp things with both their hands and their feet.

SIZE
Male chimpanzees are larger than the females.

11
 Chimpanzees Height Weight

Female 2-3.5 ft (0.66 -1 m) 57 -110 pounds (26 - 50 kg)

Male 3-4 ft (0.9-1.2 m) 90 - 115 pounds (35 - 70 kg)

DIET
Chimpanzees are omnivores They forage for food in the forests during the day, eating leaves,
fruit, seeds, tree bark, plant bulbs, tender plant shoots, and flowers. They also eat termites, ants,
and small animals (they have even been known to eat young monkeys).

Chimpanzees drink water, often by using a chewed leaf as a sponge to sop up the water.

INTELLIGENCE AND TOOLS

Chimpanzees are very intelligent and can learn extremely complex tasks.

Tools:
Chimpanzees often use tools in the wild. They have been observed using sticks to obtain ants and
termites to eat and to scare away intruders. They also use chewed-up leaves like a sponge to sop
up water to drink.

BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL HABITS

Groups of Chimpanzees:
Chimpanzees are social animals that are active during the day (they are diurnal). They live in
small, stable groups (called communities or unit groups) of about 40-60 individuals. Smaller
subgroups of 6-7 chimps stay together for a while, with the membership changing over time.

Grooming:
Grooming one another (cleaning the hair of another chimp) is a major occupation among
chimpanzees in a group.

Sleeping Nests:
Each evening, chimpanzees construct a fresh "sleeping nest" in the trees where they will curl up
and sleep. These bowl-shaped nests are made out of leaves and other plant material.

Play:
Young chimpanzees play a lot, learning skills they will use as an adult. They practice using tools,
making sleeping nests, climbing, wrestling, etc.

12
COMMUNICATION AND VOCALIZATION
Communication is used to teach the young the many skills that they need to survive, and to
convey information to other chimpanzees about food, social relationships, distress, mating, etc.

Sounds:
Chimpanzees have a complex system of communication. They have cries that warn other chimps
of danger in the area; their danger call can be heard through the forest for about 2 miles (3 km).
When there is an abundance of food, chimps bark loudly to call the others in their group to a
feast.

Gestures:
Chimpanzees also use many gestures to indicate needs and emotions. Chimps will beg other
chimps for food by approaching them with open hands. Friends may hold hands, hug, or even
kiss. A worried chimp makes a lip-puckering face. A frightened chimp will bare its teeth. A
smile indicates a relaxed, friendly chimp. When the lips are tightly pressed together, the chimp is
ready to attack.

13
LOCOMOTION
Chimpanzees usually walk using all fours (on the soles of feet and the knuckles of their hands).
They can walk upright (when they need to use their arms to carry something), but usually don't.
Chimps are also very good at climbing trees, where they spend much of their time, including
when they sleep. They can swing from branch to branch in the trees .

LIFE SPAN
Chimpanzees live about 60 years in captivity; their life span in the wild is only about 35-40 years

HABITAT
Chimpanzees live in a wide variety of habitats, including tropical rain forests (in the forest edges
and clearings), woodlands, swamp forests, and grasslands in western Africa.

DISTRIBUTION
The different subspecies of chimpanzees live in different parts of western and central Africa in
21 different countries, from the Atlantic coast to well inland.

Chimpanzee populations are becoming increasingly fragmented as parts of their habitat are used
by people.

REPRODUCTION AND BABY CHIMPANZEES

Chimpanzees are fully grown and able to reproduce at 12-13 years old. Female chimpanzees are
pregnant for about 8.5-9 months and usually have a single baby at a time; twins are rare.

Babies can grasp their mother's fur to ride on the mother's back at about 6 months. After they are
weaned, chimpanzees begin to build their own sleeping nests out of vegetation and not use their
mother's nest anymore. Young chimpanzees stay with their mother for about 7 years.

POPULATION COUNTS
Chimpanzee populations are decreasing; they are threatened with extinction. Population numbers
are disputed. Estimates range from 100,000 to 200,000.

JANE GOODALL
Jane Goodall is a scientist who spent most of her adult life observing chimpanzees in the wild in
Gombe National Park, Tanzania, Africa. Her field-work, which lasted for almost 30 years, has
given us a tremendous amount of information about these social animals whose behavior is very
similar to that of humans.

14
GORILLAS

Gorillas are large, quiet, gentle apes that live in Africa. Although gorillas are frequently
portrayed as aggressive, dangerous killers, they are shy, peaceful vegetarians. Because of
massive loss of habitat, these majestic primates are in great danger of going extinct.

ANATOMY
Gorillas have very long arms (the arms are longer than the legs), and a short, bulky body with a
wide chest.

Hair and Skin:

Gorillas are covered with brownish hair on most of their body (except their fingers, palms, face,
armpits, and bottoms of their feet).

The Head:
Gorillas have a very large head with a bulging forehead, a crest on top (it is called the sagittal
crest, and is larger on male gorillas), tiny ears, and small, dark-brown eyes. Gorillas have no tail.
Adult gorillas have 32 teeth, with large molars (flat teeth used for chewing food) and large
canines (pointy teeth used for biting), which are especially large in the male gorillas. Gorillas
each have a unique nose print (like we have unique fingerprints).

Senses:
Gorillas have senses very similar to ours, including hearing, sight (they seem to be slightly
nearsighted and to have color vision), smell, taste, and touch.

Hands and Feet:

Gorillas' hands are very much like ours; they have five fingers, including an opposable thumb.
Their feet have five toes, including an opposable big toe. Gorillas can grasp things with both
their hands and their feet.

SIZE
Male gorillas are much larger than the females, and are almost twice as heavy.

Gorillas Height Weight

Female 4.6 ft (1.4 m) 200 lb (90 kg)

Male 5.6 ft (1.7 m) 400 lb (180 kg)

15
DIET
Gorillas are predominantly herbivores, eating mostly plant material. They eat leaves, fruit, seeds,
tree bark, plant bulbs, tender plant shoots, and flowers. They have been known to eat various
parts of over 200 different plant species. Occasionally, gorillas supplement their diet with
termites and ants.

Gorillas rarely drink water; the water contained in their diet is apparently enough to sustain them.

An average adult male eats approximately 50 pounds of food a day.

INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE

Gorillas are very intelligent and can learn extremely complex tasks.

Language:
Some gorillas have been taught sign language by people; these gorillas learned how to form
simple sentences and communicate with people.

Tools:
Gorillas have never been observed using tools in the wild, although they have been taught to use
them in captivity.

BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL HABITS

Bands of Gorillas:
Gorillas are shy, social animals that are active during the day (they are diurnal). They live in
small groups (or bands) of 6-7 individuals, including one silverback (adult male), a few females,
and their young. When the young mature, they go off and join or form another band.

Grooming:
Grooming one another (cleaning the hair of another gorilla) is a major occupation among gorillas
in a band. Female gorillas groom their offspring, one another, and the silverback; the silverback
does not groom others.

Sleeping Nests:
Each evening, gorillas construct a "nest" for the night in which they will curl up and sleep. These
bowl-shaped nests are made out of leaves and other plant material. Nests are only shared by a
mother and her nursing offspring.

Aggression:
Gorillas are not aggressive animals. When an intruder disturbs them, they may make a lot of
noise, but they rarely confront another animal.

