Matrices and Determinants: Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Matrices and Determinants
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
8
Chapter 8 Matrices and Determinants
8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES 2
8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX 3
8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES 4
8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX 16
8.5 DETERMINANTS 19
8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS 21
8.7 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS 27
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
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8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES
1. A rectangular array of mn numbers arranged in the form

 a11 a12  a1n 
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n 
  
 
a m1 a m2  a mn 
is called an mn matrix.
2 3 4
e.g.  1 8 5 is a 23 matrix.
 
2
e.g.  7  is a 31 matrix.
 3
 
2. If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is said to be order mn.
2 0 3 6
e.g.  3 4 7 0 is a matrix of order 34.
1 9 2 5

1 0 2 
e.g.  2 1 5  is a matrix of order 3.
1 3 0 

3. a 1 a2  a n  is called a row matrix or row vector.
 b1 
b2 
4.    is called a column matrix or column vector.
 
bn 
2
e.g.  7  is a column vector of order 31.
 3
 
e.g.  2 3 4 is a row vector of order 13.
5. If all elements are real, the matrix is called a real matrix.
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 a11 a12  a 1n 
a 21 a 22  a2n 
6.     is called a square matrix of order n.
 
 a n1 a n 2  a nn 
And a11 , a 22 ,  , a nn is called the principal diagonal.
3 9
e.g.  0 2 is a square matrix of order 2.
 
7. Notation :  a  ij m n
, a 
ij m n
, A , ...
8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX.
Def.8.1 If all the elements are zero, the matrix is called a zero matrix or null matrix,
denoted by Om n .
 0 0
e.g. 0 0 is a 22 zero matrix, and denoted by O2 .
 
Def.8.2 Let A   a  ij n nbe a square matrix.

(i) If a  0 ij for all i, j, then A is called a zero matrix.
(ii) If a  0 ij for all i<j, then A is called a lower triangular matrix.
(iii) If a  0 ij for all i>j, then A is called a upper triangular matrix.
a11 a12  a1n 

 a11 0 0  0   0 a 22
 a 21 a 22 0 
 0 0
 
0  
     
a n1 a n 2   a nn   0  0 a nn 
i.e. Lower triangular matrix Upper triangular matrix
1 0 0
e.g.  2 1 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
 1 0 4

2 3
e.g.  0 5  is an upper triangular matrix.

Def.8.3 Let A   a  be a square matrix. If a  0 for all i  j , then A is called a

ij n n ij
diagonal matrix.
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1 0 0
e.g.  0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 4

Def.8.4 If A is a diagonal matrix and a11  a 22   a nn  1 , then A is called an identity

matrix or a unit matrix, denoted by I n .
 1 0 0
1 0
e.g. I2   , 3  0 1 0
I 
0 1  0 0 1
 
8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES.
Def.8.5 Two matrices A and B are equal iff they are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal.
i.e. a  ij m n
 
 bij m n
 a ij  bij for all i , j .
a 2  1 c
e.g.  4   a  1, b  1, c  2 , d  4 .
b  d 1
 2 1
 2 3  2 4 2 3 1
N.B.  4 0   3 0 and  3 0   1 0 4 
1 4  
 
Def.8.6 Let A   a  and B   b  .

ij m n ij m n
Define A  B as the matrix C   c  of the same order such that ij m n
c  a  b for all i=1,2,...,m and j=1,2,...,n.

ij ij ij
2 3 1 2 4 3
e.g.  1  
0 4  2 1 5
2 1
3 2 3 1
N.B. 1. 0  
 1 1 0 4  is not defined.
 4 
2 3
2. 4  5 is not defined.
0
Def.8.7 Let   . Then
A  a ij m n

 A   a ij  m n and A-B=A+(-B)
 1 2 3 2 4 0
e.g.1 If A  1 0 2 and B   3 1 1 . Find -A and A-B.
   
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Thm.8.1 Properties of Matrix Addition.

