Ebcs 11 - Ventilation and Air Condition'Ing

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••••••'• EBCS-II
Ethiopian Building Code Standard
VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITION'ING

OF BUILDINGS
"''1'''; !t:}.' ::l';" ; ,';'t '"? i . ./ < <:. '". r-,
..~
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Ministry of Works &. Urban Development

Adelia Aba.ba, Ethiopia.
1995
~661
e!do!'-PH 'eqeqV,sWPY
I ~wdol~ uecpfl ~ SJPoA\,J0 AQs!U!W o·
EBCS-11
ventilation and Air conditioning of Buildings
Project Council Members Technical Committee Members
Abashawl Woldemariam (Chairman) Haymero Dagnew (secretary)
Almayehu Gizawt HadguRassu
Bekele Mekonnen . Werede Melaku

Negussie Tebedge
Seifu Birke
Wouhib Kebede
t Deceased
Editors
Electro Data Processing & Publishing
Addis Ababa
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FOREWORD
The Proclamation to define the powers and duties of the Central and Regional Executive
Organs of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia No. 41/1993 empowers the Ministry of Works
and Urban Development to prepare the Country's Building Code, issue Standards for design and
construction works, and follow up and supervise the implementation of same.
In exercise of these powers and in discharge of its responsibility, the Ministry is issuing a
series of Building Code Standards of general application.
The purpose of these standards is to serve as nationally recognized documents, the

application of which is deemed to ensure compliance of buildings with the minimum requirements
for design, construction and quality of materials set down by the National Building Code.
The major benefits to be gained in applying these standards are the harmonization of
professional practice and the ensuring of appropriate levels of safety, health and economy with due
consideration of the objective conditions and needs of the country.
As these standards are technical documents which, by their very nature, require periodic
updating, revised editions will be issued by the Ministry from time.to time as appropriate.
The Ministry welcomes comments and suggestions on all aspect of the Ethiopian Building
Code Standards. All feedback received will be carefully reviewed by professional experts in the
field of building construction with a view to possible incorporation of amendments in future
editions.
Haile Assegidie
Minister
Ministry of Works and
Urban Development
·1995
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I
INTRODUCTION
The need for a standard in ventilation. and air conditioning works of buildings is not a
.compromise since it is veryirnportant for designers, constructors and controllers of such
engineering works. However, such a local standard in ventilation and air conditioning of
buildings was not available until now, and this led towards the preparation of this Standard.
The Ventilation and Air Conditioning standard specifies requirements for and gives
recommendations on the design, installation, testing and maintenance of ventilation and air
conditioning systems.
This Standard is divided .int~LIIin~_~~~tions. A decimal numbering.system has been .used

throughout the Standard.
The user may depart from the requirements and recomrnendations'in this Standard, but, would
be expected to have a good reason for doing so.
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EBCS~ 11
VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
CONTENT
;-:: ~l)~'{ ~[ ',: ,r) .! ..j:.. l

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS 1
,1' 2~ r:; -I j
,(
;fL~,- :~~11 .:
.' 1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Definitions 1
~fr" ~ "i{
SECTION 2 DESIGN CONSID~RATIONS 5
'.j'"
2.1 Scope 5
.t :.~.l r
2.2 Comfort factors 5
,L '~.<: \ :Jt. ,"

2.2.1 Ventilation air .5.
, .
. ~ :',1.'
2.2.2 Air movement 5
2.2.3 Air purity tr.· 'l 7
.1_::".':~:J J
2" 2A- Noise.and.vibration, 7
2.2.5 Temperature and humidity 8
C' \ • ~ fT t·-" I i .
2.3 Safety considerations - .. ~ . 8
r :/
2.3.1 Structural considerations '8
2 !~: i ',·:".-i
2.3.2 Fire safety n,
8
..
2.3.3 Access in ductwork 9.
2.3.4 Mechanical equipment 9.
"Z ...
2.3.5 Smoke detection and control .. ';:.' .v ', '. '~: '.
10
S~CTION
.: r-;
3 VENTILATION , ,:! ';.".;, l
11
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-:. !·c.,jjt" .>

3.1 Scope 11
::;'~ '_:i t :\ " :_ s> .'.: -'}'
3.2 Natural ventilation 11
-.; \;" \;' :::-:)[D-:.:'" . "i.! ';.; .. . ~\

3.2.1 Wind action 11
3.2.2 Stack effect 11
3.2.3 Determining rate of ventilation ,,;.-:.::,. 1.1 ,. -,
'~~.'::) ''1.7\ "i<:;;'; '.~\t3,
CONTENTS EBCS-il' j'

ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD
3.3 Mechanical ventilation 13
3.3.1 General 13
3.3.2 Types of mechanical ventilation systems 14
3.3.3 Determining rate of ventilation 14
3.4 Local exhaust system 15
3.4.1 General requirements 15
3.4.2 Types of effluents requiring local exhaust 16
3.4.3 Kitchen exhaust hoods 16
SECTION 4 AIR CONDITIONING 25
4.1 Scope 25
4.2 General 25
4.3 Design conditions 25 _
4.3.1 Outside design conditions 25
4.3.2 Inside design conditions 25
4.3.3 Air movement ,26
4.3.4' Minimum outside fresh air 26
4.4 System requirements 26
.4.5 Basis of cooling load calculation 26
4.5.1 General 26
4.5.2 External heat loads 27
4.5.3 Internal heat loads . 27
4.6 Types of air conditioning system 29
4.6.1 General 29
4.6.2 Unit systems 29
4.6.3 All-air Systems 29
4.6.4 Air-water Systems 30
4.7 Factors for the choice of air conditioning systems 31
ii EBCS - 11 ·.CONTENTS
_..... _------... _._----------.--- -- -,_ .. _-_._-
.VENTILA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
SECTION S ARRANGEMENTS, TYPES AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS 33
5.1 Scope 33
. 5.2 Types and selection 33
5.2.1 Fans 33
5.2.2 Air distributingequipment 34
5.2.3 Air filters 35
5.2.4 Air heating equipment. ' 36
5.2.5 Air cooling and dehumidifying equipment 38
5.2.6 Humidifiers 38
5.2.7 Refrigerating equipment 40
5.2.8 Automatic control systems 44
5.2.9 Sound and vibration control 45
SECTION 6 DUCT SIZING AND D:UCTWORK 47
6.1 Scope 47
6.2 Duct sizing 47
6.2.1 Design considerations 47