16
COMMUNICATION AND VOCALIZATION
Gorillas are generally quiet animals. They communicate with each other using many complicated
sounds and gestures. Gorillas use at least 25 recognized vocalizations, including grunts, roars,
growls, whines, chuckles, hooting, etc. Some gorilla gestures include chest-beating, high-pitched
barks, lunging, throwing objects, staring, lip-tucking , sticking out the tongue, sideways running,
slapping, rising to a two-legged stance, etc.

Communication is used to teach the young the many skills that they need to survive, and for
other gorillas to communicate about food, social relationships, distress, mating, etc.

LOCOMOTION
Gorillas knuckle-walk using both their legs and their long arms (putting pressure on their
knuckles, with the fingers rolled into the hand). Gorillas rarely walk using only their legs. They
can climb trees, but do not do so very often. Gorillas cannot swim.

LIFE SPAN
Gorillas live about 50 years in captivity; their life span in the wild is only about 35 years (like
most animals, they live much longer in captivity).

HABITAT
Gorillas are primarily terrestrial (although they lived in trees back in their evolutionary past).
Gorillas live in tropical rain forests (in the forest edges and clearings), wet lowland forests,
swamps, and abandoned fields.

DISTRIBUTION
The different subspecies of gorillas live in different parts of western Africa.

 Subspecies G. g. gorilla, the western lowland gorilla, is found at low altitudes in

Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Congo, and Equatorial Guinea.
 Subspecies G. g. graueri,the eastern lowland gorilla, is found in eastern Zaire.
 Subspecies G. g. beringei, the mountain gorilla, is found at high altitudes (from 5,400 to
12,440 feet or 1,650 to 3,800 m) in Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda.

17
REPRODUCTION AND BABY GORILLAS
Gorillas are fully grown and able to reproduce at 10-12 years old. Female gorillas are pregnant
for about 8 to 9.5 months and have about 3 babies in their lifetime. Newborn gorillas weigh only
about 3-4 pounds (1.4 to 1.8 kg) at birth (about half the weight of a newborn human).

Baby gorillas learn to crawl at about 2 months (much earlier than humans) and can walk before
they are 9 months old (earlier than most humans). They can grasp their mother's fur to ride on the
mother's back at 4 months. Baby gorillas are fed mother's milk for the first 2 1/2 years of life.
When they are weaned, gorillas begin to build their own sleeping nests out of vegetation. Young
gorillas stay with their mother for 3-4 years.

POPULATION COUNTS
Scientists estimate that there are roughly 50,000 gorillas left in the wild in Africa. Most of these
are western lowland gorillas; there are only about 600 mountain gorillas and 2,500 eastern
lowland gorillas. Mountain gorillas are on the verge of extinction.

THE EVOLUTION OF GORILLAS

The greater apes (family Pongidae, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans) split off
from the lesser apes (family Hylobatidae, gibbons and siamangs) 20 million years ago. The
gorilla's closest relative genetically is the chimpanzee (who is also our closest relative in the
animal kingdom).

18
2.4 Behaviour and cognition

Major studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known great apes.
These studies have shown that in their natural environments, the different apes show sharply
varying social structure: gibbons are monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, orangutans are
solitary, and gorillas live in small troops with a single adult male leader, while chimpanzees live
in larger troops with Bonobos exhibiting promiscuous sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary;
gorillas are foliovores while the others are all primarily frugivores, although the Common
Chimpanzee does some hunting for meat.

All the apes are generally thought of as highly intelligent and scientific study has broadly
confirmed that they perform outstandingly well on a wide range of cognitive tests. The early
studies by Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated exceptional problem-solving abilities in chimpanzees,
which Köhler attributed to insight. The use of tools has been repeatedly demonstrated; more
recently, the manufacture of tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests.
Imitation is much more easily demonstrated in great apes than in other primate species. Almost
all the studies in animal language acquisition have been completed with great apes, and though
there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no
doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa
have developed tools that are used in food acquisition, demonstrating a form of animal culture.

Cultural aspects of non-human apes

Often, non-human apes are said to be the result of a curse—a Jewishfolktale claims that one of
the races who built the Tower of Babel became apes as punishment, while Muslim lore says that
the Jews of Eilat became non-human apes as punishment for fishing on the Sabbath. Some sects
of Christianity have folklore that claims that these apes are a symbol of lust and were created by
Satan in response to God's creation of humans. It is uncertain whether any of these references are
to any specific apes.

19
2.5 Difference between man and apes

Linnaeus's inclusion of humans in the primates with monkeys and apes was troubling for people
who denied a close relationship between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's
Lutheran Archbishop had accused him of "impiety."

According toJohann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed that the primates be divided into the
Quadrumana (four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and Bimana (two-handed, i.e. humans). This
distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably Georges Cuvier.

However, the many affinities between humans and other primates — and especially the great
apes — made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense according to Charles Darwin

The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure
of man, including his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have
placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an
equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best
naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his
sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of
the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we
must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great
development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the
skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by Bischoff, Aeby, and others)
apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must
remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the
Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect
position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his
spine, and the position of his head.

20
2.6 List of apes

This is a list of non-human apes of encyclopedic interest. It includes individual apes

(chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, orangutans and gibbons) that are in some way famous or
notable.

Ape actors

 Bam – orangutan; played Precious on the soap opera Passions

 Çarli — chimp; starred in the live-action movie The Jungle Book (1994) and in the
Turkish television series Çarli before retiring to Monkey World, Dorset, UK.
 C.J. (or Manis; sources differ) — orangutan; played Clyde in the Clint Eastwood action-
comedy film Every Which Way But Loose (1978).
 Clair — chimp; played Livingston in the movie comedy Delicatessen (1991).
 Evie (short for Evolution) — chimp; played robot dog Daggit in the original 1979
Battlestar Galactica television series.
 J. Fred Muggs (born 1952) — chimp; "co-host" with Dave Garroway on NBC's Today
Show in the 1950s.
 Kwanza (aka Kwan) — gorilla; played "Sidney" in the romance movie Return to Me
(2000) with Minnie Driver & David Duchovny. Kwan currently lives at Lincoln Park Zoo
in Chicago.
 Mowgli — chimp; guest on CNBC's Dennis Miller Live and on Monk
 Pankun — chimp; featured in Japanese TV shows "Tensai! Shimura Dobutsu-en" (aka
Genius! Shimura Zoo) and the TBS program "Dobutsu Kiso Tengai!" (Unbelievable
Animals!) with bulldog James.
 Peggy — chimp; played Bonzo in the 1951 movie comedy Bedtime for Bonzo, co-starring
Ronald Reagan. Sequel, Bonzo Goes to College
 Project X ape actors — This 1987 film, a science fiction suspense-drama about military
animal experimentation, directed by Jonathan Kaplan, starred Matthew Broderick, Helen
Hunt, and a multitude of ape actors:
o Arthur — chimp; played Winston
o Clafu — chimp; played Spike
o Harry — chimp; played Ginger
o Karanja — chimp; played Goliath
o Lucy — chimp; played Razzberry
o Luke — chimp; played Bluebeard
o Lulu — chimp; played Ethel
o Mousie — chimp; played New Recruit
o Okko — chimp; played Goofy
o Willie — chimp; played Virgil (film's animal star)
 Sam (born 1989) — orangutan; played Dunston in the 1996 movie comedy Dunston
Checks In; trained by Larry Madrid
 Zippie — chimp; rollerskater (U.S. television in the 1950s)

21
  Tango — orangutan; played Suzanne in Kevin Smith's Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back
(2001).

Ape actors also appear in the movies Going Ape! (1981), Ed (1996), and MVP: Most Valuable
Primate (2000).