Let A, B, C be matrices of the same order and O be the zero matrix of the
same order. Then
(a) A+B=B+A
(b) (A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
(c) A+(-A)=(-A)+A=O
(d) A+O=O+A
Def.8.8 Scalar Multiplication.

Let A   a  , k is scalar. Then kA is the matrix
ij m n
 
C  cij m n defined by
c  ka ,
ij ij i, j .
i.e. 
kA  ka ij  m n
 3 2 
e.g. If A  5 6  ,
 
3
then -2A= ; A
2
N.B. (1) -A=(-1)A

(2) A-B=A+(-1)B
Thm.8.2 Properties of Scalar Multiplication.

Let A, B be matrices of the same order and h, k be two scalars.
Then (a) k(A+B)=kA+kB
(b) (k+h)A=kA+hA
(c) (hk)A=h(kA)=k(hA)
Def.8.9 Let A   a  . The transpose of A, denoted by A T , or A  , is
ij m n
defined by
a11 a 21  a m1 
a a  a m 2 
A T   12 22
 
 
a1n a 2 n  a nm  n m
3 2 
e.g. A , then A T 
 5 6 
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3 0 2 
e.g. A
4 6 1  , then A T 
e.g. A   5 , then A T 
N.B. (1) I T 
(2) A   a  ij m n , then A T 
Thm.8.3 Properties of Transpose.

Let A, B be two mn matrices and k be a scalar, then
(a) ( A T ) T 
(b) ( A  B ) T 
(c) (kA) T 
Def.8.11 A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix iff A T  A .
A is symmetric matrix  A  A  aij  a ji i, j

T
i.e.
1 3 1
e.g. 3 3 0  is a symmetric matrix.
 1 0 6 

1 3 1
e.g. 0 3 0  is not a symmetric matrix.
 1 3 6 

Def.8.12 A square matrix A is called a skew-symmetric matrix iff A T   A .
i.e. A is skew-symmetric matrix  A   A  aij  a ji i, j

T
0 3 1
e.g.2 Prove that A   3 0 5  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 5 0 

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e.g.3 Is aii  0 for all i=1,2,...,n for a skew-symmetric matrix?
Def.12 Matrix Multiplication.

Let A   aik  m n and B   b  kj n p . Then the product AB is defined as the mp
matrix C   c  where
ij m p
n
cij  a i 1b1 j  a i 2 b2 j  a in bnj   a ik bkj .
k 1
AB   aik bkj 
n
i.e.  k 1  m p
 2 1
 2 3 1
e.g.4 Let A   3 0 and B . Find AB and BA.
 1 4   1 0 4  2  3
  3 2
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 2 1
  3 0 and B   1 0
e.g.5 Let A  2 1 2  2 . Find AB. Is BA well defined?
 1 4 
  3 2
N.B. In general, AB  BA .
i.e. matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Thm.8.4 Properties of Matrix Multiplication.

(a) (AB)C = A(BC)
(b) A(B+C) = AB+AC
(c) (A+B)C = AC+BC
(d) AO = OA = O
(e) IA = AI = A
(f) k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB)
(g) ( AB) T  B T A T .
N.B. (1) Since AB  BA ;

Hence, A(B+C)  (B+C)A and A(kB)  (kB)A.
(2) A 2  kA  A( A  kI )  ( A  kI ) A .
(3) AB  AC  O  A(B  C )  O

 A  O or B  C  O
 1 0  0 0  0 0
e.g. Let A   0 0 , B   0 1 , C   1 0
 1 0  0 0  1 0  0 0
Then AB  AC   0 0  0 1   0 0  1 0
 0 0  0 0  0 0
     
 0 0  0 0  0 0
But A  O and B  C,
so AB  AC  O  A  O or B  C .
Def. Powers of matrices
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For any square matrix A and any positive integer n, the symbol
A  A  A A
A n denotes  n factors .
N.B. (1) ( A  B ) 2  ( A  B )( A  B )
 AA  AB  BA  BB
 A 2  AB  BA  B 2
(2) If AB  BA , then ( A  B ) 2  A 2  2 AB  B 2
 2 1  1
3
A   
1 2 2 4 0
e.g.6 Let  B  C   1 0 and D   2
 1 0 2,  3 1 1 ,  
 1 1  0
Evaluate the following :

