Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Ni2+adsorption performance of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae

in fractionated clay from Southeast Sulawesi
To cite this article: N Sasria et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1726 012021

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BICAME III 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

Ni2+adsorption performance of immobilized Saccharomyces

cerevisiae in fractionated clay from Southeast Sulawesi

N Sasria1, Fahmiati2 and Mashuni2

1
Department of Materials and Metallurgical engineering, Kalimantan Institute of Technology
(ITK), Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesian
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Math and Science, Halu Oleo University (UHO),
Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesian

niasasria@lecturer.itk.ac.id

Abstract. This research shows the optimum adsorption conditions of three adsorbents, i.e clay,
S. cerevisiae biomass, and S.cerevisiae biomass immobilized on clay. Fractionated clay were
obtained by reacting clay with KMnO4, H2SO4, and HCl. S. cerevisiae biomass was obtained
by heating S. cerevisiae biomass from pure isolates. Immobilization of S. cerevisiae biomass in
clay was carried out by mixing both in a ratio of 25:5 and 50:5 (mL biomass: g clay). The
results of adsorbent characterization by FTIR showed that the functional groups in
immobilized S. cerevisiae biomass with a ratio of 50:5 (mL biomass: g clay) were Si-OH, Si-
O-Si, N-H, O-H, and C-H. Adsorption of Ni2+ ions in each adsorbent was carried out by the
batch method using the parameters of concentration and contact time. The concentration of the
remaining Ni2+ ions was analyzed using AAS. The capability of adsorption of Ni 2+ ions in each
adsorbent, optimum at a concentration of 50 mg/L with a contact time of 120 minutes. Whereas
the optimum adsorption capacity of Ni2+ ions by clay, S. cerevisiae biomass, and immobilized
S. cerevisiae biomass, were respectively 0.0013 mg/g, 0.0139 mg/mL and 0.0005 mg/g, while
the adsorption energies were 16.684, 10.735 and 19.084 kJ/mol, respectively.
Keywords: clay, S. cerevisiae biomass, immobilized, adsorption.

1. Introduction
The potential for nickel mining in the province of Southeast Sulawesi is currently the main driver of
regional development and improving the welfare of its people. However, the condition of nickel
mining in the region is very alarming. When it rains, nickel deposits in the mining area will be washed
away to the surrounding rivers and flow into the sea. It can turn seawater into reddish-yellow because
it has been polluted by slag waste. As a result, the concentration of nickel in river water and seawater
will increase. The impact, people affected by this water will suffer from skin cancer. In addition,
seaweed farmers will fail in seaweed cultivation.
Microorganism materials have been used successfully as biosorbents such as bacteria, yeast, algae
and fungi to remove heavy metals from water pollutants [1]. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
biomass which has been widely used as a heavy metal biosorbent, because it has cell wall material that
contains lots of amino acid residues so that it can bind heavy metal ions in solution. In addition, this
biomass was easily obtained because it was widely used for the fermentation process [2]. S. cerevisiae
biomass (dry / dead) has several disadvantages, namely small size, low specific gravity and very soft
or sticky when interacted with a solution of metal ions, so that when the metal ions are separated from
their adsorbent, the biomass will easily be decomposed by other microorganisms. Therefore, to

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

overcome this weakness, immobilization of S. Cerevisiae biomass is carried out to strengthen the
particles and become resistant to certain chemical conditions [3].
Immobilization can be done by adding natural inorganic materials as supporting solids, such as
clay. This material is widely used as an adsorbent because it has an active site that effectively adsorbs
metal ions, namely silanol (Si-OH), siloxane (Si-O-Si), and aluminol (Al-OH). In addition, clay has an
inter-layer structure that can be modified so that the adsorption properties can be improved [4]. This
immobilization system will produce adsorbent which are not easily degraded, hard enough, and
relatively large in size, so it is more efficient to be used as an adsorbent for heavy metal ions such as
nickel metal ions in aqueous medium [5]. In Southeast Sulawesi, clay is one of the minerals that has
not been used optimally, such as those scattered in Amesiu Village, Pondidaha District, Konawe
Regency. So through this research, clay from the village will be optimally utilized as an adsorbent for
heavy metal ion Ni2+.
In previous studies, Cr3+ metal ions were adsorbed using bread yeast biomass adsorbent
immobilized in montmorillonite clay with a maximum absorption capacity of 5.025 mg / g, but
previously adsorption was not carried out using bread yeast biomass adsorbents before
immobilization, so there was no comparative data for the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents. In
addition, the study used unrefined bread biomass adsorbent [6]. Therefore, in this research an
adsorption of Ni2+ heavy metal ions from mining waste will be carried out using three adsorbents
namely clay, S. cerevisiae biomass from pure isolates and S. cerevisiae biomass immobilized in clay,
to show which one that has better adsorption.

