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Get Revising Bio Notes B1
Get Revising Bio Notes B1
Get Revising Bio Notes B1
B1
Year 10
Shortened forms:
Metabolic rate – MB
Blood cholesterol levels – BCL
Bacteria - B
Virus / Viruses - V
White blood cell - WBC
Antibiotics – AB
Characteristic(s) – CH
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B1 1.1 – Diet and Exercise
Changing lifestyles
2
B1 1.2 – Slimming Plans
- Fake slimming products to make money off people (not band by government)
- Only way to lose weight – eat healthy foods & keep energy intake below energy use
- Exercise increases amount of energy used
3
B1 1.3 – Pathogens
Transferring infections
- Deadly infectious diseases spread in hospitals because hygiene rules are broken e.g. don’t wash hands
after treating a patient
- Infections are carried by dust mites – improving ward cleanliness reduces spread of infections
Ignaz Semmelweiss
- Louis Pasteur – proved germs were in the air and they carried infection and disease
- Joseph Lister – developed carbolic soap (used on medical instruments, dressing, surgeons) – more of his
patients stayed healthy
- Antiseptics – used to clean wounds or get rid of sores (e.g. nappy rash)
- Disinfectants – chemicals to clean work surfaces /other places
- Hygiene – keeping things clean to reduce risk of disease
- Pathogens stick to dirt / grease and multiply
Microorganisms
4
B1 1.4 – Defence against diseases
Immunity
- Bubble boy
- B and V release toxins (poisonous chemicals) and they make you ill
- B and V prevent cells from working properly
- Headache, fever, feeling sick (symptoms)
- B inside you multiply every 20 min
- Viruses multiply inside cells by entering them, using the chemicals inside there to multiply. New V bursts
out of cell to invade another – damages / destroys cell
- White blood cells – specialised cells that defend your body against pathogens
- Some WBC ingest = take into the cell any pathogen, once inside the WBC releases enzymes to digest and
destroy pathogen
- Other WBC release antibodies (chemicals)
- Certain type of antibody = can only destroy certain type of pathogen
- Step 1 – V gets inside body
- Step 2 –WBC make antibodies and memory cells
- Step 3 – antibodies attack V and kill it
- Step 4 – if V enters body again then memory cells know what kind of antibody to make
- Step 5 – IM IMMUNE #yaaassss
- WBC produce antitoxins = chemicals which prevent toxins made by pathogens poisoning your body
Life-long protection
5
B1 1.5 – Treating and preventing disease
Feeling ill
- Medicines help to relieve symptoms (e.g. lozenges for sore throat) but don’t not kill the pathogen
A quick jab
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B1 1.6 – Controlling infection
Antibiotic resistance
- Exactly every new bacterium is the same as the last one (it reproduces from)
- Sometimes B mutate and are produced differently from the others
- Mutation may result in B being resistant to the AB
- When AB is used, non-resistant B are killed, but some resistant B remain
- Resistant B survive and reproduce
- Continued use of AB increases number of resistant bacteria
- Should always complete a course of AB, even if you start to feel better
- Otherwise there is more chance of resistant bacteria developing
Superbugs
Changing Virus
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B1 1.7 – Vaccination Programmes
Immunisation Programs
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B1 1.8 – Keeping things sterile
Growing Bacteria
Safety first
- Follow safety procedures (e.g. avoid hand to face contact while culturing)
- Risk of airborne microbes fallen into culture plates is minimised by upward movement of air around the
Bunsen burner
Inoculation
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The nervous system
Reflex actions
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When we exercise
- Heat production and body temperature increase when in a race compared to when resting
- Loose water = urinate, pass faeces, sweat and air we breathe out (misty mirror when breathe on it)
- Kidneys control balance of water + ions in body.
- Do it by passing urine = contains excess salts + water + other waste materials (body doesn’t need these)
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Hormones
- Day 5
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) starts to be released by pituitary gland in brain
Hormone travels in blood o ovaries
Egg begins to develop
- Day 7
Egg signals to ovaries as it develops
Ovaries start to produce oestrogen
Lining of the womb builds up
- Day 15
Ovaries produce a lot of oestrogen – brain
detects this
Brain stops producing FSH and produces
luteinising hormone (LH)
LH triggers release of egg (ovulation)
- Day 28
If egg not fertilised = lining of uterus is shed
Causes menstruation bleeding (period) lasts a few days
Cycle starts again
- FSH stimulates egg to mature, Oestrogen doesn’t cause egg to release, LH stimulates egg release
- If pregnant then progesterone is made by ovaries.