(a) ( A  2 B )C (b) ( AC ) 2
(c) ( B T  3C ) T D (d) ( 2 A) T B  DD T
Page 9
e.g.7 (a) Find a 2x2 matrix A such that

 1 0 1   1 0 
2 A  3   A   
 1 1 2   1 1  .
 2 
(b) Find a 2x2 matrix A      such that
 2 1  
2 1
A T  A and  3 0 A  A 3 0 .
 3 1  1   0  1
(c) If  1 1   x   0    x , find the values of x and  .
Page 10
 cos  sin  
e.g.8 Let A   sin  cos  . Prove by mathematical induction that
cos n  sin n 
A n    for n = 1,2,. [HKAL92] (3 marks)
 sin n cos n 
Page 11
 a 1
e.g.9 (a) Let A   0 b where a , b  R and a  b .
 n a n  bn 
a
Prove that A   
n
a  b  for all positive integers n.
0 b 
n
95
1 2
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate 
0

3 . [HKAL95] (6 marks)
 0 1 0
e.g.10 (a) Let A   0 0 1 and B be a square matrix of order 3. Show that if A
 0 0 0
and B are commutative, then B is a triangular matrix.
(b) Let A be a square matrix of order 3. If for any x , y , z  R , there exists  R

 x  x
A y
such that      y , show that A is a diagonal matrix.
 
 z  z
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix of order 3 and A is nilpotent of order 2 (i.e. A 2  O ),
then A=O, where O is the zero matrix of order 3.
Page 12
Properties of power of matrices :
(1) Let A be a square matrix, then ( A n ) T  ( A T ) n .
(2) If AB  BA , then
(a) ( A  B ) n  A n  C1n A n1 B  C2n A n 2 B 2  C3n A n 3 B 3  Cnn1 AB n1  B n
(b) ( AB ) n  A n B n .
(3) ( A  I ) n  A n  C1n A n1  C2n A n 2  C3n A n  3  Cnn1 A  Cnn I
e.g.11 (a) Let X and Y be two square matrices such that XY = YX.
Prove that (i) ( X  Y ) 2  X 2  2 XY  Y 2
n
(ii) ( X  Y )   Cr X Y for n = 3, 4, 5, ... .

n n n r r
r0
(Note: For any square matrix A , define A 0  I .) (3 marks)
1 2 4
(b) By using (a)(ii) and considering  0 1 3 , or otherwise, find

0 0 1
100
1 2 4
0 1 3 . (4 marks)
 
0 0 1
(c) If X and Y are square matrices,
Page 13
(i) prove that ( X  Y )  X  2 XY  Y implies XY = YX ;
2 2 2
(ii) prove that ( X  Y ) 3  X 3  3 X 2 Y  3 XY 2  Y 3 does NOT

implies XY = YX .
 1 0  b 0
(Hint : Consider a particular X and Y, e.g. X  1 0 , Y   0 0 .)
[HKAL90] (8 marks)
Page 14
8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX
N.B. (1) If a, b, c are real numbers such that ab=c and b is non-zero, then
c
a  cb 1 and b 1 is usually called the multiplicative inverse of b.
b
C
(2) If B, C are matrices, then is undefined.
B
Def. A square matrix A of order n is said to be non-singular or invertible if and only
if there exists a square matrix B such that AB = BA = I.
The matrix B is called the multiplicative inverse of A, denoted by A 1
i.e. AA 1  A 1 A  I .
 3 5  2 5
e.g.12 Let A   1 2 , show that the inverse of A is  1 3  .
1
3 5  2 5
i.e. 
1

2

 1 3.