6.2.2 Duct system classifications 48
6~2.3 Design criteria 49
6.2.4 Design methods 50
·6.2.5 Rectangular ducts of equivalent diameter 53
6.2;6 Recommended duct sizes 53
6.3 Ductwork' 57
6.3.1 Duct material 57

6.3.2 Duct construction 57
6.4· Corrosion protection finish 63
SECTION 7 INSTALLATION
65
7.1 Scope 65
7.2 General 65
7.3 Equipment installation 65
CONTENTS· EBCS -11 iii

~
-'-------~-_._._. __ .
7.3.1 Fans 65
7.3.2 Air distribution equipment 66
7.3.3 Air heating equipment 66
7.3.4 Humidifiers 66
7.3.5 Air cooling and dehumidifying equipment 67
7.3.6 Air filters 67
7 .3 ~ 7 Sound and vibration control equipment 68
7.3.8 Refrigerating equipment 68
7.4 Installation of piping systems 69

7.5 Installation of ductwork systems 69
7.6 Electrical equipment and wiring 70
SECTION 8 INSPECTION, COMMISSIONING AND TESTING 73
8.1 Scope 73
8.2 General 73
8.3 Inspection 73
8.4 Testing and commissioning 73
SECTION 9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 75
9.1 Scope 75
9.2 Frequency of operation and maintenance 75
9.3 Personnel 76
9.4 Operation and maintenance manuals 76
9.5 Air handling systems 76
9.5.1 Fans 76
9.5.2 Filters 77
9.5.3 Heating and cooling coils 77
9.5.4 Air washer and humidifiers 77
9.5.5 Ductwork 77
9.6 Piping system 78

9.7 Controls and electrical equipment 78
9.8 Refrigerating systems 78
9.9 Condensing and heat transfer equipment 78
iv EBCS· 11 CONTENTS
SECTION 1
SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
1.1 SCOPE
(1) This Code deals with the work involved in the design, installation, testing,
commissioning and maintenance of ventilation and air conditioning systems.
1.2 DEFINITIONS
absorption refrigeration (machine) a process whereby a secondary fluid absorbs the refrigerant, and
in doing so gives up heat, then releases the refrigerant, during
which it absorbs heat.
air conditioning the process of treating air soas to control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity, purity and distribution to meet the
requirement of the conditioned space.
air flow rate the volumetric flow rate derived from the mass flow rate dividing
it by density.
air handling plant a component part of an air handling system that includes
equipment providing air movement, as well as equipment for the
purpose of controlling the direction, rate of air flow, division of
air flow and condition of air, i.e concentration level of
contaminants, temperature and humidity.
air handling system a system for the purpose of directing air in a controlled manner
to or from. specific enclosures by means of air handling plant,
ducts, plenums, air distribution devices and automatic controls.
air outlet any opening through which air is delivered by an air handling
system of a building.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS - 11 1995

'/
. V~NTILA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
aspect ratio the depth of elbow along (parallel to) the axis of a bend divided
'by' the width in the plane of the bend.
atomize to reduce to a fine spray.
building: official an authority having statutory powers to control design,

construction, installation, operation or testing of ventilation and
air conditioning systems in buildings.
by-pass an alternative path in a duct or pipe, for a fluid to flow from one
point to anothcr~with the direction determined by the opening or
closing of valves or dampers in the main line as well as in the by
pass.
comfort air conditioning the conditioning of air for the comfort or well being of human
beings, as distinguished from that for a manufacturing or other
industrial process.
compressor specific.machine, with or with out accessories, for compressing

a given refrigerant vapour. .
condenser a vessel or arranger:nent of piping or tubirig in which vaporized

refrigerant is liquefied by the removal of heat.
condensing unit specific refrigerating machine combination for a given refrigerant,

.consisting of one or more power-driven compressors, condensers,
liquid receivers (when required) and the regularly. furnished
accessories.
cooling tower a device for cooling water by evaporation in the outside air.
damper a valve or plate to regulate the flow of the air.
dehUmidification the process

.
of removing water vapour
.
(steam) from the air.
design temperature the temperature which an apparatus or system is designed to

maintain or operate against the most extreme conditions. The
former is the inside design temperature, and the latter the outside
design temperature.
2 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

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SECTION 1; SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
direct expansion ~ an arrangement of a refrigerant evaporator where the refrigerant

itself expands in an evaporator in the air stream.
dry-bulb temperature the temperature of air measured by a conventional thermometer.
duct a component part of an air handling system, intended for the

passage of air from one part of an air handling system to an
other.
enclosure an individual room, space, or part thereof.
evaporative cooler a device used for reducing the sensible heat of air for cooling by .
. the process of evaporation of water in to an air stream.
evaporator that part of a refrigerating system in which liquid refrigerant is

vaporized to produce refrigeration.
exhaust air air, other than return air, removed from an enclosure by
mechanical means and discharged to the atmosphere.
exhaust air intake any opening through which air is extracted from an enclosure by
an air handling system of a building.
exhaust outlet an outlet from air handling system, discharging to the

atmosphere.
finned tube extended surface in the form of fins on a tube a or a pipe.
grease filter device which removes grease and lint from the air stream
.hood .a component part of a local exhaust system intended for collecting

effluents.
humidity usually, water vapour mixed with dray air.
infiltration air air, other than supply air and make-up air, that enters an
enclosure or an air handling system in an uncontrolled manner .
..•. , .
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS - 11 1995 3

