Chapter 4: General Vector Spaces

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Let V = R2 and define addition and scalar multiplication as follows:

u + v = u1 , u2 + v1 , v2 = u1 + v1 , 0



ku = k u1 , u2 = ku1 , 0

Which of the following vector space axioms does not hold?

(A) k(u + v) = ku + kv
(B) 1u = u
(C) Closure under scalar multiplication.
(D) None of the above.

2. Let V be a vector space, let k be a scalar, and let u, v, w be vectors in V . Which of the
following statements does not hold?
(A) (u + v) − w = u − (w − v)
(B) If ku = 0, then k = 0 or u = 0.
(C) −k(u + v − w) = −(ku − k(v − w))
(D) 0 − k(1u − v) + 0w = k(1v − u) + 0

3. Which of the following is a subspace of R3 ?

(A) All vectors of the form 0, a, a2 .


(B) All vectors of the form a + 2, a, 0 .


(C) All vectors of the form a, b, 2 .


(D) All vectors of the form a, b, a − 2b .

4. Which of the following is not a linear combination of A and B?

" # " #
1 4 2 0
A= , B=
3 0 1 2
" # " # " # " #
1 12 3 4 3 −4 2 8
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 −2 4 2 −1 4 6 −1
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –2– Anton/Rorres

5. Which of the following sets of vectors does not span R3 ?





(A) 2, 3, 4 , 6, 0, 7 , 0, 9, 5




(B) 1, 3, 2 , 1, 0, 1 , 0, 2, 2




(C) 1, 4, 6 , 2, 3, 1 , 1, 1, 0




(D) 6, 7, 1 , 2, 2, 3 , 1, 1, 2

6. Which of the following vectors in R3 does not lie on the same line as the others?





(A) 1, −7, 4 (B) −4, −28, 16 (C) −3, 21, −12 (D) 2, −14, 8

7. Which of the following sets of matrices are linearly independent?

(" # " # " #)
2 3 4 0 3 1
(A) , ,
1 0 1 0 −1 1
(" # " # " #)
1 0 0 1 1 −1
(B) , ,
2 1 2 2 0 −1
(" # " # " #)
0 2 1 1 1 3
(C) , ,
2 1 1 1 3 2
(" # " # " #)
−1 1 1 0 1 1
(D) , ,
1 0 2 1 5 2

8. The following set forms a basis for M22 . Which of the following is a possible value for the
matrix A? (" # " # " # )
1 1 1 1 1 0
, , ,A
1 0 0 1 1 1
" # " # " # " #
2 1 −1 −1 0 21 0 0
(A) (B) (C) 1 1 (D)
1 2 0 −1 2 2
2 −2

9. Given that the set {1, 1 + x + x2 , p(x)} is a basis for P2 , which of the following is a
possible value for p(x)?
(A) 0
(B) 1 + x
(C) −1
(D) 2 + x + x2

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –3– Anton/Rorres

10. Which of the following sets in R3 is linearly dependent?






(A) 1, 4, 6 , 1, −4, 0 , 4, 5, 2 , 1, 3, −5




(B) 3, 2, 4 , 2, 4, 3 , 0, 1, 3




(C) 0, 2, 0 , 2, 3, 3 , 4, 2, 4



(D) 1, 4, −2 , 3, 0, 0

11. How many vectors are in the standard basis for the vector space P5 ?
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 0



12. What is the transition


from S1 to S2 given S1 = {u1 = 1, −2 , u2 = 3, −4 }
matrix
and S2 = {v1 = 1, 3 , v2 = 3, 8 }?
" #
−14 −36
(A)
5 13
" #
− 13
2
−18
(B) 5
2
7
" #
−7 −18
(C) 5 13
2 2
" #
−13 −36
(D)
5 14