Page 15
1
 2 5 3 5
e.g.13 Is 
 1

3

1 2 ?

Def. If a square matrix A has an inverse, A is said to be non-singular or invertible.

Otherwise, it is called singular or non-invertible.
3 5  2 5
e.g.   and  1  are both non-singular.
1 2 3
i.e. A is non-singular iff A 1 exists.
Thm. The inverse of a non-singular matrix is unique.
N.B. (1) I 1  I , so I is always non-singular.

(2) OA = O  I , so O is always singular.
(3) Since AB = I implies BA = I.
Hence proof of either AB = I or BA = I is enough to assert that B is the
inverse of A.
Page 16
 2 1
e.g.14 Let A   7 4 .
(a) Show that I  6 A  A 2  O .
(b) Show that A is non-singular and find the inverse of A.
 1 1
(c) Find a matrix X such that AX   1 0 .
Properties of Inverses
Thm. Let A, B be two non-singular matrices of the same order and  be a scalar.
(a) ( A1 )1  A .
(b) AT is a non-singular and ( AT )1  ( A1 )T .
(c) An is a non-singular and ( A n ) 1  ( A 1 ) n .
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1
(d) A is a non-singular and (A) 
1 1

A .
(e) AB is a non-singular and ( AB) 1  B 1 A 1 .
Proof Refer to Textbook P.228.
8.5 DETERMINANTS
Def. Let A   a  be a square matrix of order n. The determinant of A, detA or |A| is

ij
defined as follows:
a a
(a) If n=2, det A  a11 a12  a11 a22  a12 a21
21 22
a11 a12 a13

(b) If n=3, det A  a 21 a22 a 23
a 31 a32 a 33
or det A  a11 a22 a33  a21 a32 a13  a31 a12 a23
 a31 a22 a13  a32 a23 a11  a33 a21 a12
1 2 3
1 3 2
e.g.15 Evaluate (a) 4 1 (b) det 1 0
1 2 1

Page 18
3 2 x
e.g.16 If 8 x 1  0, find the value(s) of x.
3 2 0
a11 a12 a13

N.B. det A  a 21 a22 a 23
a 31 a32 a 33
a22 a23 a a23 a a22
 a11  a12 21  a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a21 a23 a a13 a a13
or   a12  a22 11  a32 11
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23
or . . . . . . . . .
  
By using   
  
3 2 0 0 2 0
e.g.17 Evaluate (a) 0 1 1 (b) 8 2 1
0 2 3 3 2 3
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8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
(1) a 2 b2 c2  b1 b2 b3 i.e. det( A T )  det A .
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 b1 c1 a1
(2) a2 b2 c2   b2 a2 c2  b2 c2 a2
a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 c3 b3 c3 a3
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2   a1 b1 c1  a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a1 b1 c1
a1 0 c1 a1 b1 c1
(3) a2 0 c2  0  a 2 b2 c2
a3 0 c3 0 0 0
a1 a1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(4) a2 a2 c2  0  a1 b1 c1
a3 a3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
a1 a2 a3
  a
(5) If b b b , then 2 b2 c2  0
1 2 3
a3 b3 c3
a1  x1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 x1 b1 c1
(6) 2  x 2
a b2 c2  a 2 b2 c2  x 2 b2 c2
a3  x 3 b3 c3 a 3 b3 c3 x 3 b3 c3
pa1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(7) pa 2 b2 c2  p a 2 b2 c2  pa2 pb2 pc2
pa3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
Page 20
pa1 pb1 pc1 a1 b1 c1
pa 2 pb2 pc2  p a2
3
b2 c2
pa3 pb3 pc3 a3 b3 c3
 pa1 pb1 pc1   a1 b1 c1 