VENTILA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
latent heat the quantity of heat required to produce a change of state at

constant temperature.
local exhaust extractionof objectionable or hazardous effluents close to the

source and discharging to the atmosphere.
out door air 'air outside the building.
out door air intake any opening through which outdoor air is admitted to an air
handling system of a building.
plenum an air compartment or chamber, intended for the passage of air

to which one or more ducts may be connected and which forms
part of an air handling system.
recirculated air air returned from a space to be heated, conditioned or cleaned,

then redistributed to the space.
refrigerant a substance which will absorb heat while vaporizing and whose
boiling point and other properties make it useful as a medium for
refrigeration.
relative humidity the ratio of vapour pressure in a mixture of air and water vapour
to the vapour pressure when saturated at the same temperature..
sensible heat that heat which, when add or subtracted, results in a change of
temperature.:
steam water in gaseous or vapour form.
supply air air introduced in to an enclosure by mechanical means.
wet-bulb.temperature the steady temperature finally read on a thermometer having its I

bulb covered with gauge or muslin moistened with distilled water /
in an air stream with velocity of not less than 4.5 mls.
SECTION 2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deals with the various controllable factors and the safety considerations to
the comfort and well-being of the people using the building.
(2) The provisions of this Section shall apply to both ventilation and air conditioning
systems.
2.2 COMFORT FACTORS
2.2.1 Ventilation Air
(1) Minimum fresh air supply rates for mechanically ventilated or air conditioned
occupancies shall be as given in Table 2.1.
2.2.2 Air Movement
(1) Excessive air movement that will lead to complaints of draughts in a room shall not be
introduced.
(2) Air flows within a building shall be controlled to minimize the transfer of fumes and
smells, e.g. from kitchens to restaurant and the like. This shall be achieved by creating a
positive pressure within the restaurant (by varying the balance between the fans introducing
fresh air and those extracting the air). For example, the pressure shall be reduced in a kitchen
below that of the adjacent restaurant.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS·11 1995 5

Table 2.1 Recommended Minimum Fresh Air Supply Rates
Out door air supply
Recommended Minimum*
Application· Smoking Per Per Per m2
person person floor area
e
(1l.s) (1/s) (1/s)
(a) Apartments Some 12.00 8.00 -

(b) Hotel bed rooms** Heavy 12.00 8.00 1.70
(c) Theatres 8.00 5.00 -
(d) Restaurants
(i) Cafeteria** Some 12.00 8.00 -
(ii) Dining rooms 'Heavy 18.00 12.00 -
(e) Conference rooms (average) Some 18.00 12.00 -
(f) Department stores Some 8.00 5.00 3.00
(g) Factories ** None 8.00 5.00 0.80
(h) Garages - - - -..
(i) Hospitals
(i) Operating rooms (all
fresh air) None - - 5.00
(ii) Private rooms None 14.00 11.70 10.00
(iii) Wards None 9.00 4.70 1.75
(j) Kitchens
(i) Restaurants ** - . - - 20.00 .
(ii) Residence - - - 10.00
(k) Laboratories ** Some 12.00 8.00 -
(1) Offices
(i) General Some 7.00 4.70 -
(ii) Private Heavy. 14.00 12.00 1.30
(m) Toilets - ; - 10.00
(n) Corridors - - - 1.30
(0) Dance halls Some 12.00 8.00 -
* The greater of the two should be taken

** In case exhaust air required is more than the fresh air specified, then fresh air
requirements will take exhaust consideration into account.
6· EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

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SECTION 2: DESIGN CONSIDERA TIONS
2.2.3 Air Purity
(1) A ventilation or an air conditioning system installed in a building should clean, freshen
or condition the air within the space.
(2) Consideration should be given to relatively nearby buildings and any contaminated
discharges from those buildings.
(3) Inlets should not be positioned near-by any flue outlets, dry cleaning, kitchens, WCS,
etc; where possible.
(4) Care should be given to the location of an air intake in relation to the prevailing wind,
the position of smoke products and the relative atmospheric dust concentration in the environs
of the building.
2.2.4 Noise and Vibration
(1) (a) An equipment to be mounted inside or outside buildings shall be selected and
installed to minimize noise and vibration.
(b) An intermittent noise which arises from the stopping and- starting of an equipment
and the opening and closing of valves and dampers shall be minimized.
(2) Noise and vibration in the air distribution system shall be minimized by a proper design
and installation work considering:
(a) the effect of air velocity in ducts, particularly through dampers or restrictions or
air leakages;
(b) turbulence, which may cause vibration of the ducts themselves;

(c) excessive fluid velocity or throttling in pipes and at valves;
(d) pick up of noise or vibration from plant rooms; etc. and transmission along duct
work or pipework, cross-talk or noise transfer from one occupied space to
another, etc.
(3)· The av~rage sound levels for various occupancies shall not exceed the values given in
Table 2.2
iI
_ i
-~-~-_._---- ..
Table 2.2 Average Sound Levels for Various Occupancies
Occupancy Decibel range
(a) Apartments and hotels 35 - 45

(b) Classrooms and lecture rooms 35 - 50
(c) Hospitals, auditoriums, and
churches 35 -40
(d) Private offices and conference
rooms 40 - 45
(e) Offices:
(i) Small 53
(ii) Medium 58
(iii) Large 64
(iv) Factory 61
(f) Radio, recording, and
television 25 - 30
(g) Average factory 70 - 75
(h) Theatre and music rooms 30 - 35
2.2.5 Temperature and Hwnidity
(1) For comfort ventilation and air conditioning in of different occupancies, recommended
dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity values are as given in Table 2.3.
2.3 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS·
2.3.1 Structural Considerations
(1) Where consideration is being given to the installation of equipment within buildings, the
capability of the building to support the weight of the equipment should be verified.
2.3.2 Fire Safety
(1) Certain areas of buildings such as. boiler rooms, garage, etc should be provided with
independent mechanical ventilation systems to reduce the risk of fire.
(2) Canopy and ducting of kitchen ventilation should be made from non-combustible
material.

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SECTION 2: DESIGN CONSIDERA TIONS
(3) All duct work, where necessary, should be constructed from non-combustible material.
(4) If materials other than in (3) above ch as plastics ductwork are used, additional
measures should be considered for fire protection.
Table 2.3 Dry-bulb Temperature and Relative Humidity -for Comfort Air Conditioning
Deluxe Commercial Practice
Type of Application ReI.

Dry ReI. Humid. Dry
Humid.
Bulb(Oc) (%) Bullb(Oc)
(%)
General Comfort: Apt, House,

Hotel, Office, Hospital, School, etc. 23 - 21\ 55 - 45 25 - 26 55 - 45
Retail shops (short term occupancy):

Bank, Barber or Beauty salon, Dept.
Store, Supermarket, etc. 24 - 26 55 -45 26 - 27 55 -45
Low sensible heat factor applications

(high latent load): Auditorium,
Church, Bar, Restaurant, Kitchen,etc 24 -26 55 - 50 26 - 27 60 - 50
Factory comfort: Assembly areas,

Machine rooms, etc. 25 - 27 55 - 45 26 - 30 60 - 50
2.3.3 Access in Ductwork
(1) Any duct, the interior of which is liable in normal use to accumulate dust, grease or
other flammable matter should be provided with adequate means of access to facilitate cleaning
and inspection.
2.3.4 Mechanical Equipment
(1) All mechanical equipment in ventilation and air conditioning systems shall be guarded
to prevent injury to the public or maintenance staff.

