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Handbook of Forensic Law.

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Faizan
Handbook of Forensic Law & MCQs

WRITTEN BY:
Faizan Shah
1st Edition, 2012

REVIEWED BY:

▪ Dr. Jahanzeb Khan

Associate Professor Forensic Medicine
Gomal Medical College D.I.Khan.

▪ Advocate Ahmad Ali Khan

Ex. President
High Court Bar D.I.Khan.

▪ Advocate Nor Gul Khan Marwat

High Court Bar D.I.Khan.

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 CONTENTS

S.No Chapter Name Page No

1 Fundamentals of Forensic Medicine 07
2 Law, its Types and Courts of Law 11
3 Evidence, its Types and Witnesses 18
4 Laws relating to Medical Practice 24
5 Qisas and Diyat Ordinance 38
6 Offences and their Sections 45
7 Multiple Choice Questions 46
8 Important Questions 96

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 PREFACE

Faizan Handbook of Forensic Law & MCQs is primarily written for 3rd Year MBBS students as
well as for Post Graduate DMJ students, equally useful for BDs, B-Pharmacy, D-Pharmacy and LLB
students.

This Book was written keeping in mind the lack of any other handbook of Forensic Law for
Medical students as well as LLB students.

Its arrangement contains two portions subjective and objective. Subjective portion contains all the
aspects of Forensic Law in its complete evaluated form according to new pattern of examination while,
objective portion contains more than 300 MCQs of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology which will help
medical students in making their concepts clear.
I hope this book will be extremely useful for all those studying Forensic Law.

FAIZAN SHAH

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Everyone loves to get praised for his work but I believe, I must acknowledge that this book not
just only belongs to me but to every one who helped me in bringing it to the current shape.
My Teachers Prof: Dr. Saleem Khan, Dr. Nasim Saba, Dr. Jahanzeb Khan & Dr. Muhammad
Anam are the real people behind my abilities to complete this book. I have no words to thank them.
It is always said that criticism is easier than writing a book but I believe that critical evaluation of
a text is a tougher job than actually writing it.
Proof reading is also another job that requires concentration and time. I am thankful to my Legal
Advisors Ex: President High Court Bar D.I.Khan Bench Advocate Ahmad Ali Khan, Advocate High
Court Nor Gul Khan Marwat and my colleagues Tooba Iftikhar, Asif Shams, Sobia Amin, Muhammad
Irfan, Ali Raza (AMC).
Special thanks to my brother Engr: Farhan Shah for his tireless support during composing this
book.
Last but not the least thanks to all my fellows:
Arooj Fatima (KGMC), Kalsoom Badshah, Muhammad Mamoon, Zulqarnain Haider, Hanan khan, Nasir
Farooq, Saadat, Jawad, Sareer, Mudassir, Qaiser.

FAIZAN SHAH

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 DEDICATION

This book is dedicated

to Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
,
My parents
Javed Shah
Farah Shah
&
Siblings

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 Chapter No 1

FORENSIC MEDICINE

1. The noun Forensic Medicine has one meaning the branch of medicine that interprets and
establishes the medical facts in civil or criminal law cases. Also called as Legal
Medicine.
OR
2. The applied use of medical knowledge or practice, especially pathology, to the purposes
of the law, as in determining the cause of death.

Forensic medicine is one of the largest and most important area of forensic science. Also called
as legal medicine it applies medical knowledge to criminal and civil law.

Areas of medicine that are commonly involved in forensic medicine are anatomy, pathology,
and psychiatry.

Objectives of Forensic Medicine

The candidate shall be able to
❖ Be aware of laws in relation to medico-legal work.
❖ Conduct a competent Medico legal Autopsy.
❖ Collect appropriate evidence pertaining to Cause/Mode/Manner of death and
identification of deceased and assailant.
❖ Must be able to visit scene of crime.
❖ Detect, describe, interpret the observations and conclude the procedure in a
technically competent manner.
❖ Serve as a future teacher, trainer, researcher and leader in the field of medico-legal
faculty.

MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
The medical Jurisprudence deals with the relationship of medical man and moral obligation with
rest on him.
OR

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In medical Jurisprudence, knowledge is the subject and this is concerned with knowledge of law
in relation to the practice of medicine.
Legally it deals with those relations, which have significances, such as;
❖ Doctor-Patient Relationship.
❖ Doctor-Doctor Relationship.
❖ Doctor-State Relationship.

STATE MEDICINE
The state medicine is special field and is concerned with public, community or environmental
heath. In this field, there is application of medical knowledge to prevent the spread of disease
and to save guard the health of general population.
A registered Medical Practitioner (RMP) has satisfactory duty to notify to authorities
(Public Health Department) the cases of.
❖ Births.
❖ Deaths.
❖ Notifiable Diseases (Both Bacterial and Viral).
❖ Cases of food poisoning.

FORENSIC PATHOLOGY
It is special field of “pathology” dealing with the medico-legal investigation of cause of
death by doing Autopsy or Postmortem examination under pathological procedures.
It is concerned with certain kinds of cases of sudden, unexplained, suspicious, unnatural
and violent deaths.
In some cases a full Autopsy is required to determine the cause and manner of death.

INQUEST
In forensic work, inquest means “a legal inquiry into the cause of death when the cause of
death is due to suspicious of foul play and not due to natural causes.”
i. When the person dies, it is necessary to determine the cause of death either natural or
unnatural.
ii. If the death is due to natural means such as thrombosis, cancer, broncho-pneumonic etc.
the body is disposed off according to their religious customs and no further investigation
is required.

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 iii. If the death is due to unnatural means an “Urgent inquiry / investigation” in to cause of
death is necessary to punish the criminals.

Such deaths are unnatural or suspicious and notified to authorities for investigation.
The following are some examples of UNNATURAL DEATH.
❖ Suicide, homicide or infanticide.
❖ Death from accident, poisoning, drug intoxication.
❖ Death from postoperative shock or hemorrhage.
❖ Death due to medical negligence.
❖ Death in police custody, mental hospital, correctional schools.

Types of Inquest
There are following types which are as under
❖ Police inquest.
❖ Coroner inquest.
❖ Magistrate inquest.
❖ Medical examiner system.
❖ Continental system.

AUTOPSY AND POSTMORTEM

Autopsy (Autos=self; opis=view)
Postmortem (post=after; mortem=death)
Autopsy and Postmortem is a special type of scientific examination of a dead body
carried out under the laws of the State mainly for the protection of its citizens and to assist the
identification and prosecution of the guilty in cases of unnatural deaths.
Irrespective of the condition of the body whether decomposed, mutilated or fragmented. An
autopsy performed by a specially trained doctor invariably yields important information.

Objective and Purpose

❖ To establish identity of an unknown body.
❖ To determine the cause of death, whether natural or unnatural.
❖ To determine the mode of death, whether suicidal, homicidal or accidental.

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❖ To determine time since death.
❖ To determine if possible the place of death.
❖ To determine live birth and viability in newly born infant’s death.

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 CHAPTER NO.2

LAW, ITS TYPES AND COURTS OF LAW

LAW
1. Law is defined as the rule of conduct, behavior and social relationship enforced or appointed by the
state, society or customs on the basis of reasons as quoted.
2. The law is nothing but reason and that what is not reason is not law.

These ranges from scientific law to religious law, civil law, international law etc.

Types of Law
The law on the basis of its origin is divided into two types.
❖ Common Law
❖ Statute Law

1. Common Law
i. It is an unwritten and generally applied system of law based on conduct, decision and behavior of
person in the specific community.
ii. It is related to rules of community in which he/she lives.
iii. It is universally applicable.

Examples
❖ Jirga System in FATA.
❖ Panchaite System in rural area of India.

2. Statute law
i. It is written and codified law of country or state.
ii. It is conducted by specific courts of law and constituted by legislative body of the representative
government or enacted by a ruler (Dictator).
iii. The statute law is entitled in booklet form called AAIEN and court of law conducts their decision by
bringing guideline from it.
iv. The statute law is of two types.

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(a) Criminal Law
i. The criminal law defines crime, its consequences and punishment.
ii. The criminal law is conducted for the betterment of public and provides peaceful environment in
the community.
iii. It deals with the all kinds of offences, which are observed by the community, and all those
offences, which are prohibited so that no one should act or practice them freely.
iv. The damage is compensated in term of punishment of fine, imprisonment or death.

Examples
❖ Killing of other human being(s) intentionally.
❖ Unlawful activities such as by giving threats to others.

(b) Civil Law

i. The civil law as its name indicates deal with the rights of citizens in the states or community.
ii. The civil law provides remedies for personal suffering.
iii. The damage is compensated in term of money.

Example
❖ Landlord-tenant disputes.

❖ Matrimonial issues.
❖ Divorce issues.
❖ Medical Negligence (Civil Negligence).

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COURTS OF LAW
i. The courts of law are the places where affected or suffered persons come and show their issues
before the court of justice (Judge) for remedies.
ii. The judge presides over the case and the case is then recommended for trial.
iii. During trail the court of justice proceeds through the evidences and statements, declares decision
in written form called as Order or Judgment.
iv. The courts of law maintain proper law and order in the state.

Types
The Courts of law are of two types.
❖ Criminal Court
❖ Civil Court

Levels
Both the criminal and civil courts have three levels.
❖ Court of 1st Instance.
❖ Court of 2nd Instance.
❖ Court of 3rd Instance.

1. Court of 1st Instance

i. The area of field or proceeding of court of 1st instance consists of an “ILAQA”.
ii. The court of justice is Civil Judge for civil court and Magistrate for criminal courts.
iii. These courts are also called as Area courts.

2. Court of 2nd instance

i. The court of 2nd instance is called as Session court and its area of proceeding consists of whole
district.
ii. The court of justice is called as District & Session judge.
iii. The court of 2nd instance hears the cases against the decision of court of 1st instance and is
related to more serious civil and criminal activities.
iv. It can pass any sentence authorized by Law including sentence of death in confirmation to the
High Court.

3. Court of 3rd Instance

i. The court of 3rd instance is also called as High Court. It is the Highest in the province.

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 ii. It is empowered to try any offence and pass any sentence authorized by law. The High court of
KPK is located in Peshawar.
iii. The High court hears cases against the appeal of courts below it.
iv. The High Court proceeds over the cases of more serious issues including some issues against the
act of provincial governments.

SUPREME COURT
i. The Supreme Court is highest court of appeal.
ii. It is empowered to grant special leave to appeal against judgment passed by High Court.
iii. The Supreme Court grants special leave against the judgment of High Court when it is shown that
exceptional and special circumstances exist and injustice have been done and case presents
features to warrant a review against judgment.
iv. The Supreme Court established in Islamabad is the highest tribunal in the country and its function
is supervisory.
v. The court of Justice of Supreme Court is called as Chief Justice.

SHARIAT COURT
The Shariat court is the court, which gives decisions according to Islamic laws as set out in Holy Quran
and according to the teaching of Hazrat Mohammad (S.A.W.W).

Shariat Ordinance 1988

i. Shariat ordinance declared Shariat as the supreme source of law in the country according to the
teaching of Islam and Sunnah.
ii. According to this ordinance, the establishment of Federal Shariat Court is necessary in the
country.
iii. The Shariat ordinance provides guidance for policy and law making so that laws should be done
according to Islamic teaching.
iv. One of the judges of Shariat court should be an experienced and qualified Aalaim well versed
with Shariat.

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v. This ordinance further provides opportunity for the appointment of “Mufti” for interpretation of
Shariat to Supreme and High court.

MAGISTRATES
Section 30 Magistrates
He can pass sentence of imprisonment not exceeding 7 years and also fine to which there is no limit.

First Class Magistrate

He can pass sentence of imprisonment not exceeding 3 years and fine not exceeding 15000 rupees, he can
also award a sentence of whipping.

Second Class Magistrate

He may also award sentence of imprisonment not exceeding 1 year and fine not exceeding 5000 rupees.

Third Class Magistrate

He may also award sentence of imprisonment not exceeding 1 month and fine not exceeding 1000 rupees.

Juvenile Magistrate
Usually a lady presides over Juvenile Courts and tries Juvenile offenders. Juveniles are children below 13
year of age, they are tried under Children Act. This provide for treatment, training and rehabilitation of
youthful offenders.

