DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IOE, THAPATHALI CAMPUS

TURBO MACHINE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO TURBO MACHINE

1 Instructor : Achyut Paudel

Email: apaudel@ioe.edu.np
Ph: 9841263367
DEFINITION
 “A turbo machine is a device in which energy transfer
occurs between a flowing fluid and a rotating element
due to dynamic action, and results in a change in
pressure and momentum of the fluid.”
 Mechanical energy transfer occurs inside or outside of
the turbo machine, usually in a steady-flow process
 Types:

 Energy Extracting: Expands fluid to lower pressure

or head.
Eg. Gas turbines, steam turbines, windmills,
water wheels, and hydraulic turbines
 Energy Delivering : Increase fluid pressure or head.
Eg. centrifugal pumps, centrifugal and axial flow 2
compressors, fans, blowers, exhauster
 PARTS OF A TURBO MACHINE
(i) A rotating element carrying vanes operating in
a stream of fluid: (rotor, runner, impeller)
(ii) A stationary element or elements which
generally act as guide vanes or passages for the
proper control of flow direction and the
energy conversion process: (guide vane, nozzle)
(iii) an input and/or an output shaft, and
(iv) a housing: (Enclosed, Extended)

Fig: Schematic cross-sectional

view of a turbine showing the 3
principal parts of the turbo
machine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE
General classification headings:
1. Direction of fluid flow: axial, radial, mixed

2. Energy: Impulse, Reaction, Impulse – Reaction

3. Type of fluid: Steam turbine, gas turbine, hydraulic

turbine
4. Specific speed(Ns) : High >250

: Meduim 50-250
: Low <50

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES
VS
TURBO MACHINE

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BASIC LAWS AND GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Continuity Equation:
“For a steady flow through control volume, the mass
flow rate remains constant.”

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STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO A TURBOMACHINE

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STATIC AND STAGNATION PROPERTIES
 Static enthalpy(h) = u + pV
 The stagnation state is defined as the terminal state of
a fictitious, isentropic, work-free and steady-flow
process during which the macroscopic kinetic and
potential energies of the fluid particle are reduced to
zero.
 Stagnation enthalpy (h0)= h + V2/2+ gz
 For an adiabatic process, Q = 0 and if z1=z2, energy
steady state energy eqn. reduces to
P = w = h01-h02= - ∆h0
 For power generating machine, w is +ve, so ∆h0 is –ve,
i.e. total enthalpy of flowing fluid decreases from inlet
to exit.
 For power absorbing machine, w is –ve, so ∆h0 is +ve, 10
so stagnation enthalpy increases from inlet to exit
2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY
 “For a fluid undergoing a reversible adiabatic process,
the entropy change is zero” . Otherwise entropy change
has some definite value.

Combining first
and second law

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EFFICIENCY
The performance of a real machine is inferior to that of a
frictionless and loss-free ideal machine. A measure of its
performance is the efficiency.
Mechanical Efficiency
 Causes/losses: Bearing friction, windage, unsteady flow,
friction between the blade and the fluid, etc. There are other
losses like leakage across blades, labyrinth leakage, etc. in
addition to the above losses which are covered under fluid-
rotor losses. For power generating(pg) and power
absorbing(pa), mechanical efficiency is given by,

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 ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY
 For power generating( turbines/expansion devices) and
power absorbing (compressors/ compression) machines,
isentropic efficiency is given respectively by,

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Isentropic efficiency for turbine/expansion process

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Isentropic efficiency for compression process

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 TOTAL EFFICIENCY

Total Efficiency(η)= mechanical * isentropic efficiency

= ηm ηi
For power generating and power absorbing machine, η

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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM FOR FLUID FLOW PROBLEM

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF TERMS
 Capacity/ flow/ discharge coefficient or Specific Capacity

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 Head Coefficient/ Specific Head

 Head coefficient is the ratio of kinetic energy of fluid (due

to H) to the kinetic energy of the fluid running at the
rotor tangential speed, OR simply head coefficient is the
ratio of fluid head to kinetic energy of the rotor.
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 Power Coefficient/ Specific Power

 The specific power of both the model and the prototype

will remain the same if their efficiency is same.

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 Reynold’s Number

 It is the ratio of inertial force to the viscous force of

fluid.

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EFFECT OF REYNOLD’S NUMBER

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SPECIFIC SPEED(FOR PUMP AND TURBINE)

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SPECIFIC SPEED DEFINITIONS
 Specific Speed for Turbine: The specific-speed of a
turbine may be defined as the rotational speed of a
geometrically similar turbine operating under a head of
1 m and producing 1 kW of power.

 Specific Speed for Pump: The specific-speed of a pump

may be defined as the speed in RPM of a geometrically
similar pump, discharging 1 m3/s of water against a
head of 1 m.

Pump and turbines specific-speeds defined this way

range between 20 and 300
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SP. SPEEDS FOR DIFFERENT TURBOMACHINES

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SP. SPEED AND EFFICIENCY

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 MODEL AND PROTOTYPE
Geometric Similarity: similarity in shape, i.e. all length
dimensions in the model are λ times shorter than of its real-
world prototype (λ = LP/LM)
Kinematic Similarity: geometric similarity and similarity of
motion between model and prototype particles
Dynamic Similarity: requires geometric and kinematic
similarity and in addition that all force ratios in the two systems
are identical
 A model satisfying these three conditions is called
“Homologous” model. Specific speeds, head coefficients flow
coefficient and power coefficient will be identical between the
model and the large machine called prototype. It is also
possible from these experiments to predict part load
performance and operation at different head, speed and flow
conditions.
 The ratio between linear dimensions is called scale. For
example a one eight scale model means that the linear
dimensions of the model is 1/8 of the linear dimensions of
prototype. For kinematic and dynamic similarity the flow 28
directions and the blade angles should be equal.
DERIVABLE EQUATIONS (MODEL & PROTOTYPE)
 Power Ratio:

 Head Coefficient and Flow Coefficient:

 Elimination N/Nm from above eqns. we get,

 Finally, eliminating Q/Qm from the first and above eqn.

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NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
 A quarter scale turbine model is tested under a head of 10 m. The full scale
turbine is required to work under a head of 28.5 m and 415 rpm.a) At what
speed the model must be run if it develops 94 kW and uses 0.96 m3/s at this
speed? b) what power will be obtained from the full scale turbine? c) Name
the type of turbine. (536.11, 7236.3 kW, Kaplan)

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