2.3.5 Smoke Detection and Control
(1) When the ventilation or air conditioning systems involve the recirculation ol' air,
consideration should be given to the installation of detection devices that would:
(a) shut off the input fan (plant);

(b) dust: the dampers in the return air duct;
(c) operate a suitable alarm system.
(2) .' The necessity and type of system mentioned in (1) above should depend on the use,
occupation and location of the building, and the type of ventilation or air conditioning system
proposed.
10 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOP!AN Bl!ILDING CODE STANDARD,

SECTION 3
VENTILATION
3.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deals with the natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and local exhaust
system which should be provided for comfort in buildings.
3.2 NATURAL VENTILATION I
3.2.1 Wind Action

,
(1) When natural ventilation depends on wind action, -----

the following should be considered:
(a) Inlet openings in the building should be well distributed and should be located on
the windward side at a low level and outlet openings should be located on the
leeward side near the top.
(b) Inlet openings should not be obstructed by adjoining buildings, trees or other
obstructions or by partitions in the path of air flow.
(c) Where the wind direction is variable, the openings shall be arranged so that there
is approximately equal area on all sides and the openings be located at the same
level.
3.2.2 Stack Effect·
(1) Natural ventilation by stack effect occurs when the air inside a building is at a different
temperature than the air outside. Thus, in heated buildings or in buildings where hot processes
are carried on and in ordinary buildings where the inside temperature is higher than that of the
outside, cool outside air will tend to enter through openings at low level and warm air will tend
to leave through openings at high level. It would, therefore, be advantageous to provide the
..openings as close to ceilings as possible.
3.2.3 Determining Rate of Ventilation
(1) Ventilation rate due to wind (wind action) is given by;

Q ;; K x A x V (1)
where Q
I l \
the rate of flow, in mvhr
K coefficient of effectiveness, and its values are 0.6 for wind
perpendicular to openings and 0.3 for wind of an angle less than 45°
to the openings
A . .free area of inlet openings, in nf
<,
V wind speed, in m1hr
Note: The coefficient of effectiveness K depends 'on the direction of the wind relative
to the o~ning and on the ratio between areas of two openings. Figure 3.1
gives the increase in values of K by the percentage for unequal areas expressed
as ratios of the two openings .
,
.... ·loO
....z
u
l,.....-O 1,.0-
e 30
V

Q.
z V
.....
~ 20
/
..... /
a::
u
z
... 10 /
/
o
1 2 3 4 5 6
RAllO OF OUTLET TO INLET OR VICE-VERSA
Figure 3.1 Increase in Flow Caused by Excess of One Opening Over Another
(2) Ventilation rate expected due to convection effects (stack effect) arising from
temperature difference between inside and outside is; ~
Q = 640 x C, x A VIi (t, - to) (3.2)
Where Q the rate of flow, in m3/hr

c, coefficient of effectiveness,the value of which ranges from 0.50
to 0.65
A free area of inlet openings, in m2
h vertical distance between inlets and outlets, in El
t, average temperature of indoor air at height h, in °c
to temperature of outdoor air, in °c
1.2 EBCS - 11 1995 ' ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

SECTIONS 3: VENTILA TION
Note: (i) Usually the coefficient of effectiveness, Ce , shall be taken as 0.65. This
should be reduced to 0.50 if conditions are not favourable.
(ii) For unequal areas of inlet and outlet openings, 'A' given in (1) and (2)
above will be the smaller area and the volume of air will be increased
by the percentage given in Fig 3.1.
(3) Ventilation rate by combined wind action aud stack effect may be calculated as follows:
(a) Calculate the amount of outside air by the method given in (1) and (2)above.
(b) Express the amount of air obtained by the method ,iven in (2) above as a
percentage of the total. i!
(c) Use Figure 3.2 to determine actual flow caused by the combined effect of both.
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0.:=
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x:§i
III ~ 4
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~ Q"
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oX:
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1-::> ".
~o
O.
o 20 40 60 80 iec
FLOW DUE TO TEHPERATURE
DIFFERENCE AS PIRCENT OF TOTAL
Figure 3.2 Determination of Flow Caused by Combined
Forces of Wind and Temperature Difference
3.3 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
3.3.1 General
(1) Where adequate ventilation cannot be obtained by natural ventilation, mechanical

ventilation shall be provided.

· VENTILA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
3.3.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.3.2.1 Mechanical Extract and Natural Inlet "

-,
(1) This system may comprise a range of ductwork arranged for general extraction of the
vitiated air for the extraction from localized sources of heat, moisture, odours, fumes and dust.
Such ductwork may be connected to centrifugal or axial flow fans that discharge through wall
or a roof.
3.3.2.2 Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract

.>
(1) This system is similar in form to the extract system in 3.3.2.1, but arranged to deliver
fresh air into the enclosed space. Proper provision for the discharge of vitiated air by natural
means should be provided.
(2) This system is specially preferred where there is a requirement for the enclosed space
to be at a slightly higher pressure than its surroundings (for example, to exclude dust or smoke).
/
(3) A ducted supply system may include an air cleaning device or an air heater. Ducted
supply systems can provide better control of air movement and reasonable control of comfort
condition.
3.3.2.3. I Mechanical inlet and extract
(1)
\
This system is a combination of those systems in 3.3.2.1 and 3.3.2.2. The fresh-air
input side of such systems may require an air filter or heater. The ductwork shall include
suitable dampers, grilles and diffusers. .This combined mechanical inlet and extract system can
provide the most satisfactory air movement and reasonable control of comfort conditions.
3.3.3 Determining Rate of Ventilation
(1) Rate of ventilation based on minimum fresh air requirement shall be as described in
clause 2.2.1.
(2) When sources of heat gain are known, and the temperature rise which would be
acceptable is determined in advance, the required amount of outside air shall be calculated by:

- - - ----------------- -- ---------------------- -
SECTIONS 3: VENTILA TION
v == - (3.3)
CpX Q xilt
Where v outside air quantity, in m3/s

Q heat gain, in watt
Cp specific heat capacity of air kJ/kgk
e
specific mass of air,in kg/m'
ilt change in temperature, in DC
3.4 LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEM
3.4.1 General Requirements
(1) The removal of effluents by means of local exhaust system shall take the following into
consideration:
(a) The local exhaust shall be located as close as practicable to the source of effluent
generation. The airflow rates shall be such as will ensure positive capture and
removal of the effluents.
(b) Make-up air openings or mechanical ventilation system air outlets to an enclosure
in which an exhaust hood is situated shall be distributed and designed so as not
to be detrimental to the performance of the hood, or cause excessive cross
draughts over any apparatus required to be ventilated.
(c) The velocity of air as it enters the hood in the removal of effluent types in
clause 3.4.2 (1a) shall be not less than O.5m1sec.
(d) Exhaust hood for effluent types in clause 3.4.2 (lb) shall be installed above the
appliance and sufficient air flow shall be suitably distributed over exhaust hoods
to effectively capture and convey all convected heat fumes and other aerosols to
hood exhaust openings.
(e) Air from an enclosure ventilated by a local exhaust system unless approved shall
not be recycled to other enclosures.
(t) The air extracted from enclosures shall be continuously replenished by outdoor
air or by make-up air of an approved quality.
(g) All exhaust air shall be discharged to the atmosphere in such a manner as not to
cause danger or nuisance to occupants in the building, occupants of neighbouring
buildings or members of the public.
(h) Exhaust ducts of ventilating systems shall have provisions for the removal of
condensation where this may be a problem. The exhaust outlet shall be designed
to prevent back draft under wind conditions.
VENTILA no« AND AIR CONDITIONING
(i) Two or more exhaust sys,~ems serving rooms containing water closets, urinals,
showers and those serving cooking equipment may be interconnected or connected
with exhaust ducts serving other areas ofthe building provided the connections
are made at the inlet of an exhaust fan or all inter-connected systems are equipped
with suitable back pressure devices to prevent passage of odours from one system
to another when the fan is not in operation.
3.4.2 Types of Effluents Requiring Local Exhaust

~ , ~ ..• l .j
(1) Effluents to be locally exhausted shall be classjfj~~;,

, . .h..t~ i. '':"' i ;.>§'
(a) toxic, irritant, offensive, flammable or exposure gases, dusts, fumes or vapours,
excluding those effluents arising from cooking processes;
(b) effluents arising from cooking process .
.l ~ .
3.4.3 Kitchen Exhaust Hoods'
3:4.3.1 General
\_'i:
(1) Water and grease vapours, hot air and pollutantssuch as oxides of riitrogen or carbon
. r i
monoxide generated by the cooking and heating of food and combustion of fuel and food,
,should be controlled by properly des~~ned exhaust ho,f1,ds position~ above appliances used for
cooking and heating of food. ", j' •
',"'} j' .. . -. \..,. . ..' '

(2) The capture velocity of the air tlo~ is the key factor in the design of an effective exhaust
.1 .. '!'" J
device. The quantity of air to be exhausted, therefore, will depend on the shape Of the hood
opening, the distance between th~ ~o~d opening andth~ source and nature of the fumes.
" " j ( ':
3.4.3.2 Requirements
(1) Hoods shall be designed:
(a) to prevent condensate falling onl9" the food, cooking appliall~e(s) or the floor,
(b) to permit easy access to cleaning spaces where condensate-may accumulate,
',. (c)
to be free of insulation material'on the internal surface of the hood or exhaust
plenum between the hood and theconnecting duct.
iii
_r;~
C_: 'J ·f
1.16 EBCS,- 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

,- ' " ~,,"'\\
.._ - - - _ . _ - - - --_._-----------_.- - - - - - _ . - . _ - - - - - - -----------
~ ,
. SECTIONS 3: VENT/LA TION
(2) . Hoods' shall be 'htade from rigid, impervious hard-faced materials, such as steel or
stainless steel, reinforced, where necessary, to provide stability and rigidit; wit~ smooth-faced,
liquid-tight seams and joints.
(3) Exhaust openings in hoods shall be:
(a) suitably located in relation to the types of cooking and heating appliances being
ventilated and positioned so that a uniform capture velocity ismaintained,
(b) not more than 500.0mm from the extremities of the exhaustplenum, not more
than 1.Om apart, and of dimensions which permit access into the exhaust plenum
for cleaning purposes (see Figures 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5),
(c) designed to prevent condensate from the top surface of the exhaust plenum or duct
from falling through the exhaust opening,
(4) The lower edge of a canopy-type kitchenexhaust hood shall not be less than 2.Om above
floor level at the 'operator side of the appliance being ~entilated:' "
(5) In big commercial kitchen hoods and where grease filters are' necessary, the hoods shall
be incorporated with approved type of grease filters and shall fulfil the above requirements and
the following:
(a:) Filter .holding frame shall ..be constructed of rigid material not deemed,
combustible.
(b) The number, .size and distribution of the filters shall be such that the air
temperature and flow rate through each filter is within the manufacturer's design
limits.:
(c) The filters shall be installed,so as to prevent significant leakage of air around their
perimeter.
(d) The filter shall be fitted at exhaust openings of the hood so that any grease
draining from filters is collected and disposed-off without spilling or otherwise
contaminating the kitchen. . ,,' .
(ej The filters and filter-retaining devices shall not project beyond the surface of the
hood exposed to the appliance being ventilated. .
(f) The filters shall be removable by hand without the need of tools for the purpose
of their cleaning and the Cleaning 'ofthe supports andthe grease drainage devices,
unless an approved in-situ washing system is provided.
(g) All surfaces of hood exposed to the appliance being ventilated shall be sloped at
~ ~
an angle not greater than 40° from the vertical unless the design and performance
, . . . , : , ..: . . , - --. I
of hoods prevent the formation !df any.condensate'on such surfaces.
., ".
. ~ oj, ,
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING' CODE STANDARD EBCS - 11 1995 17

,·V6Ni1LAT16iV AND AIR CONDITIONING
. (h) . The.surfaces of t1le·~OpYhOOd exposedto the appliance.being ventilated shall'
. be free,fi()m~iffeners or any protrusions unless approved ,by the Building
Official.·.
3.4~3.3· &haust Flow RDte Determination
(1) The following factors shall be considered to determine the exhaust flow rate:
(a) Dimensions of apparatus to be ventilated (length, L, width, W).