2. Experimental method
2.1. Materials
The materials used in this research were pure S. cerevisiae isolates, Potatoes Dextrose Agar (PDA, E.
Merck), Potatoes Dextrose Broth (PDB, Himedia Laboratories), clay, nickel sulfate powder (NiSO4, E.
Merck), acids sulfuric acid (H2SO4 95%, E. Merck), hydrochloric acid (37% HCl, E. Merck), nitric
acid (56% HNO3, E. Merck), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, E. Merck), pH indicator paper
(Macherey - Nagel), Whatman filter paper (paint. No. 42), 75% alcohol (E. Merck), aquabides and
aquades.

2.2. Synthesis of adsorbent

2.2.1. S. cerevisiae biomass. Two tubes of pure S. cerevisiae isolates from rejuvenation were diluted
with 2 mL of aquabides each and pipetted into the starter media and shaken until dissolved, then
incubated for 4 days at 35ºC. S. cerevisiae cells that have been grown on starter media were put into
20 mL in growth media then incubated at room temperature for 5 days. S. cerevisiae cells that have
developed were characterized by turbidity, then turbidity was measured with a 20D spectrophotometer
at a wavelength of 585 nm with liquid media as a blank. To get dead S. cerevisiae cells, S. cerevisiae
that are still in the medium are heated in a water bath at 80C for 20 minutes [7].

2.2.2. Fractionation clay. Clay that has been cleaned, sieved with a 200 mesh sieve. Furthermore, as
much as 200 grams of clay was mixed with KMnO4 0.5M while stirring for 4 hours at 80ºC. The result
was filtered and the precipitate was washed repeatedly until the washing water reaches neutral pH and
then heated in the oven for 12 hours at 80ºC. The 0.5M KMnO4 treatment clay was then added to 6M
H2SO4 while stirring for 4 hours at 80ºC. The result was filtered and the precipitate was washed
repeatedly until the washing water reaches neutral pH and then heated in the oven for 12 hours at
80ºC. Furthermore, the clay from KMnO4 0.5M and 6M H2SO4 was added with 6M HCl while stirring
for 3 hours at 80ºC then washed repeatedly until the washing water reached neutral pH and then heated
in the oven for 12 hours at 80ºC [8].

2.2.3. Immobilization of S. cerevisiae biomass in fractionation clay. Immobilization of S. cerevisiae

biomass in clay was done by mixing S. cerevisiae and clay biomass using a ratio of 25:5 and 50:5 (mL
of biomass:g clay). Then stirred for 24 hours and filtered with Whatman filter paper. Next, the
precipitate was dried in an oven at 105ºC for 2 hours. The results of immobilization in the form of

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

solids were broken up with a horn spatula and sieved with a 200 mesh sieve, to obtain particles with a
size of less than 200 mesh [9].

2.3. Characterization.
Functional groups of the adsorbents were observed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Thermo
Scientific. The adsorption ability of adsorbents to Ni2+ metal ions was analyzed using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Hitachi Z-2000).

2.4. Adsorption of Ni2+metal ion

2.4.1. Effect of Ni2+ metal ion concentration. A total of 40 mL of Ni2+ metal ion solution with a
concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 mg/L mixed with 0.1 gram of clay adsorbent weighed using
analytical scales (Boeco Germany: max 210 g) in durhan bottles. The bottle was closed then shaken
with a shaker (Ratek) at a speed of 175 rpm for 30 minutes. The filtrate was separated by filtering
using Whatman filter paper and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to
determine the concentration of heavy metal ions that are not adsorbed. The results were plotted to the
Freundlich and Langmuir curve equations to determine the capacity and energy of clay adsorption.
The same procedure was carried out for adsorbent S. cerevisiae biomass of 10 mL and S. cerevisiae
biomass immobilized in clay as much as 0.1 gram.