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SENTENCE AUTHORIZED BY LAW
They are:
1. Death.
2. Imprisonment for life.
3. Imprisonment (rigorous or simple).
4. Forfeitures of Property.
5. Fine.
6. Whipping.
7. Treatment, Training and rehabilitation of youthful Offenders.
8. Detention till rising of court (shortest punishment).

SUMMONS
i. A summon or SUBPOENA is a document compelling the attendance of a witness on specified day and
at a specific time in a court of law under a penalty.
ii. It is issued by court in writing, in duplicate and signed by the preceding officer of the court.
iii. It is served in the witness by a police officer or officer of the court or other public servant.
iv. The witness retains one copy and returns the other one dully signed by him in acknowledgement of its
recipient.
v. After receiving summon, witness must attend the court punctually.
vi. Failure to obey a summon without a just cause renders the witness liable to an action for damages in a
civil case and fine or warrant of arrest and compulsory attendance in a criminal one.

Courts Predominance over other Courts of Law.

i. In general criminal courts take dominance over civil courts and if witness is called to attend the two
courts he must attend the higher court and other court must be informed.
ii. If the two courts are of different status, such as Magistrate court and Session court the higher court
get the preference.
iii. If the two courts are of same status, such as Principal Session Courts and Additional Session Court,
the court from where he got the summon earlier get the preference.
iv. Informing the other court of facts or the time of appearance there may be adjusted by special
arrangement.

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CONDUCT MONEY
i. In civil cases fee to cover the expense to attend the court called “conduct Money” is paid to witness
by the party who produces the witness.
ii. If the fee is not given, the doctor can ignore the summon.
iii. In case where a Medical witness considers that fees is inadequate he may inform the court
accordingly and get it enhanced.
iv. In criminal cases, no such fee is made when the summon is served but a medical witness must always
obey the summon, otherwise he will be charged with contempt of court.
Independent medical practitioner may claim a fee at the time of giving evidence before taking oath, and
should not insist on it if the presiding officer is not willing to grant it.

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 CHAPTER NO. 3
EVIDENCE, ITS TYPES AND WITNESS
EVIDENCE
The Evidence mean the information, fact whether general or legal about the issue in case provided by
person which may be normal citizen or well qualified authority including “Medical Practitioner” and
presented to the court of law.
OR
All legal means (material, information or statement) presented in court of law during judicial hearing to
prove or disprove an allegation.

Admissibility of Evidence
The Admissibility of evidence means principles for the production of evidence.

Major Principles
i. The evidence must be confined to matter in issue.
ii. The evidence must be clear, concise and relevant.
iii. The evidence must be given in oral form or in written form.
iv. The evidence must be based on truth and honesty and should not breach any code of conduct.
v. The evidence must be simple in description and not doubtful.
vi. Hear say evidence is not admissible except during dying declaration.

Types of Evidences
The following are the types of evidence presented to the court of law by a witness.
❖ Direct evidence.
❖ Circumstantial evidence.
❖ Opinion of an expert.
❖ Trace evidence.

1. Direct Evidence
i. It means that the person has perceived the evidence directly through his/her own senses.
ii. The direct evidence may be.
a. Oral evidence.
b. Documentary evidence e.g. Medical certificate, Medico legal report, dying declaration.

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Example
❖ The witness has perceived the scene of accident directly by his/her own senses.
❖ The witness has seen the act of “Qatl” directly.

2. Circumstantial Evidence
It means the fact from which another fact can be inferred.
OR
The fact, which can be known from the study of circumstance or the scene of offence.

Example
When the dead body is lying dead on the road and near it are some broken pieces of windscreens and tyre
marks. These visible facts offer circumstantial evidence.

3. Opinion of an expert
i. It means the conclusion or the legal information given by the qualified authority such as medical
practitioner.
ii. The opinion of an expert is of important value and may prove or disprove an allegation.
iii. Medical opinion about the weapon of offence, duration of injury and cause of injury or death are
important.

4. Trace Evidence
i. It is a material left at the scene of crime during performance of an act.
ii. The transfer of trace evidence is a mutual/ two-way phenomenon.

Example
Biological Evidence e.g. Blood, saliva, semen, nails, hairs, vomitus, teeth marks, fingerprints etc.
Non-biological Evidence e.g. wristwatch, neckles, breslet, clothes, keys etc.

RECORDING OF EVIDENCE
During the trial of a case, the evidence in the court of law is recorded in three basic ways.
❖ Examination is chief.
❖ Cross Examination.
❖ Re-Examination.

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1. Examination is chief
i. This is the 1st component of evidence and party who produces the witness in the court of law
conducts it.
ii. The witness is asked by the advocate of party who causes the witness in the court.
iii. During this stage the witness must recall the evidence and facts should be in his/her mind.
iv. Leading questions are not allowed except in those cases in which the judge is satisfied that witness
is hostile.
v. The objective of this examination is to lay before the court the facts, which the witness knows about
the case.

2. Cross Examination
i. This is the 2nd component of recording stage of evidence.
ii. The witness is asked by the advocate of party who defends the offences presented in the case.
iii. During this stage the advocate of opposite party asks question regarding evidence in order to seek
any benefit of plead.
iv. Leading questions are allowed.
v. The objective of this examination is to check the creditability of witness and accuracy of evidence.

3. Re-Examination
i. This is the 3rd stage of recording of evidence.
ii. This stage provides an opportunity to clear any doubt, which is produced during cross-
examination.
iii. This stage is also conducted to check the creditability of evidence provided by the witness.
iv. The court may ask question during any stage of examination to clarify the facts.

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DYING DEPOSITION AND DYING DECLARATION

Dying Deposition Dying Declaration

Presence of accused is necessary Presence of accused is not necessary

It is an oath It is not an oath

It is always taken down in writing It may be verbal or written

A justice of peace can only record it
Leading questions are allowed
It has legal values even if the victim
survives
It can be taken in any case when the
witness is critically ill
It can be recorded by any credible person
even the attending Medical practitioner
Not so
It has no legal value if the victim
survives
It must be taken in criminal case of
homicide

DEPOSITION
i. It is a statement on oath made by a person suffering from serious disease to a magistrate in the
presence of accused and his lawyers who has the opportunity of cross-examining him.
ii. The doctor should satisfy that the victim is in sound mental condition.
iii. Dying deposition legally carries more weight than dying declaration because it is recorded by
magistrate in the presence of accused and his lawyers.
iv. In contrast to dying declaration, dying deposition retains its full legal value if the victim survives.

WITNESS
The witness is the person who comes before the court of law and gives legal or general information about
the facts in the issue of case.
The witness gives his/her opinion about the case and may prove beneficial.

Principles for witness

The following are the main principles necessary for the person who is called as witness.
i. Be familiar with the case for which he/she is called.
ii. Speak briefly, carefully and in non-technical language.
iii. Listen carefully when questioned before giving answers.
iv. Address the court of a justice as “Sir”.
v. Not answer with anger but should give his/her suggestion politely if disagrees.
vi. Be impartial.

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vii. If he/she does not know the answer, must admit the lack of knowledge instead of false
manipulations.
viii. After answering the question he/she should leave the court with the permission of court of justice.

Types of witness
There are two mean types.
❖ Common Witness.
❖ Expert Witness.

1. Common Witness
i. Common Witness is one who gives opinion about the issue, which is perceived through any of his
senses (eye, ear, taste, smell, touch).
ii. He / She cannot draw any interference from observation and volunteer a statement.

2. Expert Witness
i. Expert witness is well-qualified authority who gives scientific opinion in the case of trial.
ii. Expert witness draw conclusion from the fact observed by him/her.
iii. Medical practitioner can act both as expert witness and common witness.

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HOSTILE WITNESS is one who purposely makes statement contrary to the facts he has already said in
the lower court or in the same court on previous occasions.

The ordinary as well as the expert witness may become hostile. Such a witness is being examined by
putting the leading questions in the chief examination to elicit the facts.

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 CHAPTER NO.4
LAWS RELATED TO MEDICAL PRACTICE
1. MEDICAL AND DENTAL DEGREE ORDINANCE 1980
The medical and dental degree ordinance is a small law and the main objectives of this ordinance are.
i. This law tells about the educational system of medical study including MBBS and Dental system.
ii. This law states the superior authorities (Medical Colleges/ Universities) for granting the medical
degree or diploma.
iii. This law states that the medical certificate for either purpose must be issued by Registered
Medical Practitioner (RMP).
iv. This law prohibits the falsely recommendation of medical degree or diploma and issuing false
certificate.

Penalty: - The contravention is punished with imprisonment of five year and fine of 50,000 rupees or
both.

2. ALLOPATHIC SYSTEM ACT 1962

This is an important statute law, this law states that
i. Registered medical practitioner means a medical practitioner registered with PMDC.
ii. Only registered medical practitioner can write before their name the word DOCTOR or any of its
grammatical abbreviation.
iii. Only RMP can perform major/minor surgeries.
iv. Only RMP can prescribe Drugs of Abuse.
v. The prevention of use of allopathic system.
Penalty: - The contravention is punished with imprisonment of one year and fine of 2000 or both.

3. PMDC ORDINANCE 1962

i. PMDC ordinance 1962 states the establishment of legal authorizing body for conducting the
professional conduct of medical institutions, Universities and registered practitioners.
ii. This ordinance deals with the formation of Executive committee or academic council in order to
assist or perform its function.
iii. The total number of members for the council depends upon the number of registered medicine
conducting authorities.

President PMDC: - Director General Health. Pakistan.

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Duration of Member
i. The duration for elected members is about 5 years.
ii. The duration for nominated member depends upon the time as long as they hold their designation.

Objectives of PMDC
It has following main objectives.
❖ Medical Education Evaluation
❖ Medical Register
❖ Code of Ethics
❖ Advice on Disciplinary action
❖ Warning Notices
❖ CME Programs
❖ Certificates

1. Medical Education Evaluation

It is achieved by following consideration.
i. Maintain and upgrade courses of study.
ii. Provide better opportunity to medical student so that they should step forward according to the
needs.
iii. Prescribe minimum qualification for medical teachers at each level whether under graduate or
post graduate.
iv. Prescribe the duration of study of course to medical student.
v. The Executive committee must inspect the experience and method of teaching of teachers.
vi. The PMDC Executive committee must inspect the institution granting medical and dental
education and training.
vii. After inspecting, the committee sends report whether to recommend or reject the affiliation of
institution.

2. Medical register
i. The Medical register is a register that contains the names and record of all the registered medical
practitioners.
ii. The maintenance of medical register is an important duty of PMDC evaluation committee.
It has two portions.

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a. First Portion
It contains the names and record of al those medical practitioner who pocesses basic medical qualification
e.g. MBBS.

b. Second portion
It contains the names and record of specialist medical practitioner who pocesses specialization is specific
field.

3. Code of Ethics
i. The ethical standard means the professional conduct of registered Medical practitioner.
ii. The council must inspect the ethical standard by judging it carefully.
iii. If the medical practitioner has been found guilty of any breach of law. He/ she must be treated
accordingly.
iv. His/ Her name can be suspended or removed from the register record.

4. Advice on Disciplinary Action

It advices the central health ministry, when an appeal is made by a local medical petitioner against the
decision of council on disciplinary matters.

5. Warning Notices
Council may issue warning notices in relation to certain unethical practices which are regarded as falling
within the meaning of infamous conduct in professional respect.

6. CME Program
It sponsors and organizes medical education programs for medical practitioners to help update their
knowledge.

7. Certificates
It is empowered to issue certificates of good conduct and character to medical students or doctors going
abroad for higher studies or services.

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PMDC Oath for the administration to the medical graduates of this country at the administration to the
medical graduates of this country at the time of their passing out is gives below.
“In the name of Allah. Most Gracious and Merciful.

I solemnly pledge that I shall abide by the principles lain down in the code of medical Ethics of the
Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. I further make solemn declaration that:
❖ I consecrate my life to the service of humanity.
❖ I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude which is their due.
❖ I will practice my profession with conscience dignity and fear of God.
❖ The health of any patient will be my fist consideration.
❖ I will respect the secrets, which are confided in me.
❖ I will maintain by all the means in my power, the honor and the noble tradition of the medical
profession.
❖ My colleagues will be my brothers and sisters.
❖ I will not permit consideration of religion, nationality, race, party politics, social standing to
intervene between my duty and my patient.
❖ I will maintain the utmost respect, for human life, from the time of conception; even under threat,
and will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity.
I make these promises solemnly, free and upon my honor.