(b) . Shape of the apparatus (LlW).
(c) Height of the hood above the apparatus. "
(d) Process.
/ (e) Configuration.
(t) Overhang.
(2) The exhaust air flow rate for a kitchen exhaust hood may be calculated using one of
Equations 3.4 through 3.15, as appropriate. The equations are based on 150.Omm minimum
overhang as indicated in Figure 3.3.
(a) For canopy-type hood against wall (see Figure 3.3), flow rate is recommended to
be the greater value calculated from the equations below as appropriate.
(i) For Conventional Frying

Q=4ooxWxL (3.4)
Q = 250 x P x H (3.5)
(ii) For Barbecues

Q=6ooxWxL (3.6)
. Q = 375 x P x H (3.7)
. (iii) For Boiling

Q = 300 x W x L (3.8)
Q = 190 x P x H (3.9)
Where Q exhaust air flow rate, in lis

w width of hood, in til
L length of hood, in m
p perimeter of free sides of hood, in m. In this case, P=2W + L
H height of hood above the cooking appliance, in m
-~o£ SECTIONS 3: VENTILATION
r- Exhaust duct
500 max. .1000 max •

..
,.·r-~A·
'
Exhaust plenum C
c rease·arrestlng
l\
_ _ 0.
I ters ~
~r.~7~---Ira---I[--I11--~~~
. . . . ...........
... ~~ -;.~... ~~.t ... ~... I~'"
. reasearre,sllng
lers ..
~i1.,:;
I::. .
~"''''1
"#'",,
__
,t....-:,.
,......-:~ ~..........
~"..
:.,,'...., __
~ .......
."~,,.
~......
0.<_ __ : :,. . .
::-.::-"" ~_ . . . ;. .J/ -
:;.t'_ .
30 0 max •
.1 .
1200 max. height
over cooking appliance (H)
f .
Cooking appliance
..
, ' , --In
_
)
15Omfn. 150min.
L ovorhang at
all free sides
. SECTION A-A
~A
FRONT:VIEW
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
NOTE: Y shall not be less than:
(i) 1350.0mm for charcoal and similar type of open fires.
06 1050.Omm where the heat source is provided by means of a naked flame,
e.g. gas stone.

(iii) 600.Omm where the heat source is provided by electrically operated
equipment or a fixed plate or pan above gas flame (e.g. solid grill plate or
deep fryes).
Figure 3.3 Conventional Canopy Type Hood Against Wall Incorporating Grease Filters

(b) For island-type canopy hood (see Figure 3.4), air flow rate is recommended to
be not less thanthe greater of those indicated below in Equations 3.10 through
3.15 as appropriate.
(i) For Conventional Frying

Q = 635 x W x L (3.10)
Q = 250 x P x H (3.11)
(ii) For Barbecues

Q = 950 x W x L (3.12)
Q = 375 x P x H (3.13)
(iii) Por Boiling

Q "" 475x.W x L (3.14)
Q = 190 x P x H (3.15)
Where Q, W, L, P, and H are as given in (a) above, but P = 2(W' + L)
(c) For lateral or side-draught type hood (see Figure 3.5), flowrate is recommended
to be not less than 300.0L. For fumes arising from barbecues and similar
facilities, increase this to 400.0L.

---------~- ---
----------
-----_._.-
SECTIONS 3: VENTILA TION .
r- Exhausld
500 max.
10 00 max.
14-4
r ..
. 1<-
Grease -arrestlnq ~~--"

.~:::! """"~
-:.~".
--Y"'[-'r[-"~.;:"'''''''
"'",;;'"
~........ "''''''''
~~ "'~~
40° max. . 30° max.
rillers ~F~
;..1
;...~ __
~~
r.-":"~,
:.,.00....
....~ ..,:::~
-::;~ __ ~L'4_. .f.. . ~
..................... ~~."
~~
~-:"
__ ~.....
,........
10
<J
12~0 max.' height
ov r COOkirg apPllan~e
Cooking appliance
- I- ·150 min.
L
150 min.
overhang
all round
SECTION A·A
~'A
FRONT VIEW
DIMENSIONS .IN MILLIMETAES .
NOTE: Y is as given in Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4 Conventional Island Type Canopy Hood Incorporating Grease Filters