13. Given the basis B = 4, 0 , 0, 1 and the vector w = 2, 3 , what is the coordinate
vector [w]B ?
(A) 21 , 3




(B) 8, 3


(C) 2, 6


(D) 2, 3

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –4– Anton/Rorres

14. Which is equivalent to the following matrix multiplication?

  
2 2 0 1
  
0 4 2  3
 

5 4 2 5
     
2 2 0
     
0 + 3 4 + 5 2
(A) 1      
5 4 2
     
2 0 5
     
2 + 3 4 + 5 4
(B) 1      
0 2 2
     
1 3 5
     
(C) 2 
0 + 2 4 + 0 2
    
5 4 2
     
0 2 2
     
(D) 1 
2 + 3 4 + 5 4
    
2 0 5

15. Which vector is not in the column space of the following matrix?
 
9 4 14
 
4 1 7
 
6 6 6
       
8 13 12 5
       
(A) 
 2 (B)  5 (C)  7 (D) 3
      
12 12 6 0

16. If rank(A) = 4 and nullity(AT ) = 2, which of the following is a possible dimension of

A?
(A) 6 × 5
(B) 6 × 3
(C) 3 × 6
(D) 5 × 6

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –5– Anton/Rorres

17. If A is an invertible n × n matrix, which of the following is not true?

(A) Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution.
(B) The column vectors of A span Rn .
(C) rank(AT ) = 0
(D) A has nullity 0.

18. Which matrix represents reflection about the xy-plane?

       
−1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0
       
(A)  0 1 0 (B) 0 −1
   0 (C) 0 1
  0 (D)  0 −1 0


0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 1


19. Use matrix multiplication to find the image of the vector 2, 1 when it is rotated
counterclockwise about the origin through an angle θ = 45◦ .
√ √   √ √   √ √   √ √ 
(A) 22 , 3 2 2 (B) 3 2 2 , 22 (C) − 22 , 3 2 2 (D) − 3 2 2 , 22

20. Which of the following pairs of operators T1 , T2 : R2 → R2 commute? (That is, for
which pair is it true that T1 ◦ T2 = T2 ◦ T1 ?)
(A) T1 is the reflection about the x-axis.
T2 is the reflection about line y = x.
(B) T1 is the orthogonal projection onto the x-axis.
T2 is the reflection about line y = x.
(C) T1 is the counterclockwise rotation about the origin through an angle of π.
T2 is the projection onto the y-axis.
(D) T1 is the reflection about the x-axis.
T2 is the counterclockwise rotation about the origin through an angle of π/2.

21. Which of the following operators does not have an inverse?

(A) T : R3 → R3 is the clockwise rotation about the negative y-axis through an angle θ.
(B) T : R2 → R2 is the contraction with factor k = 21 .
(C) T : R2 → R2 is the shear in the y-direction with factor k = − 13 .
(D) T : R3 → R3 is the orthogonal projection onto the xz-plane.

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –6– Anton/Rorres

Free Response Questions

1. Let V = R2 , and define addition and scalar multiplication as follows:

u + v = u1 , u2 + v1 , v2 = u1 v1 , u2 v2



ku = k u1 , u2 = uk1 , uk2

Given that V is a vector space,

(a) determine the value of 0 in V.
(b) verify that k0 = 0 holds.


(c) let u = u1 , u2 be in V . Find the value of −u such that u + (−u) = 0.
(d) verify that (−1)u = −u holds.

2. Let V = R2 , and define addition and scalar multiplication as follows:

u + v = u1 , u2 + v1 , v2 = u1 + v1 + 1, u2 + v2 + 2



ku = k u1 , u2 = ku1 , −ku2



Let u = 2, 1 and v = 4, −1 . Compute the value of

2u + v

under the given operations. (Note that V is not a vector space.)

3. Let V be the set of all functions of the form sin (cx) where c is a real number. Define
addition and scalar multiplication to be:

sin (c1 x) + sin (c2 x) = sin ((c1 + c2 )x)

k sin (cx) = sin (kcx)

Prove that V is a vector space under the given operations.

4. Let V be the set of pairs of real numbers x, y such that x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0. Define
addition and scalar multiplication to be the standard operations in R2 . Prove that the
following vector space axioms do not hold.
(a) For each u in V , there is an object −u in V , such that u + (−u) = (−u) + u = 0.
(b) If k is any scalar and u is any object in V , then ku is in V .

5. Determine whether the set of all polynomials in the form a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 where a0 , a1 ,

and a2 are integers is a subspace of P3 . Justify your answer.