 Mikey – chimpanzee. Manchurian Candidate (2005), Saturday Night Live (2005) World
Series of Poker (2006)

Ape artists

 Congo — chimpanzee, abstract impressionist of the late 1950s.

 Koko (born 1971) — gorilla, widely believed to be able to communicate with humans
through Sign Language.
 Michael (1973–2000) — silverback gorilla, impressionist painter who was taught
American Sign Language with Koko.
 Peter, aka Pierre Brassau – chimpanzee, subject of a famous hoax through which the
chimp's paintings were presented as the avant-garde works of unknown French (human)
artist "Pierre Brassau."

Scientific apes

 Ai (born 1976) — chimpanzee; studied by scientists at Primate Research Institute, Kyoto

University
 Bonnie — orangutan; began whistling (mimicking an animal caretaker), which is
changing ideas about primate sound repertoires.
 Chantek (born 1977) — orangutan; involved with language research and ApeNet
language-using great ape ambassador
 Clint — chimpanzee; source of DNA for Chimpanzee Genome Project, Yerkes Primate
Center
 Donald — chimpanzee; source of DNA for Chimpanzee genome project
 Enos (died 1962) — chimpanzee; spacefaring, after Ham
 Frodo — chimpanzee; baby-eating "bully" who has attacked Jane Goodall and Gary
Larson
 Gon — chimpanzee; source of DNA for Chimpanzee genome project
 Gua — chimpanzee; raised as a child by the Drs. Kellogg alongside their son Donald.
 Ham the Chimp (1956–1983) — chimpanzee; spacefaring, before Enos
 Kanzi (born 1980) — bonobo; involved with language research and tool invention;
ApeNet language-using great ape ambassador
 Koko (born 1971) — gorilla; involved with sign language research and ApeNet language-
using great ape ambassador
 Lucy — chimpanzee; cross-fostered and raised by University of Oklahoma
psychotherapist
 Nim Chimpsky (1973–2000) — chimpanzee; named after linguist Noam Chomsky
 Nyota (born 1998) — bonobo; Panbanisha's son

22
  Oliver the chimp — chimpanzee; the so-called "Missing Link", apparent "humanzee"
 Panzee and Panbanisha — chimpanzee & bonobo; at the same research center as Kanzi
 Sarah (chimpanzee) — research primate whose cognitive skills are documented in The
Mind of an Ape
 Sultan — chimpanzee; used in classic Kohler tool-use studies
 Titus (born 1974) — gorilla; an extensively observed silverback Mountain Gorilla
 Washoe (1965–2007) — chimpanzee; pioneer ape of hand-signing research

Zoo apes

 Ah Meng (circa 18 June 1960 — 8 February 2008) — female Sumatran Orangutan and a
tourism icon of Singapore
 Bushman gorilla famous from Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo, Died in 1951 but brought
over 100 million visitors, can now be seen at Chicagos Field Museum.
 Bill (1946–2007) – long-lived Chimpanzee who resided at Sequoia Park Zoo in Eureka,
California for over fifty years
 Binti Jua — gorilla who saved a human boy in 1996
 Bobo (1951–1968) – western lowland gorilla who lived in the Lowman family home in
Anacortes, Washington from his infancy until 1953 and then Woodland Park Zoo in
Seattle until his death
 Bokito (born 1996) — silverback gorilla that escaped the Blijdorp Zoo on May 18, 2007
and injured a woman
 Charlie the Chimp (1958-2010) — chimpanzee in a South African Zoo who smoked and
was able to walk upright
 Colo (born 1956) — first gorilla born in captivity
 Copito de Nieve aka "Snowflake" (1964–2003) — only albino gorilla known to have
existed; most famous resident of the Barcelona Zoo
 Fifi — Matriarch of the chimpanzees at Sydney's Taronga Zoo, died on July 19, 2007 at
age 60
 Guy the Gorilla (1946–1978) – was a famous gorilla in London Zoo
 Idi Amin (Age 36) – The lone gorilla from Brazil, lives alone on the Belo Horizonte,
Brazil Zoo
 Jambo (1961–1992) — gorilla who cared for a boy who fell into his enclosure
 Jenny (1953–2008) – western lowland gorilla who lived at the Dallas Zoo from 1957
until her death and was the oldest gorilla in captivity at the time of her death
 Ken Allen (1971–2000) — Bornean Orangutan at the San Diego Zoo known for his
escape artistry
 Massa (1930–1984) — silverback, second longest lived gorilla ever recorded, died at age
54
 Max (1971–2004) — gorilla in the Johannesburg Zoo who famously apprehended a
criminal in 1997, getting shot twice in the process
 Santino, a male chimpanzee at Furuvik zoo in Sweden. Notable for having the cognitive
skills for forward planning (calmly collecting stones, and later throwing them at visitors)
 Sebastian — former resident of the animal orphanage near Nairobi National Park, Kenya.
Famous for smoking and not requiring a cage

23
  Temara (born 1993) – the first zoo-reared female Sumatran orangutan released into Bukit
Tigapuluh National Park by Perth Zoo in 2006
 Willie B. (1959–2000) — silverback gorilla kept in isolation for 27 years, became head
of a troop and father of five
 Yeroen — chimpanzee at the Arnhem Zoo, star of de Waal's "Chimpanzee Politics"

Circus apes

 Gargantua (1929–1949) — acid-scarred gorilla captured in the wild who performed in the
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
 Toto (1931–1968) — Gargantua's would-be mate
 Trudy (chimpanzee) — Also known as 'Little Alice', this chimpanzee was put through
torture before she was retired at Monkey World, Dorset

Ape politicians

 Macaco Tião — a chimpanzee who had the habit of throwing excrement at visitors
(including several politicians) to the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. A satirical newspaper ran his
candidature for Rio de Janeiro Mayor in 1988, and he got 9.5% of the votes, just behind
Marcello Alencar and César Maia.

Pet apes

 Bubbles the chimpanzee — pet of entertainer Michael Jackson

 Scatter the chimpanzee — pet of entertainer Elvis Presley
 Travis – pet and former animal actor which brutally attacked a Connecticut woman and
was killed by police

24
2.7 Great Ape Project

The logo of The Great Ape Project

The Great Ape Project (GAP), founded in 1994, is an international organization of

primatologists and other experts who advocate a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of
Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great apes: chimpanzees,
bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. The rights suggested are the right to life, the protection of
individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.

The organization also monitors individual great ape activity in the United States.Once rights are
established, GAP would demand the release of great apes from captivity; currently 3,100 are held
in the U.S., including 1,280 in biomedical research.

Great Ape Project (book)

The book of the same name, edited by philosophers Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, features
contributions from thirty-four authors, including Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins, who have
submitted articles give their support for the project. The authors write that human beings are
intelligent animals with a varied social, emotional, and cognitive life. If great apes also display
such attributes, the authors argue, they deserve the same consideration humans extend to
members of their own species.

The book highlights findings that support the capacity of great apes to possess rationality and
self-consciousness, and the ability to be aware of themselves as distinct entities.

Their biological similarity with humans is also key to the traits for which they are valuable as
research subjects. Because the antibodies do not elicit immune responses in chimpanzees; they
persist in the blood as they do in humans.