- Oestrogen and progesterone continue being produced
- Progesterone helps maintain womb lining
Fertility drugs
- FSH levels too low = ovaries don’t release eggs – women can’t become pregnant
- Treated by injecting FSH into blood
- FSH – fertility drug as it stimulates ovaries to produce mature eggs
- Treatment doesn’t always work, more than one egg can be released (twins, triplets, quadruplets)
12
B1 2.4 – Evaluating the benefits of fertility treatment
- 66yr old women became pregnant using donated sperm and eggs
In vitro fertilisation
Em bryo
Embryo
Rem oval of egg
Removal Insem ination
Insemination Incubation transfer into
(aspiration)
wom
wombb
13
B1 2.5 – Plant responses
Plant responses
- Plants need light for photosynthesis, can’t move to obtain the most light
- Light coming in all directions = normally grown (A)
- No light = stems much longer, stems grown straight up (B)
- Light coming from direction = stems grown towards the light –
unidirectional light (phototropism) (C)
- Plant stems – positively phototropic (grow towards the light stimulus)
Gravitropism
- Plant stems – negatively gravitropic = grow away from the direction of the
force of gravity
- Plant roots – positively gravitropic = grow in the direction of the
force of gravity
- Stem beneath soil will eventually find light
- Roots = help keep plant anchored in soil
- Causes unequal distribution of auxin (like phototropism)
- Auxin accumulates on underside of horizontal stem
- Cells on underside grow faster than on upper side, stem grows
upwards
- If root in horizontal position – grow downwards
- Cells on upper side grow faster than on underside but auxin accumulates on underside as well
- Roots grow down because the concentration of auxin that stimulates stem
growth, inhibits root growth
Hydrotropism
- Stems
Positively phototropic
Negatively gravitropic
- Roots
Positively gravitropic
Positively hydrotropic
14
B1 2.6 – Using plant hormones
Agent Orange
Rooting powders
Ripening fruit
15
B1 3.1 – Developing new drugs
- Disease treating drugs = safe, effective, chemically stable, successfully taken in and removed from body
- All clinical trials are double-blind trials
- Some patients give placebo (dummy medicine), some given actual drug
- Not doctor or patients know what they have received until trail complete
- Drug put through tests before use – trails are:
- Laboratory – Animals or tissues used in lab. Find out level of toxicity + if drug works
- Phase 1 clinical – Low doses tested on small group (health people) to evaluate safety + identify side effects
- Phase 2 clinical – Larger group of people tested to see if effective + further evaluate safety + determine
optimum dose
- Phase 3 clinical – Large groups of people tested to confirm effectiveness + monitor side effects
- T – tissues for toxicity
- H – healthy people for side effects
- P – Patient for effectiveness
- D – patients for dose
- 1957 – thalidomide given to women to help them sleep + overcome effects of morning sickness
- Women gave birth to babies whose limbs weren’t properly formed
- Testing of thalidomide was incomplete – not tested on pregnant animals
- Thalidomide effectively treats leprosy
Testing satins
- To lower blood cholesterol levels, drugs called statins have been developed
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B1 3.2 – Recreational drugs
What is a drug?
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B1 3.3 – Establishing links
A harmless joint?
Is there evidence for a link between cannabis smoking and mental illness?
However some studies do show that there is little correlation in cannabis being a gateway drug and cannabis
causing mental illness
18
B1 3.4 – Steroids and athletes
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Increased risk of tendon injuries
B1 4.1 – Plant adaptations
Growing in rainforests
- Cacti – wide root systems (collect as much water as possible or tap into water underground)
- Thick leaves or body (thick tissue) plant uses when drought
- Stomata – tiny holes on surface of leaf (let in CO 2)
- May have no leaves at all – stomata loses water
- Some stomata – protected by hairs, placed in deep ridges – reduces speed of air + evaporation
Easy book Q1
Cacti are plants that live in the desert. They have two main adaptations to help them survive. Their leaves have
become spines and they store water in their stems.