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PRIVILEGES OF MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
Upon registration with PMDC the registered medical practitioners have following privileges.
i. Able to seek any job or employment independently against any opportunity.
ii. Issuing of registered medical certificate.
iii. Able to charge fee from the patient after examining.

OBLIGATION OF MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS

The main obligations are
i. Whenever the medical practitioner changes his/her place or address of practice. He/She must
notify it to PMDC so that the medical register could be updated.
ii. Issuing false medical certificate should be handled carefully.
Must write his/her name, designation and qualification clearly instead of just writing RMP.

4. DRUG ACT 1976

This Act deals with the rules of drugs manufacturing import, export and registration.
This Act of 1976 is in accordance with the rules provided by World Health Organization (WHO).

Main Features of Drug Act 1976

The specific objectives of this act are: -
i. Marketed drugs, which may be produced locally or imported should be of standard quality.
ii. The newly synthesized drugs should be checked and evaluated for safety and efficacy.
iii. The term of approval of any product should be modified.
iv. The product can be with drawn from market on the basis of additional information.
v. The medical practitioner is kept informed about the uses and abuses of drugs.
vi. The control over advertising the drugs unlawfully should be handled.
vii. The drugs must be stored for specific duration and their market regulation must not stop for the
sake of benefits on increased rates.

Drug Registration
The drugs undergo registration after its evaluation both by checking its uses and abuses.

Constitution of Registration Board

The members are:
❖ Director General Health Govt. of Pakistan.
❖ Professor of Clinical subject.

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❖ Professor of Pharmacology.
❖ Deputy Director General Health.
❖ Pharmaceutical Chemist.
❖ Medical Specialist.
❖ Drug Administration secretary.
The chairman and secretary registration board shall, after the board has approved the registration of
drug sign the certificate of registration.

Application for Registration of a Drug

I/We__owner name__ of ___company Name___hereby apply for the registration of Drug namely
___Drug Name___ details of choice are enclosed herewith.
Signed____________
Date: _____________
Place: _____________

5. DANGEROUS DRUG ACT 1930

The dangerous Act 1930 extends to whole of Pakistan and it states that those drugs having potential to act
dangerously or misuse of drugs and the regulation should be inspected regularly and lays punishment to
those who are involved in any kind of breach of this act.

Dangerous Drugs
The main drugs, which are misused and require strict control are coca, heroin, morphine, methadone, and
all manufactured drugs that alter mood and perception.

Criteria for Addiction

According to WHO and Dangerous drug Act 1930 it states.
i. Any individual compelled to take drug regularly.
ii. Initial dose does not act sufficiently.
iii. Psycho logic and physiologic changes on the body.
iv. Withdrawal symptoms after stop taking drug.
v. Personality Disturbance.

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Prevention of Abuse of Drugs
i. Punish those, involved in abuse of drugs.
ii. Custom department should check any transport of dangerous drugs.
iii. Treatment center must be established in psychiatric wards.
iv. Addicted person should teach according to “Islam” and “Sunnah”.

Rule 8
According to this rule
i. Only Registered chemist can sell dangerous drugs.
ii. The drug must be sold on the prescription of RMP stating his/her name registration number,
address, name, dose and quantity of drug required.
iii. If the drugs are obtained by post, they must be sent by registered post.
iv. After selling, it must be entered in register along with time, date, dose and name of drug.
v. In emergency the drug can be sent by oral message and a written signed order must be received
with in 24 hours.
vi. Drug must be sold according to the dose mentioned in prescription

Rule 13
This law states the amount or quantity of dangerous drug, which a medical practitioner must prescribe.
Medical hemp …… 3 ounce
Opium …… 3 ounce
Coca derivative … 60 grains
If a medical practitioner who desires to distribute and sale opium alkaloid or coca derivative, must take a
chemist license.

Rule 14
i. This rule states the maintenance of record for dangerous drug in separate register or in separate
part of same register stating the name and amount of drug.
ii. The entry must be made on the day and time at which drug is received or sold.
iii. No cutting and alteration is allowed.
iv. If the prescription does not contain any superscription, the drug must be sold only once.
v. After selling, the drug entry must be made on prescription duly verified and signed.
vi. If cutting is made it must be mentioned by footnote specifying the reason.

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CONSENT
It is a mutual agreement between two parties on the same point for specific period.

Role of Consent
i. Permission of patient before the start of medical treatment.
ii. Consent is necessary for all medical procedures whether for purpose of diagnosis or physical
treatment.
iii. The patient is not obliged to submit a medical treatment unless he is involved in some contagious
disease or dangerous to other members of society.

Types of consent
It depends on two situations:

A. Emergency situation
1. Implied consent
i. It is applied in emergency.
ii. It is the consent, which is given by patient presentation at the time of arrival to practitioner. E.g.:
Patient with serious injury comes to the hospital.
iii. The law takes no action if the consent procedure is not adopted.

B. Other Situation
1. Expressed Consent
i. It should be taken from all patients except emergency patients.
ii. The nature, purpose and inherit risk involved in the treatment are explained to the patient.
iii. It may be written or oral.

a. Informed Consent
It is that type of expressed consent, in which the patient having full knowledge about medical treatment
agrees to take it in written form.

b. Blanket Consent
i. It is the most frequently practiced consent in our hospitals.
ii. It is the one that is obtained without fully explaining about the proposed treatment.

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Age of Consent: -
Above 18 years for male & 16 years for female.
Physically and mentally normal.

Procedures of Consent
There are two procedures of consent:

1. Standard Procedure
It is that the medical practitioner tells his patient the nature of treatment and its possible risks in simple
language and gets his permission before actually starting the treatment.

2. Modified Procedure
This procedure of consent have to be adopted on occasional cases and the medical practitioner has to
follow medical ethics accordingly, such as
❖ Muslim Refuse medical preparations containing alcohol and morphine.
❖ Christians of sect belonging to Jehovah’s witness object to blood transfusion.

Conditions in which Consent is not necessary

i. Prisoners
ii. Insane
iii. Prisoner suffering from modifiable diseases.
iv. Medico legal purposes.

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 CONSENT FORM

I (name of the consentee) NIC number (of the consentee), do hereby

consent to (my own relationship with the patient) operation of (name of
operation) under (type of anesthesia) anesthesia. I have fully explained the
nature, purpose and inherited risk involved in this surgery and the type of
anesthesia by Dr. (name of Doctor). No assurance have been given to me
that any particular surgeon will perform the operation.

Signature of Consentee ___________________

Date___________________

I confirm that all the relevant detail in respect of above referred operation
and anesthesia have been fully explained to the consentee who has signed
this form.

Signature of Doctor__________________

Date__________________

PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT
If the medical man during his professional work has done something which will be reasonably
regarded as disgraceful or dishonourable by his professional brothers of good repute and
competancy than it is open to medical council to say that he has been found guilty of
professional misconduct.

Types of abuse in professional misconduct

1. Abuse of Doctor Privilages.
❖ To issue false medical certificates.
❖ Prescriptions of drugs to addicts.
❖ Disclosure of patient secrets.

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 2. Abuse of Doctor Patient Relationship.
❖ Indecent assault
❖ Adultery
❖ Blackmailing

3. Abuse of professional Knowledge

❖ Criminal abortion

4. Association with unqualified persons

It means referring the patient to clinics of under trained and unqualified persons, just to get shares.

5. Advertisement

Unusual big name plates (standard size is 3 x 2 ft or 36 inches x 24 inches).

PROFESSIONAL SECRETS AND PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION

1. Professional Secrets
A professional secret is one which a doctor comes to know in his professional capacity. He should not
divulge anything which he has thus learnt. This is an ethical and legal obligation and a practitioner is
liable to damages for its neglect.

2. Privileged Communication

The privileged communication is defined as communication made by a doctor to a proper authority who
has corresponding legal, social and moral duties to protect the public. Such a privileged can be claim and
disclosure of professional secrets is justified in following ocassions.
i. When as a witness in a court of law the doctor is asked by a judge.
ii. When a doctor has moral and social duties to perform.
iii. When it is to safeguard the interest of doctors.
iv. When a doctor as a citizen assist the court of law in the case of a person who has comitted serious
crime outweighs his obligations to patient.
v. In certain other cases.

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 EUTHANASIA OR MERCY KILLING
The act of taking life to relief suffering in known as euthanasia.
Types
It is of two types.

❖ Voluntary Euthanasia.
❖ Compulsory Euthanasia.

1. Voluntary Euthanasia
i. In voluntary euthanasia the sufferer asks voluntary for measures to be taken to end his life.
ii. Active steps accomplish this with administration of drugs or by passive euthanasia
deliberate withdrawing of treatment.

2. Compulsory Euthanasia
The caretakers of a patient give instructions to terminate the life of patient who can not express his
wishes.

Stages and level for euthanasia

There are three stages,

❖ At the beginning of life

❖ At the end of natural life
❖ When the person is severely impaired as a result of brain death.

a. At the beginning of life

This problem arises in case of physically or mentally handicapped infants, as the infant can not make his
decision so the parents and doctors should make a decision.
Decision should overweigh the suffering of the child.

b. At the end of natural life

The conscious dying patient can make his own decisions. The refusal to consent to any treatment always
rest with the patient ant there is no moral obligations on the doctor to save the life at any cost.

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c. When the person is severely impaired as a result of brain death.
When the medical treatment has nothing to offer the patient can be allowed to die in comfort and with
dignity. Such a step would also save the resources of the state for more rational uses.

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE
It is a performance of medical examination, treatment or surgery without due regard for the safety of
others is resulting in damage.
OR
The omission to do something which a reasonable person would do, or doing something which a
reasonable person would not do.

Explanation.
It is the duty of the doctor to treat the patient properly. If there is some failure to deliver standard care to
the patient, due to which patient suffers from some injury, the doctor is responsible for this
❖ Burden of proof of negligence of the medical petitioner normally rests on the patient.
❖ Extent of damage in such claims is not limited to the physical injury alone.
❖ The patient is entitled to recover the damages for physical injury, pain and mental suffering along
with any loss of earning capacity associated with the injury.

Types of Negligence

There are four types, which are

❖ Civil Negligence.
❖ Criminal Negligence.
❖ Third party Negligence.
❖ Contributory Negligence.

1. Civil Negligence

It results from lack of carefulness in the administration treatment.

Examples

❖ Extraction of healthy tooth instead of diseased one.

❖ Failure to X-ray fractured part.

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2. Criminal Negligence

It results from gross and wicked recklessness on the part of medical practitioner showing absolutely no
regard for the safety of the patient’s life and in such cases, the patient usually dies. In such a situation, the
state punishes the wrongdoer and the medical practitioner is charged under criminal law with
manslaughter.

Examples

Over anesthetizing of the patient by an addicted anesthetist solely to satisfy himself or leaving of the
patient unattended after opening the abdomen by a surgeon to meet a friend or a relative of patient to
negotiate fee are examples of criminal negligence.

3. Third Party Negligence

It is defined as, carelessness on the part of Para-medical staff working in a hospital may damage the
patient and this type of negligence is called negligence of the third party.

4. Contributory Negligence

In this case the patient becomes negligent and does not carry out the medical instructions, and thus
contribute to the results. It is then referred to as contributory negligence.

Res IPSa Loquitur: It is a legal term meaning “the thing speaks for itself”, e.g. if after surgery, a such, or
scissors or some other operating material is left out in the abdominal cavity, so it implies negligence on
the part of surgeon, and the burden of proof lies on medical practitioner.

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 CHAPTER NO 5

QISAS AND DIYAT ORDINANCE

QISAS AND DIYAT ORDINANCE 1991

All the existing criminal laws such as laws relating to the act of physical suffering, and sexual assaults are
elaborated in Qisas and diyat ordinance.

This law is laid down to bring all the criminal laws in accordance with the teaching of “Islam”.