N.B. (1)  pa2 pb2 pc2  p a2 b2 c2 

   
 pa3 pb3 pc3   a3 b3 c3 
(2) If the order of A is n, then det(A)  n det( A)
a1 b1 c1 a1  b1 b1 c1
a
(8) 2 b2 c2  a2  b2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3  b3 b3 c3
x1 y1 z1 x1  y1  z1 y1 z1
C2  C3  C1
N.B. x2 y2 z2 x 2  y 2  z2 y2 z2

x3 y3 z3 x 3   y 3  z 3 y3 z3
1 2 0 5 3 7
e.g.18 Evaluate (a) 0 4 5 , (b) 3 7 5
6 7 8 7 2 6
1 a b c
e.g.19 Evaluate 1 b ca
1 c ab
Page 21
e.g.20 Factorize the determinant

x y xy
y xy x
xy x y
e.g.21 Factorize each of the following :

a3 b3 c3
(a) a b c [HKAL91] (4 marks)
1 1 1
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3
(b) a 2 b2 c2
1  a3 1  b3 1  c3
Page 22
Def. Multiplication of Determinants.

a a12 b11 b12
Let A  a11 a 22 ,
B 
b21 b22
21
a a12 b11 b12

Then A B  a11 a 22 b21 b22
21
a b  a12 b21 a11b12  a12 b22

 11 11
a 21b11  a 22 b21 a 21b12  a 22 b22
Properties :
(1) det(AB)=(detA)(detB) i.e. AB  A B
(2) |A|(|B||C|)=(|A||B|)|C| N.B. A(BC)=(AB)C
Page 23
(3) |A||B|=|B||A| N.B. ABBA in general
(4) |A|(|B|+|C|)=|A||B|+|A||C| N.B. A(B+C)=AB+AC
1 1 1
e.g.22 Prove that a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a )
a2 b2 c2
Page 24
Minors and Cofactors
 a11 a12 a13 

Def. Let A   a 21 a 22 a 23  , then Aij , the cofactor of a ij , is defined by
 
 a 31 a 32 a 33 
a 22 a 23 a a 23 a a12
A11  , A12   21 , ... , A33  11
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 21 a 22 .
a12 a13 a a13 a a12

Since A  a 21 + a 22 a11 a 23 11
a 32 a 33 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
  a21 A21  a22 A22  a23 A23
det A if i  j
Thm. (a) a i1 A j1  a i 2 A j 2  a i 3 A j 3  
0 if i  j
det A if i  j
(b) a1i A1 j  a2 i A2 j  a3i A3 j  
0 if i  j
e.g. a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13  det A , a11 A21  a12 A22  a13 A23  0 , etc.
 a11 a12 a13 
e.g.23 Let A   a 21 a 22 a 23  and cij be the cofactor of a , where 1  i, j  3.
 
ij
 a 31 a 32 a 33 
 c11 c21 c31 
(a) Prove that A c12 c22 c32   (det A) I
 
 c13 c23 c33 
c11 c21 c31
(b) Hence, deduce that c12 c22 c32  (det A ) 2
c13 c23 c33
Page 25
8.7 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS
 A11 A12 A13 

Def. The cofactor matrix of A is defined as cofA   A21 A22 A23  .
 
 A31 A32 A33 
Def. The adjoint matrix of A is defined as

 A11 A21 A31 
adjA  ( cofA)   A12 A22 A32  .
T
 
 A13 A23 A33 
 a b
e.g.24 If A   c d  , find adjA.
1 1 3
e.g.25 (a) Let A   1 2 0  , find adjA.

1 1 1
3 2 1
(b) Let B  1 1 1 , find adjB.
 
5 1 1
Page 26
Thm. For any square matrix A of order n ,

A(adjA) = (adjA)A = (detA)I
 a11 a12  a1n   A11 A21  An1 

 a a  a  A A22  An2 
A( adjA)   21 22 2n
  12 
       
 an1 an2  ann   A1n A2 n  Ann 
Page 27
Thm. Let A be a square matrix. If detA  0 , then A is non-singular

1
and A1   adjA .
det A
1
Proof Let the order of A be n , from the above theorem ,  AadjA  I
det A
3 2 1
e.g.26 Given that A  1 1 1 , find A 1 .
 