25
Opposition

Professor Colin Blakemore is opposed to granting rights to non-human apesBlakemore suggests

that it would be necessary to perform research on great apes if humans were threatened by a
pandemic virus that afflicted only humans and other great apes.

Declaration on Great Apes

The Great Ape Project is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on
Great Apes. This would extend what the project calls the "community of equals" to chimpanzees,
gorillas and orangutans.

The declaration seeks to extend to non-human great apes the protection of three basic interests:
the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.

Right to life

The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes humans, may
not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense or abortion.

Protection of individual liberty

The declaration states that members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their
liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of due process. The
declaration says there must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a
judicial tribunal.

Prohibition of torture

The declaration prohibits the torture, defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain, on any
great ape, whether wantonly or because of a perceived benefit to others. Under International
Human Rights Law this is a jus cogens principle and under all major human rights documents it
cannot at any time be derogated by any State.

26
 Chapter 3 – Methodology
Subjects/Respondent

In this research, we are trying to get the information regarding Apes from students of Negeri
Sembilan Matriculation College. All of the above questions mentioned before will be asked to
our respondent, hoping to get opinion on the question given. Apart from that, matriculation
students are the easiest and most subtle subjects in our research areas. They came from different
states, thus, increases the variety of knowledge on apes based on their different backgrounds.
Meaning, we can get the information from teenagers from different states of Malaysia
simultaneously. Therefore, our research regarding this topic could be carried out easily and
nearly precise.

Instrument

A simple paper filled with research questions regarding research questions.

Research Procedure

During this research, we had used three methods for getting the appropriate results to our

research questions. The following are the methods and the steps for the methods stated:

1. The internet

a. These are the following websites that we have used in our research

i. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape

ii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ape_Project

iii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apes

a. Firstly, we have prepared several questions that will be asked to our respondents

b. In this questions paper, they need to fill in their initials (personal identity will not be

asked and kept) and answer the following questions, based on their opinion on that questions.

c. Then, we will ask them their personal opinion regarding the topic verbally. The results of

the interviews will be noted and recorded.

27
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After we had 50 copies of questionnaire about Apes, then we give to all students in matriculation

college of Negeri Sembilan to answer the questions. After collecting the data, we had analyzed

the result that we got. We identified how much knowledge do the students of KMNS have about

Apes.

In our research, we had divided the questionnaire into 15 variety of questions mainly about apes.

The answers to the questions were translated using pie charts or tables. the pie chart were then

explained according to our discussion and research made.given so that readers can easily

understand what is the aim in doing this research based on those pie charts

28
 Do you know anything about apes?
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
yes no maybe

A research had been done on approximately 50 KMNS students. Most of them (60%) tick

MAYBE, because they only have the general knowledge on apes such as what they eat and the

appearance of the apes. they did not do any research in detail about apes, for example, how they

mate and how they travel. While some of them (22%) said YES, because maybe they are

interested on apes or virtually knew about apes indirectly through experience and reading

materials. lastly, only 18% of them, answer NO, thus showing that majority of KMNS students at

least have some knowledge on apes even though only about the appearance of the apes. The 18%

of the students maybe have never encounter an apes or just not interested about apes.

29
 Are there any difference between monkeys and apes?
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
yes no maybe

Many students in KMNS think that MAYBE there are differences between monkeys and apes

which is 88%. It might be because they know that monkeys and apes are different in some way

but they just do not know what it is or not confident with the differences that they know.

Next,12% of the students answers YES, because they are really confident that there are

differences between monkeys and apes which are commonly been knowledgeable in the National

Geographic channel. 0% answer NO, because generally, majority of the students are exposed to

apes.

30
 HAVE YOU EVER WONDER HOW APES MATE?
80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
YES NO MAYBE

70% of KMNS students that have answer the questionnaire stated maybe, because they

might think that ape mate just like human which is sexual intercourse and are not

interested to even wonder how ape mates. While 24% of the student tick NO, because it

never crossed their mind to wonder how ape mates and it is acceptable because only

some people will wonder how ape mates, some people that are really interested in apes

such as zoologist who do research on apes. However 6% answer YES, this people maybe

are really curious to know how apes mate and perhaps are trying to help ape mates to

increase the population of apes because apes are facing extinction.

31
 Can apes help people in any way?
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YES NO MAYBE

4% which are the least of the respondent said NO because they does not follow the

modernization of the world especially in medical field and astronomy, where nowadays many

apes are taken into custody for research to find cure for some of the chronic diseases that are in

the rise. While 16% tick MAYBE because they are not sure of the contribution of apes towards

human as they are not exposed in detail about the help that apes has given to human in various

field. Lastly 80% stated YES, because majority of student give attention on what apes has done
in order to help human no matter in what field.

32
 HOW MANY SPECIES OF APES DO YOU KNOW?
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
0-5 6-1O MORE THAN 11

The bar chat shows the percentage of the students of Kolej Matrikulasi Negeri Sembilan knows

how many species of apes exist. The percentage of students who know 0-5 species of apes is

58% while the percentage 6-10 indicates 27%.the lowest percentage is more than 11 with 15%.

This shown that most of the student have insufficient knowledge about an apes. the student only

know some famous apes only such as gorilla, orang utan and baboon. So with this research the

student can be exposed with detail about how many an apes exist.

33
 Are apes is herbivor,omnivor or carnivor?
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
herbivor omnivor carnivor

The pie chart above shows the percentage for three substituent which is herbivore, carnivore, and

omnivore. herbivore shows the highest percentage which is 66%. This is because most of the

student only know apes eat plants only. Next, omnivore is the second place after herbivore

which is 26%. The lowest percentage is 8% which is carnivore. By looking at this pie chart, we

have help student to determine what general type of food for ape.

34
 WHAT DOES AN APE EATS?
80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
PLANT BUGS MEAT

The bar graph shows the percentages about what does an apes eat. Firstly, the bar chat shows

that, the students think plant is the most type food an apes eat It is because, as we knows, an apes

like to eat a fruits and cereal. Next, 25% respondent think the bugs is one of the food for ape.

The bugs such as ants is also a favorite food of ape. Then,5 % indicates meats is a food of apes.

actually ,the big ape also eat a small ape as a protein source. From that, they will be more

confident that their choice of answer is the correct type of food for apes, and they will more

know about what does an ape eat and know everything about the topic.

35
 Do you know what the function of apes in ecosystem is?
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Africa Borneo India Other

From our research among students of Matriculation College of Negeri Sembilan, we found

out that 50% student thinks Africa is one of the country that they can find apes easily.

Besides that,25% choose India. Borneo is second highest with 16% and others country is 9%.

From our research of student in Matriculation, we found that most of student know, Africa

is a country where apes can be found easily based on a television program namely national

geographic. This is because this program also broadcast about apes in this country. While 16%

choose India because this country also have many apes anywhere and an apes also contribute in

source occupation in this country. On the other hand,25% students choose Borneo include this

country, Malaysia and Indonesia. Next ,other country indicate 9% .As a conclusion, most of

them think Africa is the most easily country to find an apes.

36
 ARE APES COLOUR BLIND?
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
YES NO NOT SURE

Majority of KMNS student not sure if apes are colorblind because they are not enough

knowledge about this animal which contribute to 64%,besides that, they are 24% KMNS student

answer NO, because they are very sure that apes are colorblind, which are generally had been

exposed on mass media or others. Only 12% of KMNS student answer YES, because they are

not exposed to apes very well.