6. Express 22, 57, −6 as a linear combination of vectors a = 4, 9, 3 and b = −2, −7, 6 .

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –7– Anton/Rorres

7. Let W be the subset of M33 of “magic squares”, i.e. 3 × 3 matrices such that for some
number c, the sum of any row = the sum of any column = the sum of any diagonal = c.
Prove that W is a subspace of M33 .


8. Let W be the subset of R3 such that for x, y, z in W , x2 + y 2 = z 2 . Show that W is
closed under scalar multiplication but not under addition.

9. Determine whether the vectors x2 − 1, x2 + x − 2, and x2 + 3x + 2 are linearly independent

or linearly dependent in P2 .




10. Are the vectors 1, 2, 4, −3 , 1, 1, 0, 1 , and 2, 1, 1, 3 in R4 linearly independent
or linearly dependent?

11. By using appropriate identities, prove that the vectors

f (t) = sin (t) , g(t) = cos (t) , h(t) = t

in F (−∞, ∞) are linearly independent.

12. Prove that if {v1 , v2 , v3 } is a linearly independent set of vectors in some vector space
V , then
{v1 + v2 , v1 − v2 , v1 − 2v2 + v3 }
is also a linearly independent set in V .




13. Use a determinant to prove that the vectors 6, 3, 2 , 3, 6, 0 , and 0, 0, 2 form a
basis for R3 .


14. Determine

the coordinate

vector

of w = 8, −4, −12 relative to the basis
S = 1, 1, 1 , 1, 5, −3 , 2, 2, 1 .

15. Let {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } be a basis for a vector space V , and let w be a vector in V . Prove
that the set {w, v1 , v2 , . . . , vn }
(a) is linearly dependent.
(b) spans V .

16. Show that the following vectors form a basis for P4 .

1, (t − 1), (t − 1)2 , (t − 1)3 , (t − 1)4



17. Determine a basis for the solution space of the system, and find the dimension of the
solution space.
2x1 + 5x2 + x3 = 0
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 0
3x1 + 4x2 − 9x3 = 0

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –8– Anton/Rorres

18. Determine a basis for the vector space defined by the set of all matrices in the form
" #
a b c
d e f

and determine the dimension of the space.

19. Find a basis for the subspace W of M22 spanned by

(" # " # " # " #)
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
, , ,
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

20. Let V be a vector space with dimension n. Prove that any set with less than n vectors
in V cannot span V .

21. Let V be the set of symmetric 2 × 2 matrices. Prove that dim(V ) = 3.

22. The following matrix Q is the transition matrix from the standard basis S = {e1 , e2 , e3 }
to what basis B?  
5 4 1
 
2 3 4
 
3 2 3

23. Find a transition matrix which changes vectors in R3 from the form (a, b, c) to (a, c, b).

24. Consider the basis B = {u1 , u2 , u3 } for R3 where

     
1 1 0
     
u1 =  2 , u2 = 3 , u3 = 1
    
0 2 3
 
a
 
Compute [w]B for w = 
 b.

c

25. Let S = {e1 , e2 , e3 } be the standard basis for R3 , and let B = {v1 , v2 , v3 } be the basis
that results when the linear transformation defined by



T x1 , x2 , x3 = 2x2 + x3 , x1 − 4x2 , 3x1

is applied to each vector in S. Find the transition matrix PB→S .

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e –9– Anton/Rorres

26. Find a basis for the row space of the following matrix.
 
6 4 0
 
0
 4 −1 

6 −8 3

27. Find a basis for the null space of the following matrix.
 
1 −3 3
 
2 −6 8
 
3 −9 11

28. Prove that the column vectors of an n × n invertible matrix form a basis for Rn .

29. Let A and B be n × n invertible matrices. Prove that if a vector b is in the column
space of B, then the vector Ab is in the column space of the matrix AB.

30. Find the rank and nullity of the following matrix.

 
1 1 7
 
1 2 0
 
2 3 10

31. Show that rank(A) = rank(AT ) for the following matrix.

 
1 −4 5 1
 
 2
 −8 9 0
 
 1
 −4 3 −3 
−1 4 −2 5

32. Let A be an m × n matrix. Prove that the set containing both the null space of A and
the row space of A forms a basis for Rn .