5 1 1
 a b
e.g.27 Suppose that the matrix A   c d  is non-singular , find A 1 .
Page 28
 3 5
e.g.28 Given that A   1 2 , find A 1 .
Thm. A square matrix A is non-singular iff detA  0 .
 3 5
e.g.29 Show that A   1 2 is non-singular.
Page 29
x 1 2 x  1
e.g.30 Let A   x  1 2 1  , where

x R .
 5 7 x 
(a) Find the value(s) of x such that A is non-singular.
(b) If x=3 , find A 1 .
N.B. A is singular (non-invertible) iff A 1 does not exist.
Thm. A square matrix A is singular iff detA = 0.
Page 30
Properties of Inverse matrix.
Let A, B be two non-singular matrices of the same order and  be a scalar.

1
(1) (A) 1  A 1

(2) ( A 1 ) 1  A
( A T ) 1   A 1 
T
(3)
( A n ) 1   A 1 
n
(4) for any positive integer n.
(5) ( AB ) 1  B 1 A 1
(6) The inverse of a matrix is unique.
1
(7) det( A 1 ) 
det A
N.B. XY  0 
 X  0 or Y  0
(8) If A is non-singular , then AX  0  A 1 AX  A0  0
X 0
N.B. XY  XZ 
 X  0 or Y  Z
(9) If A is non-singular , then AX  AY  A 1 AX  A 1 AY

X Y
(10) ( A 1 MA) n  ( A 1 MA)( A 1 MA) ( A 1 MA)  A 1 M n A
 a 0 0 a 1
0 0
(11) If M   0 b 0 , then M   0
  0.
1
b 1
 0 0 c

 0 0 c 1 
 a 0 0 a n
0 0
(12) If M   0 b 0 , then M   0
  n
b n 0  where n  0 .

 0 0 c 0 0 cn 
 4 1 0  1 3 1   1 0 0
e.g.31 Let A   1 3 1 B   0 13 4  M   0 1 0 .
  ,   and  
 0 3 1  0 33 10  0 0 2
(a) Find A 1 and M 5 .

(b) Show that ABA 1  M .
(c) Hence, evaluate B 5 .
Page 31
 3 8  2 4
e.g.32 Let A   1 5 and P   1 1  .
(a) Find P 1 AP .
(b) Find A n , where n is a positive integer. [HKAL94] (6 marks)
e.g.33 (a) Show that if A is a 3x3 matrix such that A t   A , then detA=0.
Page 32
 1 2 74 

(b) Given that B   2 1 67 ,

 74 67 1 
use (a) , or otherwise , to show det( I  B )  0 .
Hence deduce that det( I  B 4 )  0 . [HKAL93] (7 marks)
e.g.34 (a) If  ,  and  are the roots of x 3  px  q  0 , find a cubic equation whose
roots are  2 ,  2 and  2
.
x 2 3
(b) Solve the equation 2 x 3 0 .
2 3 x
Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
x 3  38x 2  361x  900  0 . [HKAL94] (6 marks)
Page 33
a a 
e.g.35 Let M be the set of all 2x2 matrices. For any A   a11 a12   M ,
21 22
define tr ( A)  a11  a22 .
(a) Show that for any A, B, C  M and ,   R,

(i) tr (A  B )  tr ( A)  tr ( B ) ,
(ii) tr ( AB )  tr ( BA) ,
(iii) the equality “ tr ( ABC)  tr ( BAC ) ” is not necessary true.
(5 marks)
(b) Let A  M.
(i) Show that A 2  tr ( A) A  (det A) I ,
where I is the 2x2 identity matrix.
(ii) If tr ( A 2 )  0 and tr ( A)  0 , use (a) and (b)(i) to show that
A is singular and A 2  0 . (5 marks)
(c) Let S, T  M such that ( ST  TS ) S  S ( ST  TS ) .