37
 DO YOU THINK APES WILL FACE EXTINCTION?
400%

350%

300%

250%

200%

150%

100%

50%

0%
YES NO MAYBE

44% of KMNS student think that this species will face extinction because they believe this

species is an endangered species. There are only 52% of KMNS students disagree because they

believe there still hopes for them to survive and another 4% did not sure whether this species will

survive or not.

38
 Are man related to APES?
80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
YES NO MAYBE

Based on the above bar chart, it is about 72% of the respondent disagree with it because

majority of the respondent are Muslim which believe man origin from Adam meanwhile

another 28% agree with this statement because they believe with Darwin’s theory that state man

evolutionize from apes.

39
 Is King Kong a species of apes?
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
YES NO MAYBE

Majority of KMNS respondent answer YES because the appearance and behavior of King Kong

just like apes with 58%. Another 42% disagree with this statement because they believe it only a

Hollywood myth. There are 0% answer maybe because they are generally had been exposed wit

King Kong in many way such as mass media.

40
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 Conclusion

As a conclusion, based on our research which is about Apes shows that many

students have at least some knowledge on apes but only generally . After we finish

research this problem, we get a lot of reasons why they are like that that is fear to give a

speech in front of the public. The factors that why they are afraid to speech in front

because they are feel nervous to speech in front. Another factor is they feel shy

because everybody is looking at them. Then, they also not confident with themselves.

Next , its maybe there are many grammatical error in they speech. Most student get

anxious when they are required to talk in front of the public. They scared if they are

looking foolish when doing the presentation. But, actually that is just a negative thinking.

There are lots of ways to overcome this to problem. Firstly, the should be well-

prepared before give a speech. Then, practice your speech with your friendly audiences

that already known to encourage you. That are very important ways to practice because

we are getting closer to the “Real World” of speaking . This is useful for them to get

more confident in future. All the objective that we must research is successful .From

this research, we know the reasons why they are fear to speak in public.

5.2 Recommendations

During the research, there were several things that we unable to accomplish perfectly such as

lack of respondents. To correct this problem, we will find more respondents and give more

41
questions. Besides that, we will widen our range of research to more places other than in

matriculation. We will also make our research to our parents, lectures and teachers.

42
 Reference

In order to complete this report, we have referred to some website and

book to get some information regarding our topic which is “Apes”.

Below is the list of website and book that’s we have used

1. Readers Digest August 2010 edition

2. Sunday Star(15 December 2010)

3. www.wikipedia.com/apes

4. www.blog.org/apes/habitat

43
 APPENDICES

QUESTIONS

Tick one below

Physical science life science account

Gender

male female

1.Do you know anything about apes?

Yes no maybe

2. Are there any different between monkeys and apes?

yes no maybe

3. Have you ever wonder how apes mates?

yes no not sure

4. Do you know what the function of apes in ecosystem is?

Yes no not sure

5. Can apes help people in any way?

Yes no maybe

6. Is King Kong a species of apes?

Yes no maybe

7. Are apes colourblind?

yes no not sure

44
8. Are man related to apes?

yes no maybe

9. Do you think apes will face extinction?

yes no maybe

10. How do you know about apes?

mass media parent friends

exhibition internet others

11. Are apes herbivore, omnivore or carnivore?

Specify:

12. How many species of apes that you know?

0-5 6-10 more than 11

13. What does an ape eat?

Specify:

14. Whatare the largest apes you ever encounter?

Specify:

15. What country do you think that one can find apes easily?

Specify:

45
Great Ape Project
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The logo of The Great Ape Project

Animal rights

Writers
Carol Adams • Jeremy Bentham
Steven Best • Stephen Clark
Gary Francione • Robert Garner
Gill Langley • Andrew Linzey
Mary Midgley • Tom Regan
Bernard Rollin • Richard Ryder
Henry Salt • Peter Singer
Steven Wise • Roger Yates
Activists
Greg Avery • David Barbarash
Mel Broughton • Rod Coronado
Barry Horne • Ronnie Lee
Keith Mann • Ingrid Newkirk
Heather Nicholson • Jill Phipps
Craig Rosebraugh • Henry Spira
Andrew Tyler • Jerry Vlasak
Paul Watson • Robin Webb
Groups/campaigns
List of animal rights groups
Animal Aid • ALDF • ALF •
Animal Liberation Press Office • ARM
BUAV • GAP
Hunt Saboteurs • PETA • PCRM
Sea Shepherd • SPEAK • SHAC
Political parties
List of animal advocacy parties
Animal Alliance • Animals Count
Animal Protection Party
PACMA
Party for the Animals
Tierschutzpartei
Issues
Animal liberation movement
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
Animal law • Animal testing

46
 Bile bear • Blood sport
Covance • Draize test
Factory farming • Fur trade
Great Ape research ban • HLS
Lab animal sources • LD50
Meat • Nafovanny • Open rescue
Operation Backfire • Primate trade
Seal hunting • Speciesism
Cases
Britches • Brown Dog affair
Cambridge • Pit of despair
Silver Spring monkeys
Unnecessary Fuss
Films
Animal rights films
Behind the Mask • Earthlings
The Animals Film
Peaceable Kingdom • Unnecessary
Fuss
Books and magazines
AR books • AR magazines
Animal Liberation
Arkangel • Bite Back
No Compromise
Related categories
Category:Animal law
ALF • Category:Animal rights
AR movement
Animal testing

This box: view · talk · edit

The Great Ape Project (GAP), founded in 1994, is an international organization of

primatologists, anthropologists, ethicists, and other experts who advocate a United Nations
Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great
apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. The rights suggested are the right to life,
the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.

The organization also monitors individual great ape activity in the United States through a census
program. Once rights are established, GAP would demand the release of great apes from
captivity; currently 3,100 are held in the U.S., including 1,280 in biomedical research.

47
Contents
[hide]

 1 Great Ape Project (book)

 2 Opposition
 3 Declaration on Great Apes
o 3.1 Right to life
o 3.2 Protection of individual liberty
o 3.3 Prohibition of torture
 4 References
 5 Citations
 6 See also
 7 External links

[edit] Great Ape Project (book)

The book of the same name, edited by philosophers Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, features
contributions from thirty-four authors, including Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins, who have
submitted articles voicing their support for the project. The authors write that human beings are
intelligent animals with a varied social, emotional, and cognitive life. If great apes also display
such attributes, the authors argue, they deserve the same consideration humans extend to
members of their own species.

The book highlights findings that support the capacity of great apes to possess rationality and
self-consciousness, and the ability to be aware of themselves as distinct entities with a past and
future. Documented conversations (in sign languages) with individual great apes are the basis for
these findings. Other subjects addressed within the book include the division placed between
humans and great apes, great apes as persons, progress in gaining rights for the severely mentally
retarded (once an overlooked minority), and the situation of great apes in the world today.