Special Terms
Some of the terms which are explained in this ordinance are.
❖ Arsh
Arsh means the compensation specified in the ordinance to be paid by the offender to the victim or his/her
heirs.

❖ Daman
Daman means the compensation determined by the court to be paid to victim by the offender for causing
hurt not liable to the Arsh.

❖ Diyat
It means the compensation specified in section 323 payable to the heirs of victim by the offender.

❖ Qisas
Punishment by causing similar hurt at the same part of the body of the offender as he has caused to the
victim or by causing his death as he has commited Qatel-i-amd. For any purpose.

HURT
Whoever causes pain, harm, disease, infirmity or ingury to any person or disable any organ of the body or
part without causing death, is said to cause hurt.

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 HURTING

ON THE BASIS OF PART ON THE BASIS OF MANNER OF

INVOLVED INFLICTION

ITLAF-I-
ITLAF-I- SHAJJA JURH SALIHAYYAT-I-UDW
UDW H

BY BY KHATA BY MEAN
NEGLIGENT NEGLIGEN OF POISON
DRIVING T ACT

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF HURT

Classification of Hurt
1. Itlaf-i-udw
Whoever dismembers, amputates, severs any limb or organ of body of another person.

2. Itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw
Whoever destroys or permenantly impiars the functional capacity or power of an organ of the body of
another person.

3. Shajjah
Hurt on head and face of other person which does not amount to ulaf-i-udw and itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw.

Kinds of Shajjah
a. Shajjah-i-Khafifah
Hurt without exposing of bone.

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 b. Shajjah-i-Mudihah
Exposing of bone without it fracture.

c. Shajjah-i-Hashimah
Fracturing of bone without displacement.

d. Shajjah-i-Munaqqilah
Fracturing of bone with displacement.

e. Shajjah-i-Ammah
Fracturing of bone and the wound touching the membranes of brain.

f. Shajjah-i-Damighah
Fracturing of bone with rupturing of the brain membranes.

4. Jurh
Hurt on the parts of the body other than the head and face bearing mark of a wound which may be
temporary or permanent.

Kinds of Jurh
a. Jaffah
Wound extending to the body cavity of the trunk.

b. Ghayar-Jaifah
Jurh not amounting to Jaifah.
i. Damiyah: - Rupturing of the skin with bleeding.
ii. Badiah: - Cutting of the flesh without exposing the bone.
iii. Mutalahimah: - Lacerating of flesh.
iv. Mudihah: - Exposing of bone.
v. Hashimah: - Fracturing of bone without displacing it.
vi. Munaqqilah: - Fracturing of bone with its displacement.

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DEATH LAWS
A. Suicide
❖ Killing of self is called sucide
❖ It is an act of voluntarily taking one’s life.
❖ It may be done by any means even by using addiction drugs such as alcohol liable to “chornic
succide”

B. Homicide
Killingof other human being.

Classification
The homicide is divided into.

1. Culpable homicide
It in further divided into.

a. Qatal-i-Amd
Killing of specific person or another with intention and knowledge of causing death.
b. Qatal Shibh-i-Amd: -
whoever, with intent to cause harm to the body or mind of any person, causes the death of that or of any
other person by means o a weapon or an act which in the ordinary course of nature is not likely to cause
death is said to commit qatl shibh-I-amd.
c. Qatl-i-khata: -
whoever, without any intention to cause death of, or cause harm to a person, causes death of such person,
either by mistake of act or by mistake of fact, is said to commit qatl-I-khata.

d. Qatl-bis-sabab: -
whoever, without any intention to cause death of, or cause harm to, any person, does any unlawful act
which becomes a cause for the death of another person is said to commit qatl-I-sabab.

2. Non culpable: - It is further divided into.

a. Justifiable homicide:-
Causing death with due respect by the order of court and also killing by police during any police
surrender act.

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 b. Excusable homicide:-
Causing death in special circumstances such as in the act of self defense

C. KILLING OF THE FETUS

❖ It is called as miscarriage.
❖ It is an illegal act.
❖ Evaluation of pregnant uterus is called as abortion.

Classification
It is classified into
❖ Spontaneous abortion
❖ Indued abortion.

1. Spontanes Abortion
i. It is more common during first 28 weeks of pragnancy
ii. It does not dictates, any illegal action.
2. Induced abortion
It is divided into

a. Therapeutic abortion
i. Whem it is conducted in good faith in order to save the life of pregnant women.
ii. Saving life of the mother is only sole reason in therapeutic abortion otherwise it dictates legal
proceedings.

b. Criminal Abortion
i. It is most serious crime and has legal proceeding.
ii. The period of gestation is an important parameter for the act of punishment.

ISQAT-E-HAML
whoever causes a woman with child whose organs have not been formed to miscarry. If such miscarriage
is not caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the women or providing necessary
treatment to her, is said to cause isqat-I-haml.

Punishment for Isqat-I-haml

The punishment for isqat-I-haml is.

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❖ Imprisonment, which may extend to three years, if isqat-I-haml is caused with the consent of the
woman, or
❖ Imprisonment, which may extend to ten years, if isaqat-I-haml is caused without the consent of the
woman.

ISQAT-E- JANIN
Whoever causes a woman with child some of whose limbs or organs have been formed to miscarry, if
such miscarriage is not caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman, is said to
cause isqat-I-jainin.

Punishment for Isqat-I-jainin

The imprisonment for isqat-I-jainin is.
❖ One twentieth of the diyat if the child is born dead.
❖ Full diyat if the child is born alive but dies as a result of any act of the offender; and
❖ imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years as ta’zir.

SEXUAL ASSUALTS
The sexual assaults mean giving sexual suffering to other person whether, women, men or child.
All kinds of sexual acts except normal marriage are illegal and those who are involved should be
punished to prevent illegal sexuality in the community.

Special Terms
Some terms which needs special attention are
❖ Zina
Will fully committing sexual intercourse without being legally married to each other.
❖ Zina bil jabar:-
Committing of sexual intercourse with out the consent of the victim without legally married to each other.
❖ Sexual perversions
Small percentage of people, who due to acute desire or psychological need adopt immoral and socially
unaccepted ways to fullfil their sexual desire. e.g sodomy, lesbianism, sadism, masochism etc.

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Perversions
Definitions

Sadism Sexual pleasure from acts of cruelty upon partner, usually of

opposite sex.

Masochism Sexual pleasure from pain or injury received at the hands of

partner, usually of the opposite sex.

Homosexuality Sexual gratification through stimulation by willing partners

of the same sex.

Lesbianism Sexual gratification among females through mutual sexual

stimulation.

Transsexualism Desire to adopt the opposite sex.

Transvestism Sexual gratification by wearing the dress of the opposite sex.

Pedophilia Sexual love directed towards prepubescent children.

Voyeurism Sexual gratification by looking at naked members of the

opposite sex.

Exhibitionism Sexual pleasure by exposing sex organs to the members of

the opposite sex.

Bestiality Transference of object of sexuality from human to animal.

Necrophilia Desire for and use of dead body for sexual pleasure.

Transference of object of sexuality from human to

Fetishism belongings of the opposite sex.

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 Chapter No 6
OFFENCES AND THEIR SECTIONS
1. Giving false evidence: Section 191.
Whenever the person during the trail of a case give false facts in order to deviate the attention from legal
allegation.
2. Punishment for false evidence: Section 193.
Shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for term up to seven years or be liable to fine.
3. Murder: - Section 300.
Killing of the other human being intentionally.
4. Punishment for murder: Section 302.
Imprisonment, sentence of death or fine and imprisonment both.
5. Hurt: - Section 332.
Explained above.
Kinds of Hurt:-
6. Itlaf-i-udw: Section 333.
7. Itlaf-i-Salahiyyat-i-udw: Section 335
8. Shajjah: Section 337
9. Punishment of Shajjah: Section 337A
10. Jurh: Section 337B
Kinds of Jurh:-
11. Jaifah : Section 337C
12. Punishment of jaifah : Section 337D
13. Ghayr-jaifah : Section 337E
14. Punishment of ghayr-jaifah: Section 337F
15. Qatl-i-amd: Section 300
16. Punishment of Qatl-i-amd: Section 302.
17. Qatl-Shibh-i-amd: Section 315
18. Punishment of Qatl-shibh-i-amd: Section 316
19. Qatl-i-Khata: Section 318
20. Punishment of Qatl-i-Khata: Section 319
21. Qatl-bis-sabab : Section 321
22. Punishment of Qatl-bis-sabab : Section 322
23. Rape Section 375
24. Punishment of rape Section 376
25. Unnatural offenses (sexual) Section 377

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The word “Forensic” mean

a. Dead body
b. Court of law
c. Evidence
d. Witness
Ans. B

2. Oldest medico legal code is

a. Code of Hittite
b. Roman law
c. Justinian code
d. Code of Hammurabi
Ans. B

3. The oldest code of medical ethics is

a. Coroner system
b. Medico-legal system
c. Hippocratic oath
d. The state medical council.
Ans. C

4. Legal aspect of medical practice is called

a. Forensic Toxicology
b. Forensic Medicine
c. Forensic pathology
d. Medical jurisprudence
Ans. D

5. The enquiry into the circumstances of death is called

a. Homicide enquiry
b. Inquest report
c. Open verdict
d. Adjourned verdict
Ans. B

6. In dowry deaths inquest is carried out by

a. Intelligence
b. Police
c. Magistrate
d. Both B & C
Ans. C

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7. Magistrate inquest in carried out in
a. Death in Police custody
b. Exhumation cases
c. Infanticide cases
d. Both a and b
Ans. D

8. A case of food poisoning in a restraint, informed to public health authority by a doctor is an

example of
a. Medical Jurisprudence
b. Forensic medicine
c. Forensic pathology
d. Forensic Toxicology
e. State Medicine
Ans. E

9. In case of death in lock up, the inquest is held by

a. Police officer
b. Magistrate
c. Panchayat officer
d. District Attorney
Ans. B

10. In India, inquest is carried out by all except

a. Police
b. Coroner
c. Doctor
d. Magistrate
Ans. C

11. The common type of inquest in India is

a. Coroner’s inquest
b. Police inquest
c. Judicial magistrate inquest
d. Medical examiner’s inquest
Ans. B

12. The following are the type of inquests held in India except.
a. Magistrate inquest
b. Coroner inquest
c. Police inquest
d. Private defective inquest
Ans. B

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13. In Pakistan, magistrate inquest is done in the following cases except
a. Exhumation cases
b. Dowry deaths within 5 years of marriage
c. Murder cases
d. Death of a person in police custody
Ans. C

14. In cases of death in prison, police custody

a. Police investigation is done
b. High court takes action
c. Magistrate’s inquest is held.
d. Coroner system activates.
Ans. C

15. The power of Amnesty for capital punishment is vested with

a. The President
b. Supreme court
c. High court
d. The governor
Ans. A
(Amnesty is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an
offense against it to the positions of innocent people.)

16. Doctor is a
a. Expert witness only
b. Common witness only
c. Both above
d. Defense witness
Ans. B

17. Testimony is
a. The Fact perceived by the witness by own senses
b. The fact explained
c. The oath given by hostile witness
d. The fact presented to court of law by witness
Ans. D

18. Perjury means.

a. Will full utterance of false hood
b. The person who produce injury.
c. The leader of jury
d. Statement before jury.
Ans. A

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19. Leading question are allowed in
a. 5 Years
b. Re-examination
c. Examination
d. Re-examination and examination in chief
Ans. B

20. A writ compelling the attendance of witness in a court of law at a specific place and time and for
specified purpose under a penalty is called
a. Offence
b. Cross examination
c. Warrant
d. Subpoena
Ans. D

21. A doctor in a case of abortion was sent a summon by court. The Doctor refuse the summon of
court. The court will now.
a. Renew the summon
b. Wait till the Doctor agrees
c. Dissolve the case
d. Issue warrant of arrest to the Doctor
Ans. D

22. Dr. Junaid was summoned on the same day to attend at two courts, civil and criminal he will
attend at.
a. Civil court
b. Criminal court
c. Attend both
d. Refuse
Ans. C

23. Ali gave evidence in court of law about MR. Khan murder, which he had heard from one of his
friend. The court will.
a. Consider it a direct evidence
b. Consider it a hear say evidence
c. Consider Ali a hostile witness
d. Consider it a dying declaration
Ans. B

24. Dying deposition is evidence taken on oath in presence of

a. Lawyer of accused
b. Accused
c. Both accused & his lawyer
d. No need of accused or his lawyer.