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B1 4.2 – Animal adaptations
Staying warm
Large animal = large surface area BUT small surface area to volume ratio
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B1 4.3 – Surviving the presence of others
- For organism to grow, mature, produce offspring = avoid being eaten by other microorganisms
- Special adaptations – avoid being eaten
Physical deterrents e.g. cacti = thick spines
Chemical deterrents e.g. ragwort (plant) = poisons (taste bad or kill)
Advertise poisons with bright colours
Camouflage – hide from predators (colours + patterns on body = difficult to see)
22
B1 4.4 – Extreme microorganisms
Extreme temperatures
No light
Easy book Q1
To survive and reproduce, organisms need a supply of materials from their surroundings and the living
organisms in their habitat. They have adaptations that enable them to survive in their particular habitat, even
when the conditions are very extreme.
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B1 4.5 – The effect of changing environments
Changing environments
- Difficult for organisms to live in a place where the conditions have changed
- May be easy for other organisms to move in and compete
- May cause a change in the distribution of species
- Distribution – the area of the environment in which a specie lives
- UK – changing weather each season or direction of wind
- Organisms in UK cope with this change
- Short term changes e.g. freak storms (flooding) or extreme temperature = kills organisms
- Long term conditions in climate change
24
B1 4.6 – Pollution Indicators
- Pollution – damage to the environment or to living things caused by the careless release of waste
- Pollution from humans = damage to environment + organisms living there
- Burn fossil fuels – for energy / create other chemicals
- Many waste gasses = poisonous or acidic – dissolve in water droplets in clouds = forms acid rain
- Acid rain damaging to animals + plants
- Pollute water by pouring chemicals into it
- Difficult to monitor + enforce air and water pollution (illegal)
- High level of pollution = kills organisms + change in distribution of species
- Pollution indicators – organisms whose presence or absence indicates the existence of pollution in a given
area
- Lichen – an organisms formed from a fungus and lichen that can live in extreme conditions; used as an
indicator of air pollution
Found on trees / walls
Some grow in no pollution, some grow in different kinds of pollution
Sulphur dioxide pollution decreased due to lichens
- Most aquatic organisms get oxygen from water (for respiration) – not from air
- Fertilisers + sewage contain nitrogen + phosphate – if drained in water then plants, algae, bacteria grow
rapidly + use up oxygen in respiration
- Organisms die because oxygen concentration drops – can’t get oxygen they need
- Some survive in water with little oxygen – special adaptation
- Bloodworm = red – contains haemoglobin – combines with oxygen (like in red blood cells)
- Can use the presence or absence of species to indicate how polluted water is
Easy book Q1
- Changes in the environment affect the distribution of living organisms. This means living organisms can be
used as indicators of pollution.
25
B1 5.1 – Energy in biomass
- Biomass – biological material; in particular, the total mass of living material at a specified level in a food
chain or in a specified area
- Biomass increases when food eaten used to make cells + tissues
- Mass of food = biomass in body
- Energy in biomass = chemical energy
- Chemical energy – energy stored in the chemical bonds of compounds, such as those in the cells of living
organisms
During photosynthesis =
- Animals eat – some chemicals in food absorbed by body, some egested as faeces
- Absorbed food chemicals – built up into fats, carbohydrates, proteins + other chemicals = make cells
- Energy = breaking down carbohydras during respiration
- Respiration – supplies all living processes + movement
- Plants respiration – some energy escapes = heats surroundings
- Animal waste products contain chemical excretes into environment (urine)
- Less biomass at each level of food chain (energy lost to environment – see above)
- Pyramid of biomass – a diagram that shows the mass of living organisms at each stage in a food chain
Biomass
turned into
new horse
biomass
Energy from
cellular Biomass
respiration is
transferred by lost in
heating the faeces
surroundings
Biomass
digested
(Horse)
Biomas Biomass
in as lost in
food urine
Biomass lost -
used to 26
provide
energy for
movement,
growth etc
B1 5.2 –Natural recycling
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A matter of life and death
What is decay?