EBCS - 11 1995 21
VENT/LA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
1000 max. I I.
~A -rt-- 500 max,
.'.:.
Exhausl
duct
Exhaust
plenum
[1
I~ ~
Exhaust plenum 40 0 max.
Grease-arresting
~"""",?---..-,,
r:::'~A
~~".:j
g"'~~
""
"a--- v ;,"/-:!
j;~:::~
~"";j
300 max.
setback I .. :
30 0 ma~~
fillers --r;~~3
t::':::~:2..
~~~ r~~J
E~....2.. __..Y
.......: :/...J
Grease-arresllng
fillers -r
Closed ends - Closed ends y
Hood gulter Hood gulter ,......-=::. fa--l

Cooking appliance
~A SECTION A-A
FRONT view
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
NOTE: Y is as given in Figure 3.3
Figure 3.5 Conventional Lateral or Side Draught Type Hood Incorporating Grease
Filters

--------~--'---- _..------- ----_.---------------
SECTIONS 3: VENT/LA TfON
3.4.3.4 (7al'ture lIeloci(y
(1) . For an exhaust air flow rate in hood entry area, the capture velocity shall be calculated
from:
V. QXlO..3 (3.16)
WxL [mls]
Where V is the capture velocity [mls]
Q is the exhaust flow rate [lis]
W is the width of hood [m]
L is the length of hood [Ill].
(2) Recommended capture velocity values for conventional canopy-type hoods are as
indicated In Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Recommended Capture Velocity Values
-Capture Velocity (mls)

Purpose
Island type Against a wall
(a) For water vapour

..'
(f41' --
u::r
(b) For general cooking
vapours and aerosols 0.6 0.4
(c) For fumes and
aerosols arising from
barbecues and similar
facilities 0.95 0.6
.,..
ETHlOPIAN BUIJ;.QING .G.iODE STAtl/DARQ sees -77199523

9661. II - S31B 1?Z
9NINOI.110NO:J H/~ ON~ NOI.1tnl.1N3/\

--'----,------ .'.
SECTION 4
AIR CONDITIONING
4.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deals with the design of air conditioning systems.
(2) The types of air conditioning systems and the factors. for their selection are also dealt
within this Section.
4.2 GENERAL
(1) The purpose of air conditioning systems is basically similar to that of ventilation systems
described in Section 3.1, but the need to control temperature and humidity of the given space
with predetermined limits demands the facility for cooling, humidifying, heating, and
dehumidifying.
4.3 DESIGN CONDITIONS
4.3.1 Outside Design Conditions
(1) Outside design conditions such as dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures should be obtained
from the concerned authority for an area where air conditioning system will be designed and
installed.
4.3.2 Inside Design Conditions
(1) For comfort air conditioning, dry-bulb and.relative values humidity shall be as described
in Clause 2.2.5.
(2) For air conditioning systems other than comfort air conditioning, design condions as
required by the processes involved shall be adapted.
'"
4.3.3 AirMovement
(1) Adequate movement of air shall always be provided in an air conditioned enclosure; but
velocities in excess of 30.0m/min in the zone between-floor level and '1. 8m level shall generally
be avoided.
(2) In the case of comfort air conditioning, IS.Om/min shall be the permissible limit of air
movement in the zone mentioned in (1) above except in the vicinity ora supply or return air
grille.
4.3.4 Minimum Outside Fresh Air
(1) The total T' .nirnum outside fresh air introduced into an air conditioned space shall be
related to the m:.,···.lJer of occupants in the. space at any time, whether they arc smokers 0r non
smokers and to the floor areas of the enclosed space as specified in Table .~2.1, Section 2..
4.4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
(1) The system should be able to be integrated successfully with the space or building served
and with all the other mechanical and electrical systems within that building and should be
capable of satisfying the following requirements:
(a) The system should be able-to cope. with the daily and annual variations in outdoor
temperature, humidity, wind, and solar radiation.
(b) The system should be able to handle. the internal load variations owing to
movement of people, and operation of lights, machines and equipment.
(c) The system should be able to operate at all times to.provide adequate ventilation
Without causing draughts and with noise and vibration below the established
design criteria indicated in Table 2.2, Section 2.
4.5 BASIS OF COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
4.5.1 General
(1) The total ali conditioning load shall De calculated taking into account the heat coming
into the space from outdoors on a design day as well as the heat being generated within the
space.
26 sees ".".-
. ~J - I I 001'''-
j~~O
• ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD
___________ --0-- __0- _~ ~ _
SECTION 4: AIR CONDITIONING
. (2) The total cooling load, the type of system, the selection of air handling and refrigeration
equipment, the piping and controlling system shall confirm to good engineering practice.
4.5.2 External Heat Loads
(1) TIle cooling load from outside to the air conditioned space which may be expected
through walls, roofs, windows, floors, etc. shall be estimated in accordance with good
engineering prafice
(2) The cooling load from the unconditioned air introduced into the 'air conditioning plant
. directly (see c6.2;3.3) or indirectly by building infiltration shall be calculated in accordance with
good engineering practice.
(3) The cooling load depends on:
.(a) the buildings geographical location, altitude and orientation, which may be
modified by:
(i) local atmospheric effects e.g. industrial hase,

(ii) by shading effects, etc.
(b) the building fabric in which the following factors should be considered:
(i) Type of materials and thicknesses of walls, roofs, ceilings, floors and
partitions, and their relative positions in the structure.
(ii) Areas and types of glazing.
(iii) External building finishes and colour.
(iv) Shading devices at windows, etc.
4.5.3 Internal Heat Loads
.(1) Heat and moisture liberated by occupants depend on the surrounding environmental
conditions and activity level. Heat releasefor various activities are given in Table 4.1.
ETHIOPIAN I!UILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS - 11 1995 27
, VENTILA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
Table 4.1 Heat Release From Occupants
Heat Released per Occupant (W)

Activity
Sensible Latent Total
Seated at rest 90 25 115

Sedentary work 100 40 140
Walking slowly 110 50 , 160
Light bench work 130 105 235
Average manual work 140 125 265
,Heavy work 190
,
250 440
(2) Heat from lighting fixtures depends on lamp type, fixture type (e.g. surface mounted or
recessed) and any special fixtures. The heat release for common type of light fixturesis given
in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Approximate Heat Gain from Lighting
_Approximate Electrical Loading (W1m2)

Level of
Tungsten Filament White Fluorescent HP discharge
illumina
tion (lux) With With
Open Open _ Recessed Mercury Sodium
diffuser - -diffuser "
250 45 55 "
10 15 20 - -
500 80 - 15 25 30 20 10
750 - - ,25 35 40 30 15
(3) (a), Heat and moisiiirC f!'9m machinery, 'equipment and appliances should be carefully
evaluated. Data may be obtained irolli th~ manufacturer's catalogue.
(b) Certain loads may be minimized by use of local ventilation or exhaust hood.
(4) Heat liberated by steam or hot water from piping system passing through conditioned
spaces, food, factoryprocess shall be calculated carefully.
(5) The amount of heat gain or loss from fans; P?UIl1PS:, supply and return ducts passing
through conditioned or unc~l1dbWned spaces and leakages shall be estimated in accordance with
good engineering practice,
28 EBCS -11 199!ii ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

SECTION 4: AIR CONDITIONING
4.6 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
4.6.1 General
(1) For the purpose ofthis Code Standard, air conditioning systems may be grouped as unit
type, all-air type or air-water type.