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Ans. C

25. Dying deposition is superior to dying declaration as

a. It is recorded by police
b. It is recorded by doctor
c. It is recorded in the presence of accused who can cross examine
d. Any one can record it
Ans. C

26. For writing the death certificate the medical practitioner

a. Is entitled to charge fee
b. Is not entitled to charge fee
c. Should delay the certificate until charge his fee
d. Is entitled to charge fee in suicidal cases
Ans. C

27. If the statement (dying declaration) is written by declaring himself, it should be signed
a. Magistrate
b. Doctor (M.P)
c. Declarant himself
d. Witness
Ans. C

28. A police officer in engaged in investigation during dying declaration recording

a. He should be present at the spot.
b. He should record as well
c. He is not allowed to be present
d. a & b
Ans. C

29. Conduct money is paid to expert witness with summons from

a. Civil court
b. Criminal court
c. High court
d. Sub magistrate
Ans. A

30. Conduct money is the fee offered to a witness by a defense party in all cases except
a. Civil court
b. Department Proceedings
c. Consumer forum
d. Criminal Court

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Ans. D

31. Blood transfusion require

a. Implied consent
b. No consent
c. Special written
d. a + b
Ans. C

32. Refusing to give Professional service on religious ground is

a. Doctor privilege
b. Professional Misconduct
c. Professional death sentence
d. Medical ethics
Ans. B

33. Commercialization of secret remedy is

a. Professional Death sentence
b. Professional misconduct
c. Dangerous drug rule 13
d. Dangerous drug Act 1930
Ans. B

34. Death Notification by doctor is

a. Medical certificate
b. Doctor’s Privilege
c. Compulsory Notification
d. All of above
Ans. C

35. Doctor is not legally band to inform the authorities in cases of

a. Suicide unless the person die
b. Homicide
c. Poisoning
d. None of above
Ans. A

36. Medical examiner system is prevalent in

a. Great Britain
b. USA
c. India
d. Pakistan
Ans. B

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37. Death sentence can be awarded by
a. Executive magistrate
b. Coroner
c. Chief Judicial magistrate
d. Session judge
Ans. D

38. First class magistrate can award

a. 3 years sentence and fine up to 5000 Rs
b. 1 year sentence and five up to 1000 Rs
c. 1 year sentence and fine up to 100 Rs.
d. Only fine up to 100 Rs.
Ans. A

39. Second class magistrate can award

a. Only fine up to 100 Rs
b. Only fine up to 1000 Rs.
c. Sentence up to 2 years with fine up to 1000 Rs.
d. Sentence up to 1 year with fine up to 1000 Rs.
Ans. D

40. Death sentence awarded by court can be carried out only after confirmation with
a. Session court
b. High court
c. Supreme court
d. President of country
Ans. B

41. Gangrene after tight plastering in a patient is an example of

a. Civil Negligence
b. Mal practice
c. Criminal Negligence
d. 3rd Party Negligence
Ans. B

42. Accidental Substitution of poisonous drug in place of an innocuous one is

a. Res ipsa loquitur
b. Novus actus intaveniens
c. Mens rea
d. None of above
Ans. B

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43. A surgeon forgot a cotton swab in the abdomen of patient. This case is presented to
a. Civil Law
b. Criminal Law
c. Both Civil and Criminal Law
d. Common Law
Ans. A

44. A patient gave a dying declaration but he died after 5 hours of that, the court will
a. Leave the case as such
b. Will consider the dying declaration
c. Will not consider the dying declaration
d. Will solve the case on Mc Naughtan’s Rule.
Ans. B

45. A 12 Years boy , insane killed a man

a. Responsible for his criminal responsibility
b. Negate Criminal responsibility
c. Mens rea
d. Non of above
Ans. B

46. Mr. Khan Killed Mr. Gul on a busy road in front of the police. On examination Mr. Khan was
suffering from psychiatric problem this is called.
a. Substantive
b. McNaughton’s Rule
c. Unfit
d. Irresistible impulse.
Ans. D

47. A Person makes gesture or any preparation to apprehend another person that the gesture or
preparation will cause harm to that person is.
a. Actus reus
b. Guilty but insane
c. Assault
d. Offence
Ans. C

48. A Magistrate of first class may pass sentence of imprisonment not exceeding.
a. 5 Years
b. 2 Years
c. 10 Years

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d. 4 Years
Ans. C

49. In medical & dental degree ordinance 1980, the offence is punishable with maximum.
a. 10 years
b. 2 years
c. 14 years
d. 5 years.
Ans. D.

50. No one other than registered medical practitioner can do __________ except.
a. Use with his/her name Doctor, to give an impression of medical practice.
b. Prescribe antibiotic.
c. Incision of boils
d. Use medical degree or diploma to give an impression of qualified M.P
Ans. C.

51. The term of office of a member from a university granting Medical Degree in PMDC is
a. 2years
b. 5 years
c. 3 years
d. 1 year.
Ans. C.

52. The first portion of Medical Register deals with

a. The introduction of the Medical Practitioner.
b. Name of Medical Practitioners having MBBS degree.
c. Name of Specialists.
d. Privileges of Doctors.
Ans. B.

53. Doctor shifted his clinic to another city then.

a. He will inform PMDC council within one week.
b. He will inform PMDC council within 15 days.
c. He will inform PMDC council within 30 days.
d. He will not inform PMDC.
Ans. C.

54. Temporary removal of name of registered medical practitioner from medical register is called
a. Actus reus
b. Penal Erasure
c. Professional Death
d. None of above

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Ans. B.

55. Disclosing of patient’s secrete is

a. Absolute privilege.
b. Medical Notification.
c. Medical Negligence.
d. Professional Misconduct.
Ans. D.

56. A person using a drug got social deterioration of personality. On discontinuing the drug he
experience complex sequence of symptoms and intense craving for drug. Now to produce the
initial effect he has to increase the drug amount this mean
a. This drug is contraindicated in the person.
b. These are the side effects of drug.
c. This is drug addiction/ dependence.
d. This drug interacts with another drug that the person is using.
Ans. C.

57. The person was going abroad, on airport he suddenly died. On autopsy a capsule was found in
the intestine. The cause of death was
a. Thromboembolic phenomena.
b. Choking.
c. Ingesting heroin containing capsule
d. Food poisoning.
Ans. C.
.

58. Which of the following Dangerous Drug Rule deals with mode of sale and supply of these drugs.
a. Dangerous Drug Rule 13
b. Dangerous Drug Rule 7
c. Dangerous drug Rule 9
d. None of above
Ans. D.

59. If the dangerous drug is sold for 6 times as appeared from prescription the chemist should
a. Sell the dangerous drug only once again.
b. Not sell the dangerous drug .
c. Sell the dangerous drug as many time as the prescription is shown to him.
d. Should concern the Doctor.
Ans. B.

60. Correction of an entry in Register holding records of Dangerous Drug should

a. Be made by cancellator, obliteration or alteration in entry

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b. Not be made.
c. Be made by marginal note or foot note
d. Be made in another register
Ans. C.

61. Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in some sense,
this is called.
a. Free consent
b. Mutual consent
c. Implied Consent
d. Expressed Consent
Ans. C.

62. An application stating the mental condition of a mentally ill patient and two medical
practitioners, once issued 7 days before and other 2 days before, for the admission of mutually
ill patient to mental hospital is criteria for
a. Voluntary admission
b. Temporary Admission
c. A and B (Both)
d. Non of Above
Ans. B.

63. Period of stay for temporary reception is

a. 28 days.
b. 30 days.
c. 3 Months
d. 6 Months.
e. 1 year.
Ans. D.

64. The maximum period of detention of a wondering, dangerous or cruelly treated lunatic in
mental hospital by magistrate is
a. 30 days
b. 28 days.
c. 10 days
d. 6 Months
Ans. A.

65. A person is presented to Doctor in hospital emergency for severe head injury, due to road
traffic accident and is partially unconscious. The consent will be of which type?
a. Blanket Consent
b. Mutual Consent
c. Free Consent.

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d. Informed consent.
e. Implied consent.
Ans. A.

66. Rx stands for

a. Medical prescription.
b. Medical Report.
c. Medical Certificate.
d. Medical Notification.
Ans. A.

67. Administration of contraceptive pills to treat menstrual irregularities, need

a. Husband Consent.
b. No Consent of Husband
c. Need blanket consent.
d. None of Above
Ans. B.

68. A doctor prescribes some drugs to the patient and instructs him well above these drugs. But the
patient did not followed the instruction of Doctor and cause severing of the disease this is
a. Third part negligence.
b. Civil negligence.
c. Medical negligence.
d. Contributory negligence.
Ans. A.

69. A Doctor standing in court has a duty of professional secrecy he may disclose the patient
secrecy in front of all the people sitting in court room having some news reporters.
a. Qualified Privilege.
b. Absolute Privilege.
c. Medical Notification.
d. Professional Misconduct.
Ans. D.

70. Any harm caused illegally to any person in body, mind, reputation or property is called
a. Injury
b. Wound
c. Hurt
d. Assault
Ans. A.

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71. The compensation for causing hurt determined by court paid by offender to victim or his/her
heirs is
a. Arsh
b. Diyat
c. Daman
d. Qisas
Ans. C.

72. The amount of Diyat is amount of 30630g of silver on

a. First January of running financial year.
b. 31st December Of running financial Year.
c. 1st July of running financial year.
d. On date of death of the victim.
Ans. C.

73. Hurt on head or face, which does not amount to itlaf-e-udw and itlaf-e-salhiyyat-e-udw, is called
a. Shajjah
b. Jurh
c. Jaifah
d. Ghayr-Jaifah
Ans. A.

74. In Good faith, the authority of decision for abortion is with the pregnant women and her
physician up to the period of
a. First 13 weeks of gestation.
b. 14 week to viability of gestation.
c. After viability.
d. First 8 week of gestation.
Ans. A.

75. Judicial hanging is a type of.

a. Qatl-bis sabab
b. Qatl-i-amd
c. Justifiable homicide
d. Excusasble homicide
Ans. C.

76. Kathleen Quinlay case (U.S.A), her parents approached the court and requested to switch off
the respirator, after 3 years of mental suffering because of vegetative state of patient. This is an
example of
a. Non-culpable homicide
a. Euthanasia
b. Chronic Suicide.

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c. Toxication.
Ans. B.

77. Desire to adopt the apposite sex is called

a. Homosexual.
b. Transsexuals
c. Fetishism.
d. Transvestism
Ans. B.

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Dissolution of marriage occur when
a. Husband imprisoned for 3 years.
b. Husband Imprisoned for 4 Years.
c. Husband Imprisoned for 7 Years.
d. Husband Imprisoned for 14 Years.
Ans. C.

78. Committing of sexual intercourse with a women or man without being validly married against
the will and consent of victim is
a. Zina
b. Muhsan
c. Zina-bil-Jabar
d. Bestiality
Ans. C

79. In Common law torts, breach of duty is done by

a. Defendant
b. Plaintiff
c. Non of Defendant and Plaintiff
d. A+B
Ans. A.

80. In server facial disfigurement, percentage loss of earning capacity is

a. 100
b. 80
c. 40
d. 20
Ans. A.