2.4.2. Effect of Ni2+contact time. A total of 40 mL of heavy metal ion solution with a concentration of
50 mg/L mixed with 0.1 gram of clay adsorbent were weighed using analytical scales (Boeco
Germany: max 210 g) in durhan bottles. Then closed and shaken with a shaker (Ratek) at a speed of
175 rpm. The contact time was set 5, 10, 30, 60, 120 minutes, respectively. The filtrate was separated
by filtering using Whatman filter paper and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
to determine the concentration of heavy metal ions that are not adsorbed. The same procedure was
carried out for adsorbent S. cerevisiae biomass of 10 mL and S. cerevisiae biomass immobilized in
clay as much as 0.1 gram.

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Synthesis of adsorbent
3.1.1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. The spectrophotometer was used to assess the growth of S.
cerevisiae by measuring the turbidity of a growing culture with the assumption that absorption was
proportional to the number of microbes contained in the sample [7]. These measurements were carried
out at a wavelength of 585 nm [10]. After incubation on the fifth day, spectrophotometer
measurements were carried out and resulted in an absorbance of 0.548. This shows that in biomass
there are more than 50% of the number of microbes that play an active role in the adsorption process.
In this study used biomass that has died because the biomass does not depend on cell growth, does not
affect the limited toxicity of metal ions, and does not require nutrition [11].

3.1.2. Fractionated clay. The fractionation process can increase the adsorption capacity of the clay
because it removes impurities fractions such as organic compounds that cover the active sites of the
clay. In this process, several solvents were used including KMnO4 which functions to oxidize organic
compounds contained in clay under conditions of high temperature and acidic pH. This process results
in an initial clay weight loss which can be expressed as a percent of clay soil weight, which was
5.22%. This happens because the loss of a number of water molecules and organic compounds during
the fractionation process. Acidic conditions in the fractionation process have been carried out with the
addition of 6M H2SO4 and 6M HCl, this solvent did not cause dealumination of clay-forming
components such as silicon oxide, but can bind a number of remaining water molecules. H2SO4 and
KMnO4 concentrations used were 6M and 0.5M to optimally increase the adsorption capacity of the
clay when compared to using lower concentrations. Meanwhile, if the concentration increases, then
what happens is a decrease in adsorption power [12].

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

3.1.3. Immobilized biomass. The mechanism of immobilization in this study is not yet known with
certainly, both carrier binding, cross linking and entrapment. Therefore to find out, characterization of
S. cerevisiae immobilized biomass was carried out on clay using FTIR for functional group analysis.
Characterization by FTIR was carried out for both immobilization samples, namely samples with a
comparison between S. cerevisiae biomass and clay were respectively 25: 5 and 50: 5 (mL biomass: g
clay), so that through the analysis of the functional groups, we could find out well immobilized
samples that have the most active groups, both from S. cerevisiae biomass or from clay.

3.2. Characterization of adsorbent

The main functional groups in the adsorbents were analyzed using FTIR which are presented in Figure
1 and Table 1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 1. FTIR spectrum: (a) clay before fractionation, (b) fractionated clay, (c) S. cerevisiae
biomass, (d) S. cerevisiae biomass immobilized in clay ratio 25: 5 and (e) 50: 5 ( mL biomass:
g clay).

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

Table 1. Characterization data of clay adsorbent, S. cerevisiae biomass, and S. cerevisiae

biomass immobilized in clay.

Type of Adsorbent Functional Frequency Information

(Code) groups (cm-1)
OH on silanol 3626 Vibration range of H-O-H appears
Clay before fractionation OH hidroxyl 3425 in the absorption area of 3425 cm-1
(a) C-H 2931 which shows the presence of water
Si-O-Si 1026 absorbed in the clay framework
The shift from 3425 to 3448 shows
OH 3448
the release of H2O from the clay
C-H 2931, 2862,
Fractionated clay (b) framework. Shifting from 1026 to
Si-O-Si 2970
1033 indicates the presence of
(Siloxane) 1080,1033
siloxane group vibrations.
OH
3425
carboxylate
2337
S. cerevisiae biomass (c) N-H
1651
C=O
1049
C-O
The N-H group of biomass has been
S. cerevisiae biomass
N-H (stretch) 2337 stuck to the clay but the interaction
immobilized in clay ratio
SiO2 1851 between them is less than the
25 : 5 (mL biomass : g
N-H (bend) 1527 maximum because there is only one
clay) (d)
group of biomass attached
OH
3448 The interaction of hydrogen
S. cerevisiae biomass carboxylate
2931 between H atoms in the N-H, C-H
immobilized in clay ratio C-H
2291 and O-H groups of biomass with O
50 : 5 (mL biomass : g N-H
1635 atoms in the Si-OH and Si-O-Si
clay) (e) Si-OH
1080, 1033 groups of clay
Si-O-Si