From a biological point of view, Dr. Pedro A. Ynterian, a GAP Project Board Member wrote in a
GAP press release "Between the two of us we could even have a 0.5% difference in our DNA.
The difference between a Chimpanzee and us is only 1.23%. Human blood and Chimpanzee
blood, with compatible blood groups, can be exchanged through transfusion. Neither our nor the
chimps blood can be exchanged with any other species. We are closer genetically to a chimp
than a mouse is to a rat."[1]

Their biological similarity with humans is also key to the traits for which they are valuable as
research subjects. For example, testing of monoclonal antibody treatments can not be done in
species less similar to humans than chimpanzees. Because the antibodies do not elicit immune
responses in chimpanzees, they persist in the blood as they do in humans, and their effects can be
evaluated. In monkeys and other non-apes, the antibodies are rapidly cleared from the
bloodstream. Monoclonal antibody treatments are being developed for cancer; autoimmune
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and

48
Crohn's disease; and asthma. Chimpanzees also contain unique advantages in evaluating new
Hepatitis B and C vaccines, and treatments for malaria, again because of the similarity in their
response to these antigens to humans.[2]

[edit] Opposition

Professor Colin Blakemore, head of the Medical Research Council in Great Britain from 2003-
2007, is opposed to granting rights to non-human apes, stating "I can see no current necessity for
the use of great apes, and I'm pleased that they're not being used and that every effort is being
made to reduce the use of other primates. But I worry about the principle of where the moral
boundaries lie. There is only one very secure definition that can be made, and that is between our
species and others." Blakemore suggests that it would be necessary to perform research on great
apes if humans were threatened by a pandemic virus that afflicted only humans and other great
apes. [3]

[edit] Declaration on Great Apes

The Great Ape Project is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a Declaration on
Great Apes.[4] This would extend what the project calls the "community of equals" to
chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The declaration seeks to extend to non-human great apes the protection of three basic interests:
the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.

[edit] Right to life

The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes humans, may
not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense or abortion.

[edit] Protection of individual liberty

The declaration states that members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their
liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of due process. Under
the proposed declaration, the detention of great apes who have not been convicted of any crime
or who are not criminally liable should be permitted only where it can be shown that the
detention is in their own interests or is necessary to protect the public. The declaration says there
must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a judicial tribunal.

[edit] Prohibition of torture

The declaration prohibits the torture, defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain, on any
great ape, whether wantonly or because of a perceived benefit to others. Under International
Human Rights Law this is a jus cogens principle and under all major human rights documents it
can not at any time be derogated by any State.

49
Ape
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Ape (disambiguation).

Apes[1]
Temporal range: Late
Oligocene - Recent

Lar Gibbon (Hylobates

lar)

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Subclass: Theria

Infraclass: Eutheria

Order: Primates

Suborder: Haplorrhini

Simiiforme
Infraorder:
s

Parvorder: Catarrhini

Superfamil Hominoide

50
 a
y:
Gray, 1825

Families

Hylobatidae
Hominidae
†Proconsulidae
†Dryopithecidae
†Oreopithecidae
†Pliopithecidae

Under the current classification system there are two families of hominoids:

 the family Hylobatidae consists of 4 genera and 14 species of gibbon, including the Lar Gibbon
and the Siamang, collectively known as the lesser apes.
 the family Hominidae consisting of chimpanzees, gorillas, humans and orangutans[1][2]
collectively known as the great apes.

A few other primates, such as the Barbary Ape, have the word ape in their common names
(usually to indicate lack of a tail), but they are not regarded as true apes.

Except for gorillas and humans, all true apes are agile climbers of trees. Their diet is best
described as omnivorous, their diet consisting of fruit, including grass seeds, and in most cases
other animals, either hunted or scavenged, along with anything else available and easily digested.
They are native to Africa and Asia, although humans have spread to all parts of the world.

Most nonhuman ape species are rare or endangered. The chief threat to most of the endangered
species is loss of tropical rainforest habitat, though some populations are further imperiled by
hunting for bushmeat.

51
Contents
[hide]

 1 Historical and modern terminology

 2 Biology
 3 History of hominoid taxonomy
o 3.1 Changes in taxonomy
 4 Classification and evolution
 5 Behaviour and cognition
 6 Cultural aspects of non-human apes
 7 See also
 8 References
 9 External links

[edit] Historical and modern terminology

"Ape", from Old English apa, is possibly an onomatopoetic imitation of animal chatter. The term
has a history of rather imprecise usage. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore
exceptionally human-like) non-human primate, but as zoological knowledge developed, it
became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated species.

The original usage of "ape" in English might have referred to the baboon, an African monkey.
Two tailless species of macaque are commonly named as apes, the Barbary ape of North Africa
(introduced into Gibraltar), Macaca sylvanus, and the Sulawesi black ape or Celebes crested
macaque, M. nigra.

Until a few decades ago, humans were thought to be distinctly set apart from the other apes (even
from the other great apes), so much so that most people still do not think of the term "apes" to
include humans at all. However, it is not considered accurate by many biologists to think of apes
in a biological sense without considering humans to be included.[citation needed] The terms "non-
human apes" or "non-human great apes" is used with increasing frequency to show the
monophyletic relationship of humans to the other apes while yet talking only about the non-
human species.[citation needed]

A group of apes may be referred to as a troop or a shrewdness.[3]

[edit] Biology

The gibbon family, Hylobatidae, is composed of fifteen medium-sized species. Their major
distinction is their long arms, which they use to brachiate through the trees. As an evolutionary
adaptation to this arboreal lifestyle, their wrists are ball and socket joints. The largest of the
gibbons, the Siamang, weighs up to 14 kg (31 lb). In comparison, the smallest great ape is the
Common Chimpanzee at a modest 40 to 65 kg (88 to 143 lb).

52
The great ape family was previously referred to as Pongidae, and humans (and fossil hominids)
were omitted from it, but there is no biological case for doing this. This definition is still used by
many anthropologists and by lay people; however, it makes Pongidae paraphyletic, whereas most
taxonomists nowadays encourage monophyletic groups. Chimpanzees, gorillas, humans and
orangutans are all more closely related to one another than any of these four genera are to the
gibbons. However, the term "hominid" is still used with the specific meaning of extinct animals
more closely related to humans than the other great apes (for example, australopithecines), even
though "hominin" is now correct in that usage. It is now usual to use even finer divisions, such as
subfamilies and tribes to distinguish which hominoids are being discussed. Current evidence
implies that humans share a common, extinct, ancestor with the chimpanzee line, from which we
separated more recently than the gorilla line.

Both great apes and lesser apes fall within Catarrhini, which also includes the Old World
monkeys of Africa and Eurasia. Within this group, both families of apes can be distinguished
from these monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars (apes have five—the "Y-5" molar
pattern, Old World monkeys have only four in a bilophodont pattern). Apes have more mobile
shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter
front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys (with caudal
vertebrae greatly reduced, resulting in tail loss in some species). These are all anatomical
adaptations to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation) in the apes, as well as
better balance in a bipedal pose. All living members of the Hylobatidae and Hominidae are
tailless, and humans can therefore accurately be referred to as bipedal apes. However, there are
also primates in other families that lack tails, and at least one (the Pig-Tailed Langur) that has
been known to walk significant distances bipedally. The front skull is characterised by its
sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone and post-orbital constriction.

Although the hominoid fossil record is far from complete, and the evidence is often fragmentary,
there is enough to give a good outline of the evolutionary history of humans. The time of the
split between humans and living apes used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years
ago, or even up to 30 or 40 million years ago. Some apes occurring within that time period, such
as Ramapithecus, used to be considered as hominins, and possible ancestors of humans. Later
fossil finds indicated that Ramapithecus was more closely related to the orangutan, and new
biochemical evidence indicated that the last common ancestor of humans and other hominins
occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably in the lower end of that range.