81. Amputation below mid thigh to 31/2 below knee, cause percentage loss of earning capacity of
a. 100 %
b. 40 %
c. 80 %
d. 60%
Ans. D

82. Dactylography a method of identification was first time used in world in

a. England
b. Poland
c. America
d. India
Ans. D

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83. Dactylography is introduced in India by
a. William Herschel
b. Frances Galton
c. Locard
Ans. A

84. Poroscopy is
a. Counting pores of sweat glands
b. Counting pores of sebaceous glands
c. Counting number of ridges
Ans. A

85. Most common pattern of fingerprint is

a. Whorls
b. Loops
c. Composite
d. Arches
Ans. B

86. Cephalic index is used for identification of

a. Sex
b. Age
c. Complexion
d. Race
Ans. D

87. The cephalic index of Indian population is

a. 70-75
b. 75-80
c. 80-85
d. 85-90
Ans. B

88. Sex can be most appropriately identified by examination of following bone.

a. Pelvis
b. Skull
c. Femur
d. Sternum
Ans. A

89. The age of a 16 years old female is best determined by the radiograph of
a. Lower end of radius and Ulna
b. Upper end of humerus

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c. Upper end of radius and Ulna
d. Xiphisternum
Ans. A

90. The age of a 15-year-old female is best determined by he radiograph of

a. Lower end of Radius and Ulna
b. Upper end of humerus
c. Upper end of Radius and Ulna
d. Xiphisternum
Ans. C

91. Pre-auricular sulcus is used for

a. Determination of Race
b. Determination of age
c. Determination of sex
d. None of the above
Ans. C

92. Second molar erupts at

a. 6 years
b. 12 years
c. 18 to 22 years
d. 25 to 28 years
Ans. B

93. 20 permanent teeth and 8 temporary teeth are seen at the age of
a. 10yrs
b. 11 yrs
c. 9 yrs
d. 12 yrs
Ans. B

94. First permanent tooth to arise

a. Incisor
b. Canine
c. Premolar
d. Molar
Ans. D

95. Among the secondary changes in tooth the most useful one for age determination is
a. Attrition
b. Secondary dentine deposition
c. Root resorption
d. Root transparency
Ans. D

96. On tenth day of a tooth being knocked out, the local clinical finding will be

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a. Tooth socket being filled up by tissue
b. Blood clots in the socket
c. Alveolar process smooth
d. Fluid blood in the socket
Ans. A

97. In ante mortem tooth loss or extraction of the alveolus is

a. Smooth
b. Sharp and feathered
c. Does not show any injury
d. May have a regular or an irregular appearance
Ans. B

98. Eruption of temporary teeth will be completed by

a. One to one and half year
b. Two to two and half years
c. Three to four years
d. Four to five years
Ans. A

99. A girl of 10 years wilt has _____ permanent and_____ temporary teeth
a. 8, 12
b. 8, 16
c. 12, 12
d. 16, 8
Ans. D

100. A child at the age of 7 years has how many teeth

a. 16
b. 20
c. 24
d. 28
Ans. C

101. A boy has 20 permanent and 8 temporary teeth his age would be
a. 9 years
b. 10 years
c. 11 years
d. 12 years
Ans. D

102. If Tattoo marks are destroyed, their presence can be inferred from presence of pigment in
a. Deep dermis
b. Subcutaneous tissue
c. Regional Lymph nodes
Ans. C

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103. Tattooing is seen surrounding the wound of entrance from a revolver or pistol, if the
Weapon is discharged up to distance of
a. 10 cm
b. 30 cm
c. 50 cm
d. 90 cm
Ans. D

104. Tattoo is useful in identifying body

a. Living
b. Dead
c. Decomposed
d. Burnt
Ans. B

105. Blackening and tattooing of skin and clothing can be best demonstrated by
a. LuminoI spray
b. Infra red photography
c. Ultra violet light
d. Magnifying lens
Ans. B

106. Wound cause by sickle is

a. Stab wound
b. Incised wound
c. Both
Ans. C

107. Beveling cut refers to

a. Flap wound
b. Overhang margins
c. One margin under mined
d. Irregular margins
Ans. C

108. Cut-throat wound cause death by

a. Air embolism
b. Hemorrhage
c. Tracheobronchial aspiration
d. All of above.
Ans. D

109. Blunt trauma is more likely to produce incised wounds like

a. Hand
b. Neck
c. Chest
d. Scalp

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Ans. D

110. Incised wounds on genitals are usually

a. Homicidal
b. Self-inflicted
c. Post-mortem artifacts
d. Accidental
Ans. A

111. Fabricated wounds are mostly

a. Abrasions
b. Incised wounds
c. Contusions
d. Lacerations
Ans. B

112. Diastic fracture refers to fracture through

a. Outer table
b. Inner table
c. Sutural line
d. None
Ans. C

113. Motorcyclist fracture – True is

a. Ring fracture
b. Sutural separation
c. Comminuted fracture of vault of skull
d. Fracture base of skull into anterior & posterior halves
Ans. D

114. In Countercoup impact, lesion is present

a. At site of impact
b. At a site opposite to impact
c. At a site tangential to impact
Ans. B

115. Extradural hemorrhage commonly occurs from rupture of

a. Superior sagittal sinus
b. Middle meningeal artery
c. Dural sinus
d. None of above.
Ans. B

116. Common cause of death in extradural hemorrhage is

a. Hemorrhagic shock
b. Respiratory failure
c. Cardiac failure

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d. Neurogenic shock
Ans. B

117. Rupture of berry aneurysm commonly produces

a. Subarachnoid bleed
b. Intracerebral bleed
c. Subdural bleed
Ans. A

118. Primary impact injuries are commonly seen on

a. Legs
b. Head
c. Abdomen
d. Chest
Ans. A

119. All of the following are true about railway spine except
a. Paralysis of limb seen
b. Loss of sexual power may be seen
c. Never recovers
d. Resembles concussion of brain in etiology
Ans. C

120. Whiplash is which form of injury

a. Hyper flexion
b. Hyperextension
c. Lateral flexion
d. Atlanto-axial dislocation
Ans. B

121. In Blunt abdominal trauma commonest site of GI ruptures is

a. Stomach
b. Duodenum
c. Jejunum
d. Transverse colon
Ans. D

122. In Dowry death the time limit after marriage is

a. 2 years
b. 7 years
c. 20 years
d. 30 years
Ans. B

123. Any hurt grievous provided the victim is unable to follow his ordinary pursuit for

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a. 7 days
b. 15 days
c. 20 days
d. 30 days
Ans. C

124. Black eye is an

a. Injury on eye
b. Contusion
c. Abrasion
d. Black pigmentation of skin
Ans. B

125. The color of bruise change to blue on

a. 1st Day
b. 2nd Day
c. 3rd Day
d. 7th Day
Ans. C

126. The following are the type of abrasion except

a. Scratch
b. Cut abrasion
c. Graze
d. Pressure abrasion
Ans. B

127. Hesitational cuts are seen in

a. Suicide attack
b. Accidental attack
c. Homicidal injuries
d. Attack by animal
Ans. A

128. The bleeding is maximum in

a. Contusion
b. Incised wound
c. Lacerated wound
d. Abrasion
Ans. B

129. Incised looking lacerated wounds are seen in following areas

a. Scalp

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b. Axilla
c. Grain
d. Abdomen
Ans. A

130. Cut lacerations can be produced by

a. Knife
b. Dagger
c. Gandasa (axe)
d. Sword
Ans. C

131. In run over accident by a motor vehicle, the following type of laceration is commonly seen
a. Tear
b. Split
c. Cut
d. Avulsion
Ans. D

132. Damage produced by a bullet is related to its

a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Shape
d. Size
Ans. B

133. To control spread of shot pattern, the following modification is done in shotgun
a. Riffing
b. Choking
c. Enlarging the muzzle end
d. Putting silencer
Ans. B

134. The following are the constituent of black powder used in fireman weapon except
a. KMN04
b. Charcoal
c. Sulphur
d. Arsenic
Ans. D

135. Smoke less powder used in revolvers contain following except

a. Nitrocellulose

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b. Nitroglycerine
c. Nitro guanidine
d. Charcoal
Ans. D

136. In tandem bullets, the number of bullets which comes out of gun are
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. None
Ans. B

137. All are true about “Dum-Dum” bullets except

a. They are very small in size
b. They have tip of jacket cut off
c. They are expanding in nature
d. They produce large wounds
Ans. A

138. Blank cartridges are commonly used by

a. Army personnel
b. Theater artists in stage shows
c. Terrorists
d. Hunters to kill large animals
Ans. B

139. Pond or indented fracture is commonly seen in

a. Infants and small children
b. Adolescents
c. Adults
d. Old persons
Ans. A

140. Fracture a la signature is also knows as

a. Gutter fracture
b. Depressed fracture
c. Ring fracture
d. Pond fracture
Ans. B

141. Gutter fracture is caused by

a. Hard blunt weapon

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b. Sharp weapon
c. Bullet
d. Fall from height
Ans. C

142. Contre coup injury is seen in following conditions

a. Road traffic accidents
b. Fall from height
c. Hit by hard bullet
d. Hit by sharp weapon
Ans. A

143. Diastolic fracture is common see in

a. Old persons
b. Young adults
c. Adolescent
d. Small children
Ans. D

144. Ring fracture can be caused in following conditions except

a. Violent twisting of head
b. Fall from height
c. Fall from heavy load on weapon
d. Hit by sharp weapon
Ans. D

145. The following hemorrhage is always traumatic in nature

a. Extradural hemorrhage
b. Sub dural hemorrhage
c. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
d. Intra cerebral hemorrhage
Ans. A

146. Lucid internal can be seen in following condition

a. Subdural hemorrhage
b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
c. Extra dural hemorrhage
d. Intra cerebral hemorrhage
Ans. C

147. Sub dural hygromas are usually seen in

a. Infants or small children

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b. Adolescents
c. Adults
d. Old person
Ans. A

148. Sub arachnoids hemorrhage can be seen in all of the following except
a. Stroke
b. Rupture of berry aneurysm
c. Trauma to head
d. Chronic alcoholic intoxication
Ans. D

149. Commonest organ injured in blast injury

a. Lung
b. Liver
c. Spleen
d. Pancreas
Ans A

150. Concussion of brain is a

a. Simple injury
b. Grievous injury
c. Dangerous injury
d. Fatal injury
Ans. A

151. Punch drunkenness or goofy is seen in

a. Athletes
b. Boxer
c. Football players
d. Chess players.
Ans. B

152. Whiplash injuries are commonly caused in

a. Road side vehicle accidents
b. Fall form height
c. Boxing
d. Football field.
Ans. A

153. Under taker’s fracture” due to falling of head (Backward) occurs at

a. L5S1

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b. T12L1
c. C6L7
d. C1-C2
Ans. C

154. Amount of air necessary to produce fatal air embolism is

a. 20 ml
b. 50 ml
c. 100 ml
d. 250 ml
Ans. C

155. In Suspected air embolism body cavity to be opened first is

a. Brain
b. Thorax
c. Abdomen
d. Pelvis
Ans. B

156. After death blood usually remains fluid except in

a. Pneumonia
b. Septicemia
c. CO poisoning
d. Hypofibrinogenemia
Ans. A

157. Time limit for exhumation in India is

a. 2 yrs
b. 5 yrs
c. 7 yrs
d. No time limit
Ans. D

158. For transplantation, cornea can be removed from dead upto

a. 6 hrs
b. 12 hrs
c. 18 hrs
d. 24 hrs
Ans. A

159. Exhumation is done under order by

a. Police officer
b. Superintendent Police
c. First class Magistrate
Ans. C

160. Diagnosis of brain death dependent upon all except

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a. Dilated/fixed pupil
b. No spontaneous breathing
c. Flat EEG
d. Cessation of cardiac contraction.
Ans. D

161. After stoppage of circulation muscles can live up to

a. 10 minutes
b. 30 minutes
c. 3 hrs
d. 6 hrs
Ans. B

162. Anoxic anoxia produced by all except

a. Drowning
b. Fire accidents
c. Cyanide poisoning
d. Strangulation
Ans. C

163. Tardieu’s spots in hanging are common at all the following sites except
a. Scalp
b. Eyebrow
c. Chest wall
d. Face
Ans. C

164. Tardieu’s spot

a. Septicemia
b. Endocarditic
c. Meningococcemia
d. All of the above
Ans. D

165. Earliest sign of death is

a. Loss of skin elasticity
b. Corneal clouding
c. Cooling of body
d. Postmortem lividity
Ans. A

166. Taches noires refers to

a. Postmortem staining
b. Flaccidity of eyeball
c. Wrinkled dusty sclera
d. Maggot growth
Ans. C

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167. Rectal temperature does not appreciably fall till what time after death
a. 15-30 minutes
b. 30-60 minutes
c. 60-90 minutes
d. None of the above
Ans. B

168. Postmortem caloricity is seen in poisoning from.

a. Arsenic
b. Strychnine
c. Cyanide
d. Organ phosphorus
Ans. B

169. Postmortem lividity is used to access.

a. Time since death
b. Position of body after death
c. To know about the weapon used.
d. None of the above.
Ans. C