Based on Table 1 above, it can be seen that S.cerevisiae biomass adsorbent that is immobilized in a
ratio of 50:5 (mL biomass: g clay) has been well immobilized and has more active groups attached. In
addition, the mechanism of immobilization that has occurred between biomass and clay was physical
adsorption through hydrogen interactions.
Based on Figure 1, spectrum a shows the hydroxyl stretching group (-OH) in silanol (Si-OH) which
is shown by the absorption band at 3626 cm-1. The vibration of OH on silanol is shown by the
absorption band at 1635 cm-1. H-O-H stretching vibrations appear in the absorption area of 3425 cm-1
which indicates the presence of water absorbed in the clay framework. C-H stretch vibration in the
absorption area 2931 cm-1. The stretching of Si-H in the absorption area is 2345 cm-1. The presence of
siloxane (Si-O-Si) groups is seen in the absorption area of 1026 cm-1, while the presence of Al-O-Al
groups in clays before fractionation is indicated by weak Al-O-Al buckling vibrations at 794 cm-1.
Absorption in the region of 694 cm-1 indicates the presence of Si-C vibrations. Si-O-Si buckling
vibrations are shown by absorption bands at 532 and 470 cm-1. Si-O-Si buckling vibrations range at
472 and 539 cm-1 and the vibrations of the Si-O-Si range at 1024 cm-1 [13].
Spectrum b shows that the absorption band is not much different from spectrum a. However, there
are some specific absorption bands that distinguish between spectrum b and spectrum a. The apparent
difference is the absorption band for the OH stretch vibration has shifting from 3425 to 3448 cm-1,
indicated decreasing intensity of H2O released from the clay framework. So that the vibrations
produced by hydrogen bonds decrease. Increased absorption bands, including absorption bands for C-
H stretch vibrations at 2862 and 2970 cm-1 and absorption bands at 1080 and 1033 cm-1. One of them
has shifted from the absorption area of 1026 cm-1 which indicates the existence of vibrations of the Si-
O-Si range with almost the same intensity. This is supported by the statement that fractionation of clay

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

using KMnO4 in an acidic atmosphere can increase the amount of silanol and siloxane groups that
were originally covered by organic components or other metal oxides [14].
Spectrum c shows the absorption in the area of 3425 cm-1 which indicates the stretch of OH
carboxylate groups. C-H stretch vibrations are shown with absorption bands in the area of 2931 cm-1.
The range of the C-H group is strengthened by the bending of the C-H shown by the absorption band
at 1381 cm-1. The absorption band which is N-H stretch vibration appeared at 2337 cm-1. While the N-
H bending vibration at 1527 cm-1. Absorption in the area of 1651 cm-1 indicates the presence of C=O
groups in S. cerevisiae biomass. The C-O stretch vibration appears in the absorption region 1234 cm-1
while the bending vibration of C-O appears in the absorption region 1049 cm-1.
Spectrum d shows absorption band which is not much different from spectrum b (fractionated
clay), where the spectrum that appears mostly originates from fractionated clay, but in this spectrum,
there is a new absorption band at 1851 cm-1 indicating the existence of the SiO2 Group, which is the
main element of clay. In this spectrum, only one active group of attached biomass is visible, namely
the vibrational range and bending of N-H at 2337 and 1527 cm-1. This shows that the biomass has been
attached to the clay but the immobilization interaction is less than the maximum because only a few
groups of active S. cerevisiae biomass can be immobilized.
Spectrum e shows a combined absorption band of S. cerevisiae biomass and clay. But in this
spectrum, there are some shifts in wave numbers, namely the shift in the OH carboxylate group from
biomass at 3425 to 3448 cm-1 and the N-H group from biomass at 2337 to 2291 cm-1. In addition, the
absorption band at 1635 cm-1 for the Si-OH group was clearer and broader, while the absorption band
of the CH group at 2931 cm-1 was more specific and the Si-O-Si group at 1080 and 1033 cm-1 were
seen more stronger and narrower. Some of these differences indicate the occurrence of hydrogen
bonds between H atoms in the N-H, C-H and O-H biomass groups and O atoms in the Si-OH and Si-
O-Si clays. Through this FTIR results, it is known that S. cerevisiae biomass is immobilized in clay
with a ratio of 50: 5 has been mobilized properly and has the most active group, both from S.
cerevisiae biomass or from clay, so that it is used as Ni2+ metal ion adsorbent. In addition, it can also
be seen that the mechanism of immobilization between S. cerevisiae biomass in clay is carrier binding,
with the type of physical adsorption, because between S. cerevisiae and clay biomass can only be
linked through hydrogen interactions.