[edit] History of hominoid taxonomy

The history of hominoid taxonomy is somewhat confusing and complex. The names of
subgroups have changed their meaning over time as new evidence, from fossil discoveries and
comparisons of anatomy and DNA sequences, has changed understanding of the relationships
between hominoids. The story of the hominoid taxonomy is one of gradual demotion of humans
from a special position in the taxonomy to being one branch among many. It also illustrates the
growing influence of cladistics (the science of classifying living things by strict descent) on
taxonomy.

53
As of 2006, there are eight extant genera of hominoids. They are the four great ape genera
(Homo (humans), Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos), Gorilla, and Pongo (orangutans)), and the
four genera of gibbons (Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus, and Symphalangus).[1] (The genus for
the hoolock gibbons was recently changed from Bunopithecus to Hoolock.[4])

In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus, relying on second- or third-hand accounts, placed a second species in
Homo along with H. sapiens: Homo troglodytes ("cave-dwelling man"). It is not clear to which
animal this name refers, as Linnaeus had no specimen to refer to, hence no precise description.
Linnaeus named the orangutan Simia satyrus ("satyr monkey"). He placed the three genera
Homo, Simia and Lemur in the order of Primates.

The troglodytes name was used for the chimpanzee by Blumenbach in 1775 but moved to the
genus Simia. The orangutan was moved to the genus Pongo in 1799 by Lacépède.

Linnaeus's inclusion of humans in the primates with monkeys and apes was troubling for people
who denied a close relationship between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's
Lutheran Archbishop had accused him of "impiety." In a letter to Johann Georg Gmelin dated 25
February 1747, Linnaeus wrote:

It is not pleasing to me that I must place humans among the primates, but man is intimately
familiar with himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name is
applied. But I desperately seek from you and from the whole world a general difference
between men and simians from the principles of Natural History. I certainly know of none. If
only someone might tell me one! If I called man a simian or vice versa I would bring together all
the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to, in accordance with the law of Natural History. [5]

Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first edition of his Manual of Natural History
(1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the Quadrumana (four-handed, i.e. apes and
monkeys) and Bimana (two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other
naturalists, most notably Georges Cuvier. Some elevated the distinction to the level of order.

However, the many affinities between humans and other primates — and especially the great
apes — made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. Charles Darwin wrote, in The
Descent of Man:

The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of
man, including his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man
in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders
of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the
view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the
same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion
will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for
classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked
differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by Bischoff,
Aeby, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place,

54
 we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and
the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position
of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the
position of his head.[6]

Behaviour and cognition

Although there had been earlier studies, the scientific investigation of behaviour and cognition in
non-human apes expanded enormously during the latter half of the twentieth century. Major
studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known great apes, for
example by Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas (field work on gibbons and the
Bonobo is still relatively underdeveloped). These studies have shown that in their natural
environments, the different apes show sharply varying social structure: gibbons are
monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, orangutans are solitary, gorillas live in small troops with a
single adult male leader, while chimpanzees live in larger troops with Bonobos exhibiting
promiscuous sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary; gorillas are foliovores while the others are
all primarily frugivores, although the Common Chimpanzee does some hunting for meat.
Foraging behaviour is correspondingly variable.

All the apes are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly
confirmed that they perform outstandingly well on a wide range of cognitive tests - though again
there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. The early studies by Wolfgang Köhler
demonstrated exceptional problem-solving abilities in chimpanzees, which Köhler attributed to
insight. The use of tools has been repeatedly demonstrated; more recently, the manufacture of
tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests. Imitation is much more
easily demonstrated in great apes than in other primate species. Almost all the studies in animal
language acquisition have been completed with great apes, and though there is continuing
dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve
significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa have developed tools that
are used in food acquisition, demonstrating a form of animal culture.[11]

[edit] Cultural aspects of non-human apes

Often, non-human apes are said to be the result of a curse—a Jewish folktale claims that one of
the races who built the Tower of Babel became apes as punishment, while Muslim lore says that
the Jews of Eilat became non-human apes as punishment for fishing on the Sabbath. Some sects
of Christianity have folklore that claims that these apes are a symbol of lust and were created by
Satan in response to God's creation of humans.[citation needed] It is uncertain whether any of these
references are to any specific apes. All of these concepts date from a period when neither the
distinction between apes and monkeys, nor the fact that humans are apes, was widely
understood, if understood at all.

55
List of apes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This is a list of non-human apes of encyclopedic interest. It includes individual non-human apes
(chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, orangutans and gibbons) who are in some way famous or
notable.

Contents
[hide]

 1 Ape actors
 2 Ape artists
 3 Scientific apes
 4 Zoo apes
 5 Circus apes
 6 Ape politicians
 7 Pet apes
 8 See also

[edit] Ape actors

 Bam – orangutan; played Precious on the soap opera Passions

 Çarli — chimp; starred in the live-action movie The Jungle Book (1994) and in the Turkish
television series Çarli before retiring to Monkey World, Dorset, UK.
 C.J. (or Manis; sources differ) — orangutan; played Clyde in the Clint Eastwood action-comedy
film Every Which Way But Loose (1978).
 Clair — chimp; played Livingston in the movie comedy Delicatessen (1991).
 Evie (short for Evolution) — chimp; played robot dog Daggit in the original 1979 Battlestar
Galactica television series.
 J. Fred Muggs (born 1952) — chimp; "co-host" with Dave Garroway on NBC's Today Show in the
1950s.
 Kwanza (aka Kwan) — gorilla; played "Sidney" in the romance movie Return to Me (2000) with
Minnie Driver & David Duchovny. Kwan currently lives at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago.
 Mowgli — chimp; guest on CNBC's Dennis Miller Live and on Monk
 Pankun — chimp; featured in Japanese TV shows "Tensai! Shimura Dobutsu-en" (aka Genius!
Shimura Zoo) and the TBS program "Dobutsu Kiso Tengai!" (Unbelievable Animals!) with bulldog
James.

56
  Peggy — chimp; played Bonzo in the 1951 movie comedy Bedtime for Bonzo, co-starring Ronald
Reagan. Sequel, Bonzo Goes to College
 Project X ape actors — This 1987 film, a science fiction suspense-drama about military animal
experimentation, directed by Jonathan Kaplan, starred Matthew Broderick, Helen Hunt, and a
multitude of ape actors:
o Arthur — chimp; played Winston
o Clafu — chimp; played Spike
o Harry — chimp; played Ginger
o Karanja — chimp; played Goliath
o Lucy — chimp; played Razzberry
o Luke — chimp; played Bluebeard
o Lulu — chimp; played Ethel
o Mousie — chimp; played New Recruit
o Okko — chimp; played Goofy
o Willie — chimp; played Virgil (film's animal star)
 Sam (born 1989) — orangutan; played Dunston in the 1996 movie comedy Dunston Checks In;
trained by Larry Madrid
 Zippie — chimp; rollerskater (U.S. television in the 1950s)
 Tango — orangutan; played Suzanne in Kevin Smith's Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001).

Ape actors also appear in the movies Going Ape! (1981), Ed (1996), and MVP: Most Valuable
Primate (2000).

 Mikey – chimpanzee. Manchurian Candidate (2005), Saturday Night Live (2005) World Series of
Poker (2006)

[edit] Ape artists

 Congo — chimpanzee, abstract impressionist of the late 1950s.