170. Postmortem lividity is well developed with in

a. 2 hrs
b. 4 hrs
c. 6 hrs
d. 8 hrs
Ans. B

171. Fixation of postmortem staining occurs in

a. 2 hrs
b. 4 hrs
c. 6 hrs
d. 8 hrs
Ans. C

172. Rigor mortis starts when muscle ATP is reduced below

a. 50%
b. 5%
c. 15%
d. 5%
Ans. C

173. Rigor mortis is first evident in

a. Intestine

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b. Myocardium
c. Interstitial muscle
d. Eyelids
Ans. D

174. Cutis anserina of rigor mortis is due to stiffness of

a. Erector pylorum
b. Biceps
c. Cremasteric
d. Diaphragm
Ans. A

175. Rigor mortis does not occur in fetus less than

a. 9 month
b. 7 month
c. 6 month
d. 8 month
Ans. B

176. In India rigor mortis lasts for

a. 12-24 hrs
b. 24 –48 hrs
c. 36-72 hrs
d. 48-96 hrs
Ans. B

177. Cadaveric spasm is commonly seen in

a. Legs
b. Hands
c. Neck muscles
d. Involuntary muscles
Ans. B

178. Heat stiffening occurs when body exposed to temperature

0
a. 45 C
b. 550C
c. 650C
d. 750C
Ans. C

179. Chief agent for bacterial putrefaction is

a. E.coli
b. B. fragilis
c. C.welchii
d. Staph aureus
Ans C

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180. Postmortem hemolysis is due to bacterial enzyme
a. Lecithinase
b. Phospholipase
c. Streptokinase
d. Hyaluronidase
Ans. A

181. First external sign of putrefaction of body lying in air is around

a. Umbilicus
b. Rt iliac fossa
c. Lt iliac fossa
d. Chest wall
Ans. B

182. Greenish color is the earliest sign of putrefaction due to

a. Hb
b. Meta Hb
c. SulphmetHb
d. CarboxyHb
Ans. C

183. Combustible gas of autolysis is

a. Nitrogen dioxide
b. Hydrogen sulphide
c. Methane
d. Carbon dioxide
Ans B

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184. First internal organ to putrefy is
a. Heart
b. Brain
c. Larynx / trachea
d. Kidney
Ans. C

185. Last organ to putrefy

a. Uterus / prostate
b. Testes
c. Ovary
d. Adrenals
Ans. A

186. Putrefaction occurs more rapidly in

a. Water
b. Air
c. Soil
d. Cold-salt water
Ans. C

187. Adipocerous starts early in all of following except

a. Face
b. Breast
c. Buttock
d. Chest wall
Ans. D

188. Dehydration / Shriveling of cadaver is called

a. Putrefaction
b. Mummification
c. Saponification
Ans. B

189. Formaldehyde injected for embalming is

a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
Ans. D

190. Odour of mummified body is

a. Pungent
b. Putrid
c. Offensive
d. Odorless
Ans. D

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191. For embalming chemicals are injected into
a. Femoral artery
b. Abdominal cavity
c. Chest cavity
Ans. A

192. Maggots appear in natural orifices of dead in summer in about

a. 2 – 4 hrs
b. 6 – 8 hrs
c. 8 – 12 hrs
d. 12 – 24 hrs
Ans. D

193. After death all of following show rise in CSF except

a. Lactic acid
b. Amino acid
c. Urea
d. Uric acid
Ans. C

194. After death blood level of following decrease

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Magnesium
d. None
Ans. A

195. Radiological signs of fetal death includes all except

a. Overlapping of skull bones (Spalding’s sign)
b. Hyperextension of spine
c. Collapse of spinal column
d. Gas in aorta
Ans. B

196. When a group of muscles of a dead body were in state of strong contraction immediately
prior to death and remain so even after death, the condition is termed as
a. Gas stiffening
b. Rigor mortis
c. Cadaveric spasm
d. Cold stiffening
Ans. C

197. Cold stiffening may be associated with

a. Trench foot
b. Immersion foot
c. Body rigid, heavy and stiff
d. Any of the above

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Ans. C

198. Rigor mortis is simulated by

a. Mummification
b. Aglor mortis
c. Cadaveric spasm
d. All of the above
Ans. C

199. Rigor mortis in a fetus develops after attaining

a. 3 months of age
b. 4 months of age
c. 7 months of age
d. 10 months of age
Ans. C

200. Rigor mortis develops. After death

a. 1/2- 1 hr.
b. 1 to 2 hrs
c. 3 to 6 hrs.
d. 12 hrs
Ans. D

201. Rigor mortis first starts in

a. Upper eyelids
b. Lower eyelids
c. Lower limbs
d. Fingers
Ans. A

202. Prolongation of Rigor mortis is seen in

a. Lead
b. Arsenic
c. Mercury
d. Copper
Ans. B

203. Delayed rigor mortis occurs with

a. Vegetable poisons
b. Strychnine
c. Opium
d. Septicemia
Ans. D

204. Pugilistic attitude is due to

a. Coagulation of proteins
b. Cadaveric spasm

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c. Rigor mortis
d. Coagulation of fats
Ans. A

205. Apoplexy is the term used for

a. Cerebral congestion
b. Cerebral ischemia
c. Cerebral anoxia
d. Cerebral concussion
Ans. A

206. Hanging is defined as

a. Suspension of body by a ligature around the neck, body weight acting as constricting force
b. Suspension of body by ligature after death
c. Obliteration of air passages by external factors
d. Mechanical interference to respiration
Ans. A

207. The commonest cause of death in hanging is

a. Asphyxia
b. Cerebral venous congestion
c. Asphyxia and cerebral venous congestion combined
d. Cerebral anemia
Ans. C

208. Delayed death in hanging can be due to the following conditions, EXCEPT
a. Hypoxic encephalopathy
b. Infraction of brain
c. Edema of lungs
d. Fracture of the cervical vertebrae
Ans. D

209. Weight for occluding internal jugular vein in hanging is

a. 2kg
b. 4kg
c. 8kg
d. 12kg
Ans. A

210. In typical hanging death occurs due to

a. Blocking of jugular veins
b. Blocking of carotid arteries
c. Blocking of vertebral arteries
d. Both and (a) and (b)
Ans. D

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211. In typical hanging knot is present at
a. Occipital area
b. Mastoid area
c. In front of ear
d. Any of the above
Ans. A

212. Cyanosis occurs when the concentration of reduced hemoglobin exceeds

a. 2 g%
b. 4 g%
c. 5 g%
d. 6 g%
Ans. C

213. A ligature mark on the neck directed obliquely upwards on both sides is seen in hanging
with a
a. Fixed loop with a single knot in midline at the back of the head
b. Running noose
c. Fixed loop with a knot in the region of one ear
d. Lower point of suspension
Ans. A

214. All of the following are characteristic of ligature mark of hanging EXCEPT
a. It is usually oblique
b. It does not completely encircles the neck
c. It is usually seen high up on the neck
d. The base is soft and reddish
Ans. D

215. A ligature mark may not be seen in the neck in case of hanging
a. In partial hanging
b. If a loop is made of soft material
c. If narrow ligature is used
d. When a fixed loop with a single knot at the chin is used
Ans. B

216. Hyoid fracture is common in

a. Hanging
b. Strangulation
c. Throttling
d. Choking
Ans. C

217. Unequal pupils in hanging is due to pressure on the

a. Parasympathetic chain
b. Sympathetic chain
c. Optic pathway

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d. All of the above
Ans. B

218. Intimae of carotid arteries is usually ruptured in

a. Hanging
b. Ligature strangulation
c. Traumatic asphyxia
d. Burking
Ans. A

219. In hanging transverse splits of carotid arteries may be seen in

a. Outer coats
b. Middle coats
c. Inner coats
d. None of the above
Ans. C

220. Hanging with feet touching the ground is seen in

a. Suicidal hanging
b. Homicidal hanging
c. Accidental hanging
d. Postmortem hanging
Ans. A

221. Dribbling of saliva is characteristic of

a. Antemortem hanging
b. Postmortem hanging
c. Homicidal strangulation
d. Suicidal strangulation
Ans. A

222. Lynching is a form of

a. Sexual asphyxia
b. Homicidal hanging
c. Judicial hanging
d. Strangulation
Ans. B

223. Lynching is
a. Practiced in North America
b. Practiced by white people on Negroes
c. Hanging publicly on a tree
d. All of the above
Ans. D

224. Death in judicial hanging is due to

a. Shock

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b. Fracture-dislocation of upper cervical spine
c. Rapid asphyxia
d. Inhibition of the heart
Ans. B

225. Seminal emission is more common in

a. Strangulation by ligature
b. Hanging
c. Smothering
d. Traumatic asphyxia
Ans. B

226. Bleeding from the nostrils, mouth and ears is common in

a. Hanging
b. Strangulation by ligature
c. Smothering
d. Choking
Ans. B

227. Most important sign of strangulation is

a. Ligature mark around the neck
b. Hemorrhage under ligature mark
c. Fracture of hyoid bone
d. Dislocation of cervical vertebrae
Ans. B

228. Holding the neck of victim in bend of elbow is known as

a. Throttling
b. Mugging
c. Bansdola
d. Garroting
Ans. B

229. Bansdola is a form of

a. Homicidal suffocation
b. Homicidal strangulation
c. Homicidal hanging
d. Homicidal choking
Ans. B

230. Last part to be dissected during autopsy in asphyxia death

a. Neck
b. Head
c. Abdomen
d. Thorax
Ans. C

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231. In “commando punch” the injury usually occurs to
a. Eye
b. Neck
c. Face
d. Chest
Ans. B

232. A blow on the larynx may cause death from

a. Laryngospasm
b. Fracture of hyoid bone
c. Air embolism
d. Nerve paralysis
Ans. A

233. Fracture of hyoid bone and larynx indicate

a. Accidental throttling
b. Suicidal throttling
c. Homicidal throttling
d. All of the above
Ans. C

234. The most common cause of suffocation is

a. Inhalation of irrespirable gases
b. Closure of glottis
c. Pressure on chest
d. Deprivation of oxygen
Ans. A

235. The postmortem finding seen in smothering

a. Abrasion on the inner side of the upper lip
b. Fracture body of hyoid
c. Thyroid fracture
d. Curved marks on the neck
Ans. A

236. Burking is combination of smothering and

a. Strangulation by ligature
b. Throttling
c. Gagging
d. Traumatic asphyxia
Ans. D

237. In burking the cause of death is

a. Smothering
b. Traumatic asphyxia
c. Smothering and traumatic asphyxia
d. Cerebral congestion

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Ans. C

238. The cause of death from choking include all of the following EXCEPT
a. Asphyxia
b. Cerebral anemia
c. Cardiac inhibition
d. Laryngeal spasm
Ans. B

239. Choking
a. It is a form of asphyxia caused by mechanical occlusion within air passages by a solid object
b. A twig of madder 20 cm long
c. It is practiced in India by dais
d. Occurs due to closure of external respiratory orifices
Ans. A

240. Mode of death from obstruction of the air pas-sages from within is
a. Anemic anoxia
b. Stagnant anoxia
c. Anoxic anoxia
d. Histotoxic anoxia
Ans. C

241. Cafe coronary commonly occurs in persons who

a. Had a previous heart attack
b. Intoxicated
c. Suffering from anginal attacks
d. All of the above
Ans. B

242. “Cafe coronary” is

a. A type of death due to choking
b. Sudden death due to coronary thrombosis
c. Death due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy
d. Food poisoning
Ans. A

243. T he cause of death in cafe coronary is

a. Asphyxia
b. Coronary thrombosis
c. Sudden heart attack
d. Laryngeal spasm
Ans. A

244. Traumatic asphyxia results from

a. Injury to the head
b. Crushing of the chest and abdomen

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c. Crushing of the lower limbs
d. Fall from a height on the buttock
Ans. B

245. The term “dry drowning” is used when death occurs

a. Within half hour to several days after resuscitation
b. From immediate sustained laryngeal spasm
c. From vagal inhibition
d. From hyperkalaemia
Ans. B