- Decay – the breakdown of dead plants and animal material by fungi, bacteria and other organisms
- Decay = rotting / digestion of complex organic substances to simpler one e.g. bacteria
- Digestion happens outside cell of microorganism – simpler nutrients absorbed = gives microorganism
nutrients needed for growth
- Simpler nutrients left in soil – plants absorbed using roots
- Enzymes secreted by fungus digest complex chemicals
- Some products of digestion left to environment
- Some products from digestion absorbed by fungus
Essential recycling
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A load of rubbish
A selection of choices
- Manage garden + vegetable kitchen waste = compost heap – waste piled up and microbial decay breaks it
down into compost
- Councils collect this as green waste – make compost in large scale, process called windrow composting –
needs space + compost material turned regularly (keep oxygen level hug) no special equipment needed
- Windrow composting - outdoor composting on a large scale
- Other councils collect garden + kitchen waste together – composting in large containers until meat waste
is broken down, process called In-vessel composting
- In-vessel composting – forming compost from waste plant material within a large vessel in which
conditions of temperature and moisture can be controlled
- Composting complete by using windrow process
- Advantage – conditions monitored inside containers + correct moisture + temperature maintained
- The high temperatures kill pathogens + seeds of weed plants
- Other process = anaerobic digestion = the breakdown of dead plant and animal material without oxygen
- Food waste put into large digesters + air is excluded
- Methanogens break down material + release methane – methane collected, used to produce heat –
process can’t use wood waste because microorganisms can’t break it down
- In all processes, the solid end materials can be used for soil conditioning (gardens, parks etc.)
B1 5.4
–
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- Fixing – Absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and converting it into complex carbon compounds. Plants
fix carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
- CO2 molecule taken into leaf – during photosynthesis changed into organic carbon compound = glucose
(carbohydrate) = fixing
- Removes carbon from physical environment
- Glucose used for respiration = converted to CO2 + released back into air
- Glucose may be changed into complex carbon compounds e.g. carbs, proteins & fats in plant tissue
- Heat + pressure turns large quantities if organisms e.g. trees into fossil fuels
- Combustion of fossil releases CO2 into air
- When carbon returned, leaf captures it and fixes it in photosynthesis – cycle starts again
- Constant cycling of carbon through carbon compounds in living organisms + CO 2 in air = carbon cycle
- Carbon cycle = the way in which carbon atoms circulate between living organisms and the physical
environment
- Only nutrients and CO2 continuously cycled – energy is captured by plants then transferred as heat to
environment – energy can't be used by living organisms = no energy cycle
- Plants photosynthesise during day, take CO2 from atmosphere. Plants respire all the time releasing CO 2
back into atmosphere
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31
B1 6.1 – Gene Basics
- Characteristic = a feature of an organism, sun as its size, colour or behaviour; many CH are coded for by
genes
- Some CH look like those of one parent and some of the other
32
B1 6.2 – Different types of reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Applications of
asexual reproduction
33
B1 6.3 – Cloning plants and animals
Tissue culture
Embryo transplants
34
B1 6.4 – Modifying the genetic code
Genetic engineering
- Genetic information in all organisms work the same way – plant, animal
or bacterium
- Take gene from chromosome of one species and put it in other species =
produce same CH
- Genetic engineering = the process of taking genes from one organism and
putting them into the cells of another so that the cells include CH of the
new gene
- Genetically modified (GM) = an organism that has been genetically
engineered
- Transgenic organism = an organism that contains genes from another
organism
- Transfer insulin (hormone) from human into bacterium – insulin needed
for diabetic people
- Bacteria fermenters grow genetically modified bacteria on large scale =
human insulin cheaper + safer
- Insulin extracted from dead animals before GM human insulin = less insulin available + not identical o
human insulin = health problems
- Insert gene into body cell of early embryo – body cells make what
gene codes for = genes not passed to offspring
35
36
B1 6.5 – Making choices about GM crops
Making GM crops
Different modifications
37
B1 7.1 – Evolution of life
Life on earth
- Fossil – the remains of an organism that lived in the past found preserved in rock, or evidence of
organisms having been there (such as footprints)
- Estimate of 30 million species on earth today
Mammal Fish
- Eggs fertilised inside the body - Eggs usually fertilised outside the body
- Usually giving birth to live young - Get oxygen from water using gills
- Mothers make milk fir young - Body covered in scales
- Usually have hair or fur
- Get oxygen from air using lungs
- Evolutionary relationship = the existence of similar CH in different organisms because they evolved from a
common ancestor
- Common ancestor = an organism or species that is a shared ancestor (in evolutionary terms) of two or
more later organisms or species
Fossil evidence
38
B1 7.2 – Evolution by natural selection
Life on
Natural selection
39
B1 7.3 – The development of a theory
40
Biology Notes
B1
Year 10
Finished
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