 Koko (born 1971) — gorilla, widely believed to be able to communicate with humans through
Sign Language.
 Michael (1973–2000) — silverback gorilla, impressionist painter who was taught American Sign
Language with Koko.
 Peter, aka Pierre Brassau – chimpanzee, subject of a famous hoax through which the chimp's
paintings were presented as the avant-garde works of unknown French (human) artist "Pierre
Brassau."

[edit] Scientific apes

 Ai (born 1976) — chimpanzee; studied by scientists at Primate Research Institute, Kyoto

University
 Bonnie — orangutan; began whistling (mimicking an animal caretaker), which is changing ideas
about primate sound repertoires.
 Chantek (born 1977) — orangutan; involved with language research and ApeNet language-using
great ape ambassador
 Clint — chimpanzee; source of DNA for Chimpanzee Genome Project, Yerkes Primate Center
 Donald — chimpanzee; source of DNA for Chimpanzee genome project

57
  Enos (died 1962) — chimpanzee; spacefaring, after Ham
 Frodo — chimpanzee; baby-eating "bully" who has attacked Jane Goodall and Gary Larson
 Gon — chimpanzee; source of DNA for Chimpanzee genome project
 Gua — chimpanzee; raised as a child by the Drs. Kellogg alongside their son Donald.
 Ham the Chimp (1956–1983) — chimpanzee; spacefaring, before Enos
 Kanzi (born 1980) — bonobo; involved with language research and tool invention; ApeNet
language-using great ape ambassador
 Koko (born 1971) — gorilla; involved with sign language research and ApeNet language-using
great ape ambassador
 Lucy — chimpanzee; cross-fostered and raised by University of Oklahoma psychotherapist
 Nim Chimpsky (1973–2000) — chimpanzee; named after linguist Noam Chomsky
 Nyota (born 1998) — bonobo; Panbanisha's son
 Oliver the chimp — chimpanzee; the so-called "Missing Link", apparent "humanzee"
 Panzee and Panbanisha — chimpanzee & bonobo; at the same research center as Kanzi
 Sarah (chimpanzee) — research primate whose cognitive skills are documented in The Mind of
an Ape
 Sultan — chimpanzee; used in classic Kohler tool-use studies
 Titus (born 1974) — gorilla; an extensively observed silverback Mountain Gorilla
 Washoe (1965–2007) — chimpanzee; pioneer ape of hand-signing research

[edit] Zoo apes

 Ah Meng (circa 18 June 1960 — 8 February 2008) — female Sumatran Orangutan and a tourism
icon of Singapore
 Bushman gorilla famous from Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo, Died in 1951 but brought over 100
million visitors, can now be seen at Chicagos Field Museum.
 Bill (1946–2007) – long-lived Chimpanzee who resided at Sequoia Park Zoo in Eureka, California
for over fifty years
 Binti Jua — gorilla who saved a human boy in 1996
 Bobo (1951–1968) – western lowland gorilla who lived in the Lowman family home in Anacortes,
Washington from his infancy until 1953 and then Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle until his death
 Bokito (born 1996) — silverback gorilla that escaped the Blijdorp Zoo on May 18, 2007 and
injured a woman
 Charlie the Chimp (1958-2010) — chimpanzee in a South African Zoo who smoked and was able
to walk upright
 Colo (born 1956) — first gorilla born in captivity
 Copito de Nieve aka "Snowflake" (1964–2003) — only albino gorilla known to have existed; most
famous resident of the Barcelona Zoo
 Fifi — Matriarch of the chimpanzees at Sydney's Taronga Zoo, died on July 19, 2007 at age 60
 Guy the Gorilla (1946–1978) – was a famous gorilla in London Zoo
 Idi Amin (Age 36) – The lone gorilla from Brazil, lives alone on the Belo Horizonte, Brazil Zoo
 Jabari 300 lb. gorilla at the Dallas Zoo who received national attention when, on Mar. 18, 2004,
he escaped and attacked four people including a toddler during a 40 minute rampage inside the
jungle exhibit before being shot to death by police.
 Jambo (1961–1992) — gorilla who cared for a boy who fell into his enclosure
 Jenny (1953–2008) – western lowland gorilla who lived at the Dallas Zoo from 1957 until her
death and was the oldest gorilla in captivity at the time of her death

58
  Ken Allen (1971–2000) — Bornean Orangutan at the San Diego Zoo known for his escape artistry
 Massa (1930–1984) — silverback, second longest lived gorilla ever recorded, died at age 54
 Max (1971–2004) — gorilla in the Johannesburg Zoo who famously apprehended a criminal in
1997, getting shot twice in the process
 Santino, a male chimpanzee at Furuvik zoo in Sweden. Notable for having the cognitive skills for
forward planning (calmly collecting stones, and later throwing them at visitors)
 Sebastian — former resident of the animal orphanage near Nairobi National Park, Kenya.
Famous for smoking and not requiring a cage
 Temara (born 1993) – the first zoo-reared female Sumatran orangutan released into Bukit
Tigapuluh National Park by Perth Zoo in 2006
 Willie B. (1959–2000) — silverback gorilla kept in isolation for 27 years, became head of a troop
and father of five
 Yeroen — chimpanzee at the Arnhem Zoo, star of de Waal's "Chimpanzee Politics"

[edit] Circus apes

 Gargantua (1929–1949) — acid-scarred gorilla captured in the wild who performed in the
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
 Toto (1931–1968) — Gargantua's would-be mate
 Trudy (chimpanzee) — Also known as 'Little Alice', this chimpanzee was put through torture
before she was retired at Monkey World, Dorset

[edit] Ape politicians

 Macaco Tião — a chimpanzee who had the habit of throwing excrement at visitors (including
several politicians) to the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. A satirical newspaper ran his candidature for Rio
de Janeiro Mayor in 1988, and he got 9.5% of the votes, just behind Marcello Alencar and César
Maia.

[edit] Pet apes

 Bubbles the chimpanzee — pet of entertainer Michael Jackson

 Scatter the chimpanzee — pet of entertainer Elvis Presley
 Travis – pet and former animal actor which brutally attacked a Connecticut woman and was
killed by police

59
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGENMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION

1.1:Introduction

1.2:Definition key terms

1.3:Objectives

1.4:Research Question

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1:Introduction

2.2:Sub-topic 1

2.3:Sub-topic 2

2.4:Sub-topic 3

2.5:Sub-topic 4

2.6:Sub-topic 5

2.7:Sub-topic 6

CHAPTER 3:METHODOLOGY

3.1:Subjects/Respondent

3.4:Research procedure

CHAPTER 4:RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 5:CONCLUSION

REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX/APPENDICES

60
After we done the research, we concluded that apes was very important to ease human activities.

It also boosted knowledge of student about apes. However, once you can master it, be careful,

you will addict to the apes. Apes also has both, advantage and disadvantage that have been

influence in all sector such as social and information, and the most is in education. Student

nowadays really need knowledge about apes to help these species to survive from extinction,

easy, and effectively. But also don’t forget about its bad effects. To avoid the bad thing happen,

you must know how to prevent it from attacking you because they are really dangerous when

they are approach in a bad way. For the safety, do not fully depend on rifles but knowing how to

do the thing manually by using your brain . Like the old saying “prevent is better than cure”.

61