246. Atypical arrest due to drowning is

a. Cardiac arrest due to drowning
b. Laryngospasm due to drowning
c. Drowning in unconscious state
d. All of the above
Ans. D

247. Dry drowning is

a. When a person falls in a dry well and dies
b. Death occurs due to fall in water from spasm of larynx
c. Falls in water and die due to vagal inhibition
d. All of the above
Ans. B

248. The salt concentration of seawater is about

a. 0.5%
b. 0.1%
c. 2.0%
d. 3.0%
Ans. D

249. In freshwater drowning there is

a. Hypernatraemia
b. Hyperkalaemia
c. Hypermagnesaemia
d. Hypercalcaemia
Ans. B

250. Hypervolaemia and hyperkalaemia are seen in

a. Freshwater drowning
b. Saltwater drowning
c. Dry drowning
d. Immersion syndrome
Ans. A

251. Haemodilution occurs in

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a. Seawater drowning
b. Freshwater drowning
c. Both seawater and freshwater drowning
d. None of the above
Ans. B

252. The common cause of death in freshwater drowning is

a. Asphyxia
b. Ventricular fibrillation
c. Laryngeal spasm
d. Vagal inhibition
Ans. B

253. The common cause of death in seawater drowning is

a. Laryngeal spasm
b. Vagal inhibition
c. Exhaustion
d. Asphyxia
Ans. D

254. In dry drowning death is due to

a. Laryngeal spasm
b. Exhaustion
c. Ventricular fibrillation
d. Vagal inhibition
Ans. A

255. The cause of death in immersion syndrome is

a. Laryngeal spasm
b. Ventricular fibrillation
c. Vagal inhibition
d. Asphyxia
Ans. C

256. Fatal period in freshwater drowning is about

a. 2 to 3 minutes
b. 4 to 5 minutes
c. 4 to 8 minutes
d. 8 to 10 minutes
Ans. C

257. Hypernatraemia is seen in

a. Freshwater drowning
b. Saltwater drowning
c. Immersion syndrome
d. All of the above
Ans. B

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258. Signs of asphyxia are absent in
a. Wet drowning
b. Dry drowning
c. Secondary drowning
d. Seawater drowning
Ans. C

259. In drowning in unconscious state the lungs are

a. Ballooned
b. Not ballooned
c. Collapsed
d. Show congestion and petechial hemorrhages
Ans. B

260. Which of the following is not seen in seawater drowning?

a. Hypernatraemia
b. Hyperkalaemia
c. Fluid retention
d. Intravascular dehydration
Ans. B

261. Presence of aquatic vegetation in lower respiratory tract in a case of drowning

a. Is positive proof of drowning
b. Not a definite sign
c. Not significant at all
d. Can be seen in both antemortem and postmortem drowning
Ans. A

262. Water is found in the stomach in cases of drowning in

a. 20 to 30% cases
b. 30 to 40% cases
c. 50 to 60% cases
d. 60 to 70% cases
Ans. D

263. Water can be absent in the stomach in cases of drowning due to

a. Immersion syndrome
b. Putrefaction
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Absorption of water after death
Ans. C

264. One of the following is a sure sign of death due to drowning

a. Cutis anserina
b. Water in the stomach

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c. Pulmonary edema
d. Diatoms detected in bone marrow
Ans. D

265. The confirmatory laboratory test for death due to drowning in seawater is
a. Diatom test
b. Chloride Test
c. Specific Gravity test
d. None of the above
Ans. D

266. Commonest type of drowning is

a. Suicidal
b. Accidental
c. Homicidal
d. Undetermined
Ans. B

267. In a person who died of drowning in seawater

a. Lungs are pale pink
b. Signs of asphyxia are not seen
c. Stomach does not contain water
d. The chloride content of left side of heart is higher
Ans. D

268. Hydrostatic lung can be seen

a. If the body is removed from water within 6 hours of drowning
b. If the body remains in water at a depth of 2 meters for 20 hours
c. In secondary drowning
d. Drowning in shallow water
Ans. B

269. False negative hydrostatic test in a live born fetus is seen in

a. Atelectasis
b. Artificial respiration
c. Emphysema
d. Putrefaction
Ans. A

270. In a suspected case of drowning diatoms can be looked for in

a. Brain
b. Bone marrow
c. Liver
d. All the above
Ans. D

271. Differentiate between freshwater drowning and seawater drowning

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a. Frothing is seen in freshwater drowning only
b. Diatoms are found in the sternum in freshwater drowning
c. Increase in the chloride levels in the left side of heart
d. Pulmonary edema
Ans. C

272. Gettler’s test is used in

a. Hanging
b. Strangulation
c. Drowning
d. Poisoning
Ans. C

273. Bleaching of cuticle begins after

a. 4 to 8 hours of immersion
b. 12 hours of immersion
c. 24 hours of immersion
d. 48 hours of immersion
Ans. A

274. Floatation of a body in water is due to

a. Flesh being eaten by fishes
b. Presence of gases
c. Water logging of body
d. All of the above
Ans . B

275. Diatoms are

a. Parasites
b. Algae
c. Bacteria
d. Fungi
Ans. B

276. A dead body will float in summer after drown-ing in

a. 6 to 12 hours
b. 12 to 24 hours
c. 24 to 36 hours
d. 36 to 48 hours
Ans. B

277. Air pockets in clothing may cause

a. Early floatation of the body
b. Late floatation of the body
c. No floatation at all
Ans. A

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278. Deep inspiration above the water level may cause
a. Early floatation of body
b. Late floatation of body
c. Late floatation of body only in seawater
Ans. B

279. The most fatal complication that can occur to divers (under high atmospheric pressure) is
a. Pulmonary edema
b. Air embolism
c. Vagal inhibition
d. Suffocation
Ans. B

280. Sexual asphyxias are commonly associated with

a. Sadism
b. Fetishism
c. Masochism
d. Voyeurism
Ans. C

281. T he most frequent method of sexual asphyxias is

a. Hanging
b. Electrical stimulation of genitals
c. Enveloping the head in a plastic bag
d. Inhalation of stupefying substances
Ans. A

282. Frostbite is very common in

a. Lips
b. Nose
c. Cheeks
d. Hair
Ans. B

283. Heat rupture is characterized by

a. Irregular margin
b. Clotted blood
c. Regular margin
d. Clotted blood vessels
Ans. A

284. Burn type relatively painless is

a. 1st degree
b. 2nd degree
c. 3rd degree
Ans. C

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285. Minimum temp to produce burn is
a. 40 C
b. 44 C
c. 50 C
d. 60 C
Ans B

286. Haemoglobinuria occurs when burnt skin surface exceeds

a. 20 %
b. 30 %
c. 50 %
d. 70 %
Ans. B

287. Scalding is caused when liquid in contact has temperature above

a. 44 C
b. 50 C
c. 60 C
d. 80 C
Ans. C

288. Rape is defined under the suction of Pakistan Penal code

a. 320
b. 325
c. 375
d. 376
Ans. C

289. Bestiality is sex with

a. Animal
b. Man
c. Woman
d. Hegira
Ans. A

290. The following is not punishable under law.

a. Lesbianism
b. Bestiality
c. Indecent assault
d. Buccal coitus
Ans. C

291. Satyriasis is
a. Excessive inclination for sex
b. Dislike for sex

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c. Sexual perversion
Ans. A

292. Commonest cause of impotency in male is

a. Adrenal dysfunction
b. Testicular failure
c. Mal developed penis
d. Psychogenic
Ans. D

293. Chadwick’s sign is

a. Softening of cervix
b. Increased vaginal mucous secretion
c. Blue coloration of vagina
Ans. C

294. In case of death in uterus, over lapping of skull bones of fetus is called as
a. Spalding’s sign
b. Hog Ben’s sign
c. Friedman’s sign
d. Gulli-Mainini’s sign
Ans. A

295. The spermatozoa in a case of sexual inter course can be seen in vagina till.
a. 1-7 days
b. 10 days
c. 2 week
d. 4 days
Ans. C

296. Legally minimum period of pregnancy is

a. 150 days`
b. 200 days
c. 210 days
d. 280 days
Ans. C

297. The following are the grounds of divorce except.

a. Impotence after marriage.
b. Bigamy
c. Adultery
d. Desertion for more than 2 years.
Ans. A

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298. By HLA typing exclusion of following % age is possible in a case of disputed paternity.
a. 50 Eurocent
b. 70 percent
c. 80 percent
d. 98 percent
Ans. D

299. Surest sign of fetus death in uterus is.

a. Low birth weight
b. Maceration
c. Negative hydrostatic Test
d. Negative Broccolis second.
Ans. B

300. The following are the signs of maceration except.

a. Overlapping of cranial bone.
b. Sweetish smell of body.
c. Large blebs on body.
d. Mummification
Ans. D

301. The specific gravity of unrespired Lung is

a. 1.04
b. 1.5
c. 0.2
d. 0.5
Ans. A

302. The following are the suggestive features of SIDS or Cot death on postmortem
examination
a. Pneumonia
b. No Positive finding.
c. Aspiration of fluid.
d. Intestinal Obstruction
Ans. B

303. Magnum symptom is associated with

a. Cocaine
b. Organophosphates poisoning
c. Snake bite
d. Hanging.
Ans. A

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304. Viper snakebite resembles poisoning of
a. Arbus Precatoris
b. Sulphuric Acid
c. Thallium
d. Organ phosphorus
Ans. A

305. A child brought with suspected ingestion presenting with dry mouth, dilated pupil,
difficulty in swallowing, delirium, dry & warm skin. The substance is
a. Anti-cholinergic
b. Sympathetic
c. Cholinergic
d. Alpha blocker
Ans. A

-95-
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Forensic Law
1. Define Forensic Medicine.
2. Medical Jurisprudence.
3. Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence definition.
4. Professional misconduct with examples
5. Consent, its types and role of consent.
6. Evidence and stages of recording of evidence.
7. Define Inquest and enumerate its types.
8. Mc Naughton’s rule and Durham’s rule.
9. Medical Ethics.
10. Difference between the Dying Declaration and Dying Deposition.
11. Three definition of Injury and classify hurt.
12. PMDC
13. Medical Negligence.
14. Criteria for Drug Addiction.

Personal identity

1. Sex difference of pelvis and skull.

2. Define medico legal importance of AGE.
3. Enumerate the steps in determination of AGE. How can you determine the AGE of 18
years old girl?
4. Fingerprints & its medico legal importance.
5. Briefly describe Tattoo marks.
6. Trace evidence.

Traumatology

1. Classify Injuries and enumerate the types of Mechanical Injuries.

2. How will you determine age of Bruise?
3. Difference between True Bruise and False Bruise.
4. Medico legal importance of lacerating wound.
5. Classify Burns.
6. Arboresent’s sign.
7. Difference between Suicidal and Homicidal injuries.
8. Write a short note on Pedestrian’s injury.
9. Enumerates Sexual offences.
10. Define Sodomy, its types and examination of sodomy patient.

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Death

1. Define Thanatology and contents of Death certificate.

2. Postmortem artifacts.
3. Enumerate immediate, early and late changes after death.
4. Suspended Animation with examples.
5. Define Taches noires.
6. Marbling
7. Balloting of features.

Asphyxia

1. Define and classify Asphyxia.

2. Define Choking.
3. Define Café coronary.
4. Auto Erection Asphyxia.
5. Differentiate Hanging and Strangulation.
6. Describe Postmortem finding in death due to Strangulation.
7. Describe non-specific signs of Asphyxia.
8. What is Suffocation?

Drowning

1. Define Drowning and enumerate its types.

2. Difference between Wet and Dry drowning.
3. Near Drowning Syndrome.

Autopsy

1. Hazards of Autopsy.
2. Enumerate the steps for Autopsy.
3. Protocol and objectives of Autopsy.

Toxicology

1. Define and classify Poisons.

2. Management of Acute Poisoning.
3. Define and classify Antidotes.
4. Management of Snake Poisoning
Special poisons.
5. Arsenic.
6. Lead.
7. Mercury.

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 8. Opium poppy
9. Carbon monoxide.
10. Organ phosphorus compounds.
11. Dhatura
12. Strychnine.
13. Ethyl alcohol.
14. Hydro cyanic acid.

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