Using (a) and (b) or otherwise, show that
( ST  TS ) 2  0 [HKAL92] (5 marks)
Page 34
e.g.36 Eigenvalue and Eigenvector

 3 1
Let A   2 0  and let x denote a 2x1 matrix.
Page 35
(a) Find the two real values  1 and  2 of  with  1 >  2
such that the matrix equation
(*) Ax  x
has non-zero solutions.
(b) Let x1 and x2 be non-zero solutions of (*) corresponding to

 1 and  2 respectively. Show that if
x  x 
x1   11  and x2   12 
 x21   x22 
x x 
then the matrix X   x11 x12  is non-singular.
21 22
 0 
(c) Using (a) and (b), show that AX  X  01  
2
  1 n 0  1
and hence A  X 
n
n X where n is a positive integer.
 0 2 
n
3 1
Evaluate 
2 0
 . [HKAL82]
Page 36

Matrices and Determinants: Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

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Matrices and Determinants: Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

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Matrices and Determinants

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES 2

8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX 3

8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES 4

8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX 16

8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS 21

8.7 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS 27

8.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES

1. A rectangular array of mn numbers arranged in the form

2. If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is said to be order mn.

3. a 1 a2  a n  is called a row matrix or row vector.

5. If all elements are real, the matrix is called a real matrix.

And a11 , a 22 ,  , a nn is called the principal diagonal.

8.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX.

Def.8.2 Let A   a  ij n nbe a square matrix.

a11 a12  a1n 

Def.8.3 Let A   a  be a square matrix. If a  0 for all i  j , then A is called a

Def.8.4 If A is a diagonal matrix and a11  a 22   a nn  1 , then A is called an identity

8.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES.

Def.8.6 Let A   a  and B   b  .

Define A  B as the matrix C   c  of the same order such that ij m n

c  a  b for all i=1,2,...,m and j=1,2,...,n.

Thm.8.1 Properties of Matrix Addition.

Def.8.8 Scalar Multiplication.

N.B. (1) -A=(-1)A

Thm.8.2 Properties of Scalar Multiplication.

Thm.8.3 Properties of Transpose.

Def.8.11 A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix iff A T  A .

A is symmetric matrix  A  A  aij  a ji i, j

Def.8.12 A square matrix A is called a skew-symmetric matrix iff A T   A .

i.e. A is skew-symmetric matrix  A   A  aij  a ji i, j

e.g.3 Is aii  0 for all i=1,2,...,n for a skew-symmetric matrix?

Def.12 Matrix Multiplication.

Thm.8.4 Properties of Matrix Multiplication.

N.B. (1) Since AB  BA ;

Def. Powers of matrices

Evaluate the following :

e.g.7 (a) Find a 2x2 matrix A such that

(b) Let A be a square matrix of order 3. If for any x , y , z  R , there exists  R

Properties of power of matrices :

(1) Let A be a square matrix, then ( A n ) T  ( A T ) n .

(3) ( A  I ) n  A n  C1n A n1  C2n A n 2  C3n A n  3  Cnn1 A  Cnn I

(ii) ( X  Y )   Cr X Y for n = 3, 4, 5, ... .

(Note: For any square matrix A , define A 0  I .) (3 marks)

(c) If X and Y are square matrices,

(ii) prove that ( X  Y ) 3  X 3  3 X 2 Y  3 XY 2  Y 3 does NOT

8.4 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Def. If a square matrix A has an inverse, A is said to be non-singular or invertible.

i.e. A is non-singular iff A 1 exists.

Thm. The inverse of a non-singular matrix is unique.

N.B. (1) I 1  I , so I is always non-singular.

(e) AB is a non-singular and ( AB) 1  B 1 A 1 .

Proof Refer to Textbook P.228.

Def. Let A   a  be a square matrix of order n. The determinant of A, detA or |A| is

a11 a12 a13

a11 a12 a13

8.6 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

 pa1 pb1 pc1   a1 b1 c1 

(2) If the order of A is n, then det(A)  n det( A)

e.g.20 Factorize the determinant