3.3. Nickel Metal Ion Adsorption

3.3.1. Effect of Ni2+ Metal Ion Concentration. To find out the effect of the concentration of Ni2+ metal
ions on the adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions by several adsorbents, a series of Ni2+ metal ion solutions
with various concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 mg / L are needed. The relationship between the
concentration of Ni2+ metal ions to the adsorption power of Ni2+ metal ions by clay adsorbent, S.
cerevisiae biomass, and S. cerevisiae biomass immobilized in clay is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Comparison of the capability of adsorption with concentration variation.

Ni2+ Metal Ion Capability of adsorption

Concentration (mg/L) Clay (mg/g) Biomass (mg/mL) Immobilized Biomass (mg/g)
5 0.009 0.0176 0.0125
10 0.22 0.0308 0.1499
15 0.50 0.0363 0.3782
20 0.88 0.0369 0.9679
50 2.50 0.0913 4.1203

Table 2 show that the adsorption power of Ni2+ metal ions by clay and S. cerevisiae immobilized in
clay increases with increasing concentration, from a concentration of 5 mg/L to a concentration of 50
mg/L. The results of this study indicate that the greater the concentration of the Ni2+ metal ion solution,
the Ni2+ metal ions absorbed by the active group in the adsorbent will also increase. This case occurs
because when the concentration of Ni2+ metal ions is greater, it will increase the number of Ni 2+ metal
ion particles that can bind to the active group of the adsorbent.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

However, the adsorption power of Ni2+ metal ions by S. cerevisiae biomass adsorbents only
increased from a concentration of 5 mg / L of 0.0176 mg / mL to a concentration of 10 mg / L, which
is equal to 0.0308 mg / mL, then a relatively constant absorption occurs at the next increase in
concentration which is indicated by the relatively horizontal curve shape. The relatively horizontal
curve shape provides information that the active site in the cell wall of S. cerevisiae biomass is close
to or has been saturated with metal ions [15]. In this research, intermediate acidic Ni2+ metal ions were
used, but the active site of S. cerevisiae biomass that emerged based on FTIR results were only
hydroxide, amine, and carboxyl groups. This happens because the small volume of S. cerevisiae
biomass is used and is still in the growth media, so that the interaction that occurs between Ni 2+ metal
ions with S. cerevisiae biomass is not much.
From the three adsorbents, which has the highest adsorption power is S. cerevisiae biomass which
is immobilized in clay with adsorption power of 4.1203 mg/g at optimum concentration of 50 mg/L.
These adsorbents have many active groups but they all have a balanced amount between active groups
from S. cerevisiae biomass or from clay. This causes more Si-OH and N-H groups found in the
adsorbent, so the adsorption power of the Ni2+ ion which is an acid in the intermediate group will be
higher, because the -OH group of silanol acts as a hard base and the -H group of the amine acts as
weak base, so that both groups are able to exchange or form strong hydrogen bonds with hydrated
water molecules in the metal ion Ni2+.
In the case of active sites that have not been saturated with adsorbate, it will produce adsorption
that increases linearly [16]. In Table 2, it is clearly seen that the active site of the clay and S. cerevisiae
immobilized biomass in the clay has not been saturated at any increase in concentration, due to an
increase in the adsorption power of the Ni2+ metal ion or in other words all active sites in the clay are
considered unsaturated to a concentration of 50 mg / L. Because the results of this study indicate that
the greatest absorption occurs at a concentration of 50 mg / L, then in the next treatment that is the
adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions to the influence of contact time the concentration of Ni 2+ metal ion
solution is used at 50 mg / L.

