MINERAL & BATUAN

RONAL HUTAGALUNG
BATUAN
 A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals.

Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of Granite.

Three families of rock:
Igneous

Metamorphic

Sedimentary
Formed through interaction, mixing, and recycling through the rock cycle.
 Three ways to form:
Igneous

Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Igneous Rocks Igneous
composition
and texture
Sedimentary
composition and
texture
Metamorphic
composition and
texture
Plate Movement Powers
the Rock Cycle
Magma
Magma from three major tectonic settings
Jenis Magma

Magma basa (basaltic magma)

Kandungan SiO2-nya 50%, bersuhu tinggi antara 900 -
1200 derajat celcius dan viskositasnya rendah
Terbentuk oleh peleburan parsial mantel yang
bergerak keatas sepanjang pemekaran samudera

Magma asam (rhyolitic magma)

Kandungan SiO2-nya 60% hingga 70%, bersuhu rendah
dibawah 800 derajat celcius dan viskositasnya tinggi
Terbentuk oleh peleburan parsial kerak samudera dan
bagian bawah kerak benua di daerah penunjaman

Magma intermedier (Andesitic magma)

Kandungan SiO2-nya 60%, terletak antara basa dan
asam
KRISTAL DAN MINERAL
 This photo
shows the
process of
making steel.
What other
products do we
make from
minerals?
 Minerals are solid crystalline compounds with a
definite (but variable) chemical composition.

Copper C

Hematite Fe2O3
Feldspar Na/Ca (Al, Si)3O8
Fluorite CaF2

Gypsum CaSO4-2H2O

Pyrite FeS2
 Minerals are solid compounds that we use
every day!
The average automobile contains:

> a ton of iron and steel,

240 lbs of aluminum,
50 lbs of carbon,
42 lbs of copper,
41 lbs of silicon,
22 lbs of zinc, and
> thirty other minerals
including titanium,
gold and platinum.
 Hawaii’s most common mineral –
volcanic Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

Hawaii’s second most common

mineral – marine Calcite CaCO3
Each mineral has unique chemistry and unique
Crystalline Structure

“A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic,

crystalline solid with a definite, but sometimes
variable, chemical composition.”
Geologists use Physical Properties to identify
minerals

Identify by testing: Cleavage, Fracture, Hardness, Luster,

Color, Streak
Minerals are compounds of atoms bonded together
… “to achieve a stable electron configuration” …

IONIC BONDING
 Igneous Minerals crystallize from
cooling magma.

Sedimentary Minerals crystallize from

dissolved elements in water, or as a product of
biological metabolism.

Metamorphic Minerals recrystallize from

existing minerals where conditions in the crust
cause high heat and pressure.
 There are seven common rock-
forming minerals.

Amphibole

Olivine
Pyroxene

Quartz

The Feldspar Group

Orthoclase and Plagioclase
Biotite

Calcite