33. Prove that a square n × n matrix A is invertible if and only if rank(A) = n.

34. Find the shear in the y-direction of the vector −3, 1 by the factor k = 2 .

35. Find the standard matrix for the operator that rotates each vector clockwise about the
positive y-axis through an angle θ in R3 .

36. If the standard matrix A creates a shear in the x-direction by a factor k, what is the
effect of AT ?

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e – 10 – Anton/Rorres



37. Find the standard matrix that transforms the vector 1, −2 into 2, −2 .

38. Find the standard matrix in R3 for the composition of a counterclockwise rotation of 60◦
about the positive y-axis, followed by a projection onto the yz-plane, followed by a reflection
across the xy-plane.

39. Let T be defined by the equations

x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = w1
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 = w2
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = w3

Find the inverse operator T −1 w1 , w2 , w3 .

40. Prove that for any angle θ, the standard transformation T : R3 → R3 defined by
counterclockwise rotation about the positive x-axis through an angle θ is invertible.

41. Prove that the composition of two rotation operators about the origin of R2 is another
rotation about the origin.
"√ √ #
2
2
− 22
42. Describe the effect of multiplication by the matrix √2 √
2
on the unit square.
2 2
" #
−1 1
43. Express A = as a product of elementary matrices, and describe the effect of
0 12
multiplication by A in terms of shears, compressions, expansions and reflections.

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e – 11 – Anton/Rorres

Answers

Multiple Choice Answers

1. (B)

2. (C)

3. (D)

4. (D)

5. (A)

6. (B)

7. (A)

8. (C)

9. (B)

10. (A)

11. (C)

12. (A)

13. (A)

14. (A)

15. (C)

16. (A)

17. (C)

18. (C)

19. (A)

20. (C)

21. (D)

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e – 12 – Anton/Rorres

Free Response Answers

1. (a) 0 = 1, 1




(b) k0 = k 1, 1 = 1k , 1k = 1, 1 = 0
1
, 1


(c) −u = u1 u2

(d) (−1)u = (−1) u1 , u2 = u−1 −1 1

, 1




1 , u2 = u1 u2 = −u


2. 9, −1

5. No. Closure under scalar multiplication fails.

6. 4a − 3b

9. Independent

10. Independent


14. −53, −3, 32

17. basis: {(7, −3, 1)}; dimension: 1

(" # " # " # " # " # " #)
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18. basis: , , , , ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
dimension: 6
(" # " # " #)
1 1 1 0 1 1
19. Possible solution: , ,
1 1 0 1 0 0
   
1 1 5 5 1 1 13 3 7
22. B = , , − , − , , , , − ,
24 4 24 12 2 12 24 4 24
 
1 0 0
 
23. 
0 0 1

0 1 0
 
7a − 3b + c
 
24. 
−6a + 3b − c 

4a − 2b + c

Chapter 4
Elementary Linear Algebra 11e – 13 – Anton/Rorres
 
0 2 1
 
25. 
1 −4 0
3 0 0



26. Possible answer: 3, 2, 0 , 0, 4, −1


27. Possible answer: 3, 1, 0

30. rank = 3, nullity = 0

31. rank(A) = rank(AT ) = 2

34. −3, −5
 
cos (θ) 0 −sin (θ)
 
35. 
 0 1 0 
sin (θ) 0 cos (θ)

36. Shear in the y-direction by factor k.

" #
2 0
37.
0 1
 
0 0 0
 
38. 
 √0 1 0

3
2
0 − 12


39. w1 + 2w2 − 2w3 , 2w1 + w2 − 2w3 , −2w1 − 2w2 + 3w3

42. Counterclockwise rotation about the origin through an angle of 45◦ .

" #" #" #
1 2 −1 0 1 0
43. A = 1
; Compression in the y-direction by a factor of 21 , then
0 1 0 1 0 2
reflection about the y-axis, then shear in the positive x-direction by a factor of 2.

Chapter 4