3.3.2. Effect of Contact Time. To determine the effect of the contact time of Ni2+ metal ions on the
adsorption of these metal ions by several adsorbents, it is necessary to vary the time of contacting of
the Ni2+ metal ion solution that is 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The effect of contact time of Ni2+
metal ions on the adsorption power of Ni2+ metal ions by clay, S. cerevisiae biomass and immobilized
S. cerevisiae biomass in clay is presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Comparison of the capability of adsorption with contact time variation.

Contact time Capability of adsorption

(minute) Clay (mg/g) Biomass (mg/mL) Immobilized Biomass (mg/g)
5 0.055 0.0747 12.576
10 0.381 0.1046 12.702
30 1.519 0.1120 13.805
60 1.791 0.1220 14.790
120 2.632 0.1519 19.4

Table 3 show that there is an increase in adsorption power with increasing contact time between Ni 2+
metal ions and clay adsorbent and S. cerevisiae biomass which is immobilized in clay from contact
time 5 minutes to 120 minutes. The results of this study indicate that the contact time of longer Ni 2+
metal ions will produce more Ni2+ metal ions which are absorbed by the active groups of the three
adsorbents as long as they do not reach saturation. This is due to the increased contact time which can
lead to a better process of diffusion and attachment of Ni2+ metal ions.
However, the adsorption power of Ni2+ metal ions by S. cerevisiae biomass adsorbents only
increased from a 5 minute contact time of 0.0747 mg / mL to a 10 minute contact time of 0.1046 mg /
mL. Then when the next contact time is added, a relatively constant absorption is formed which is
indicated by a relatively horizontal curve shape. This curve shape provides information that the active

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

site in the cell wall of S. cerevisiae biomass is close to or has been saturated with metal ions [15]. This
is due to the lack of active sites that play an active role in the adsorbent of S. cerevisiae biomass
because the volume of S. cerevisiae biomass is used little and is still in liquid form or still in its growth
media.
When compared between the three adsorbents, the one having the highest adsorption power was S.
cerevisiae biomass which was immobilized in clay with adsorption power of 19.4 mg / g at the
optimum contact time of 120 minutes. Consider that these adsorbents have many active groups
compared to S. cerevisiae biomass or clay without immobilization. Like the Si-OH and N-H groups
that are able to exchange or form strong hydrogen bonds with hydrated water molecules in Ni2+ metal
ions so that the adsorption power is greater.

3.3.3. Isothermal Adsorption. The type of adsorption isotherm, adsorption capacity, and adsorption
energy were determined by observing the isothermal curve of adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions by clay
adsorbent, S. cerevisiae biomass and S. cerevisiae biomass which was immobilized in clay with
varying metal ion concentrations. Figure 2 and Figure 3 present the isothermal curve of the adsorption
of Freundlich and Langmuir Ni2+ metal ions by the three adsorbents with varying concentrations of 5,
10, 15, 20, 50 mg / L, where qe is the amount of adsorbate adsorbed and Ce is the adsorbate
concentration at the adsorption equilibrium.

0,5

0,0

-0,5
log qe

-1,0

-1,5

-2,0

0,0 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8

log Ce
Ket : %(Clay, (y = 2.507x - 2.892 ; R² = 0.626))
% (S. cerevisiae Biomass, (y = 1.005x - 1.857 ; R² = 0.965))
% (Biomass Immobilized, (y = 2.467x - 3.342 ; R² = 0.955))

2+
Figure 2. Isothermal adsorption of Freundlich Ni metal ion by clay, S. cerevisiae
biomass and S. Cerevisiae biomass immobilized in clay.

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500

400

300
Ce/qe

200

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ce
Ket : % (Clay, (y = -9,588x + 222,8 ; R² = 0,144))
% (S. cerevisiae Biomass, (y = -1,185x + 75,56 ; R² = 0,064))
% (Biomass Immobilized, (y = -4,947x + 195,9 ; R² = 0,293))

2+
Figure 3. Isothermal adsorption of Langmuir Ni metal ion by clay, S. cerevisiae biomass
and S. Cerevisiae biomass immobilized in clay.

The suitability of the type of adsorption isotherm for an adsorption process can be determined by
the level of linearity of each isotherm (shown by the highest R2 value) and the largest adsorption
capacity value (KF on the Freundlich isothermal and qm on the Langmuir isothermal) [17]. Based on
Figure 2 (Freundlich Isothermal) and Figure 3 (Langmuir Isothermal) obtained Freundlich and
Langmuir linear regression equation, where in the clay obtained R2 for the Freundlich equation (0.626)
is greater than the R2 value for the Langmuir equation (0.144). Therefore, it can be concluded that the
type of adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions by clay is Freundlich isothermal. From the calculation using the
Freundlich equation obtained adsorption capacity (KF) of 0.0013 mg / g and adsorption energy of
16.684 kJ / mol, while the adsorption capacity (qm) according to the Langmuir equation obtained is
negative. This is probably due to the involvement of the formation of hydrogen bonds which is quite
large between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Adsorption is categorized as chemical adsorption if the
energy is more than 20.92 kJ / mol, and if less than that is categorized as physical adsorption [18].
Adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions by S. cerevisiae biomass is also known to have followed the
Freundlich adsorption isotherm type. This can be seen in Figure 2, the R2 value for the Freundlich
equation (0.965) which is greater than the R2 value for the Langmuir equation (0.064) (Figure 2) and
from calculations using the Freundlich equation the adsorption capacity (K F) of 0.0139 mg / mL and
the adsorption energy of 10.735 kJ / mol. Biosorption of Cu2+ by S. cerevisiae biomass can occur
through the Langmuir isothermal, because Cu2+ is an intermediate acid, whereas hydroxyl groups,
amines and phosphates in S. cerevisiae biomass are strong bases so that chemical interactions can
occur in accordance with the concept of strong acids, where the cation acidic intermediate
(intermediate) can interact strongly with ligands that are strongly basic [15]. But in this study, the
adsorption capacity (qm) according to the Langmuir equation obtained is negative. This is probably
caused by the volume of biomass that is used less and is still in the growth media, so the interaction
that occurs between the metal ion Ni2+ with S. cerevisiae biomass is quite small.
The same thing happened to the adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions by S. cerevisiae biomass which was
immobilized in clay, which is following the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. With the value of R 2 for
the Freundlich equation (0.9655) (Figure 2) is greater than the value of R2 for the Langmuir equation
(0.293) (Figure 3). From the calculation using the Freundlich equation obtained adsorption capacity
(KF) of 0.0005 mg / g and adsorption energy of 19,084 kJ / mol, while the value of adsorption capacity

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BICAME III 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1726 (2021) 012021 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012021

(qm) according to the Langmuir equation obtained was also negative. This is also due to the small
volume of biomass that is used and is still in the growth media, so that the amount of interaction that
occurs between Ni2+ metal ions with S. cerevisiae biomass is only small.

Conclusion
The FTIR result of the clay before fractionation showed the presence of H2O in the clay framework
and after the clay was fractionated it indicated the release of this H2O. The FTIR result of immobilized
biomass with a ratio of 50: 5 (mL biomass: g clay) shows that the adsorbent has the most active
groups, where the immobilization process has occurred properly through hydrogen bonds between the
H atoms in the N-H group (2291 cm-1), C-H (2931 cm-1) and O-H (3448 cm-1) from biomass with O
atoms in the Si-OH (1635 cm-1) and Si-O-Si (1080 and 1033 cm-1) groups from the clay. While the
maximum adsorption power of Ni2+ metal ions with various concentrations and contact times was
produced by immobilized S. cerevisiae biomass adsorbent in clay, namely 4.1203 mg/g at the
optimum concentration of 50 mg/L and 19.4 mg/g at the optimum contact time for 120 minutes. Based
on the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation, it is known that the optimum adsorption capacity of
Ni2+ ions by clay, S. cerevisiae biomass, and immobilized S. cerevisiae biomass, were respectively
0.0013 mg/g, 0.0139 mg/mL and 0.0005 mg/g, while the adsorption energies were 16.684, 10.735 and
19.084 kJ/mol, respectively.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the Halu Oleo University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
chemistry laboratory for helping the course of this research.

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