4.6.2 Unit·Systems
4.6.2.1 General
(1) Unit systems shall be with a direct expansion refrigerant system consisting of, all of the
four basic components of the refrigeration cycle, namely, evaporator, blower, compressor and
condenser in a single "package" or housing.
(2) Fan coil systems using chilled water from a central plant shall also be considered as a
unit system.
4.6.2.2 Single Units
,(1) Where the application is comparatively small, a single unit will be sufficient. This can
be a room conditioner designed for a singlearea.
4.6.2.3 Multiple Units
(1) In large applications, units can be used in multiples to serve one large space or a number
of
. .
smaller,! individual spaces.
4.6.3 All-Air Systems
(1) In theall-air type of air conditioning system, the total cooling load is catered for by
controlling the supply air condition.
(2) Most plants operate on the re-circulation principle, where a percentage of the air is
extracted and ·the remainder mixed with the incoming fresh air.
(3) In conventional all-air systems, the methods of room temperature control shall be as in
the following:
ETHIOPIAN BUILDINGCPDE STANDARD EBCS - 77 7995 29

(a) Constant Volume, with Variable Temperature: In this method of room

temperature control, the system shall be either with;
(i) on/off or variable capacity control of refrigeration,

(ii) apparatus face and by-pass damper control, or
(iii) air re-heat control.
(b) Variable Volume, with Constant Temperature: In this method, the supply air
volume reduces under low load condition (partial load) to maintain a constant
temperature, but care should be taken at partial load that adequate fresh air
supply, satisfactory control.of air distribution and space humidity are ensured.
4.6.4 Air-Water Systems
4.6.4.1· General
(1) The control of conditions within the space is achieved by initial control of the supply
air from a central plant, but with the main and final control at the terminal unit within the
conditioned space.
(2) The supply air provides the necessary ventilation air and a small part of the total
conditioning, and the major part of the room load is balanced by water through a coil in the
terminal, which can be either a fID coil unit or an induction unit.
4.6.4.2 Fan Coil System
(1) In the simplest layout, the fan coil units m::ty he located against an outside wall with a
direct fresh air connection.
(2) . A superior arrangement utilizes a ducted, conditioned, fresh air supply combined with
mechanical extract ventilation.
(3) Control of unit (temperature) shall be achieved by fan speed and/or water flow.'
4.6.4.3 Induction System
(1) High velocity air forced through jets in the terminal units induces room air into the unit
and across the coils.
30 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD,

SECnON 4: AmCONmnOMNG
(2) Unit output may be controlled by water flow or air by-pass arrangement.
4.7 . FACTORS FOR THE CHOICE OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
(1) Apart from the suitability of a system to meet 'the cooling load needs, designers choice
in selecting a system for a particular application shall be based on factors such as:
(a) plant area, ceiling/floor heights, size of riser shafts, dimensions of low level
perimeter units;
(b) requirements of temperature control, humidity control, ventilation effectiveness,
air movement, noise, appearance, health aspects;
(c) capital cost, energy consumption, maintenance, guarantee period.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD CBCS - ,11 1995 31

OlltfONtf.1S 300:J EJNI07Jn8 NtflclOIH.13 S66l II - S:J83 ~€
EJNINOI.110NO:J IIltf ONtf NOI.1 tf71.1N3A

SECTION 5
ARRANGEMENTS, TYPES AND
SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
5.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deals with the types and selection of equipment used in ventilation and air
conditioning systems.
5.2· TYPES AND SELECTION
5.2.1 Fans
(1) The selection of a fan shall take the following factors into consideration:
(a) Air volume.

(b) System resistance.
(c) Entering air conditions; i.e., moisture content, air density and state of air, e.g.
containing dirt or abrasive particles, corrosive fumes, or inflammable gasses, etc.
(d) Barometric pressure/altitude at location.
(e) Type of application or service (e.g. comfort, industrial, quiet).
(f) Types of system and possible changes in resistance (e.g. dirty filter) owing to
alternative modes of operation.
(g) Space available for fan motor and drive.
(h) Permissible weights, floor loadings both over installation access route and in final
location.
(i) An arrangement, position of inlet and outlet and direction of discharge
U) Fan connections, type and size.
(k) Type of drive and arrangement, requirements of drive adjustment, type of
bearing, drive guards; speed control or stand-by duty.
(e) Special design feature, special paints or protective finishes.

VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
5.2.2 Air Distributing Equipment
5.2.2.1 General
(1) Air distribution equipment includes dampers for air mixing or volume control, grilles,
diffusers, and various types of terminal or room units for distribution of air and sometimes
controlling its heating or cooling effect.
5.2.2.2 Grilles and Diffusers
(1) Terminal units such as grilles and diffusers can be ceiling, wall or floor-mounted
depending on the desired distribution and direction of air flow (upward, downward and mixed
upward or downward).
(2) The selection of terminal units such as inlet and outlet grilles and diffusers shall take the
following into consideration:
(a) Air velocities produced shall not exceed the value given in Clause 4.3.3.
(b) The distance between outlets, particularly in the case of ceiling diffusers, shall be
such that the streams from two adjacent units do not collide at such a velocity that
a strong downward current results.
(c) The velocity selected for the supply air grille or diffuser and exhaust air intake
shall be such that the sound level produced therefrom is below the design standard
for the room.
(d) Appearance, layout and pattern should maintain the architectural requirements.
(e) The distribution should be arranged to deal with loads at source.
(t) The throw must not be directed towards projections that will deflect the air stream
from the intended direction.
5.2.2.3 Control Dampers
(1) When selecting automatic control dampers, consideration should be given to the required
flow characteristics, pressure drop and mechanical suitability for the application.
(2) Hand dampers should be fitted with an operating lever, a locking device and a damper
position indicator.
34 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARq

SECTION 5: ARRANGEMENTS, TYPES AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMEIIIT
(3) The choice of control dampers shall also include the general requirements listed below:
(a) The inside cross sectional area of the casing of a control damper shall be equ;:
to .that of the ductwork, and the casing shall confirm to the same standar.' c " i (.. /
tightness of the rest of the ductwork system and be such that it allows 1>._; 'l,:icl"S
to close completely.
(b) Each damper assembly shall be a rigid construction and, if intended for the
isolation of a section of ducting, acceptably airtight when blades are closed.
(c) Each damper assembly shall be designed and constructed to prevent distortion,
jamming, and vibration during operation.
5.2.2.3 Fan Coils and Induction Units
(1) The selection of a fan coil and an induction unit shall be related to the requirements cf
the installation such as noise and vibration levels, performance controlability, maintenance
requirements, etc, and due regard to their compatibility with those requirements.
5.2.3 Air Filters
5.2.3.1 Types of Air Filters
5.2.3.1.1 Panel or Unit Filters
(1) The use of panel or unit filters should be confined to the smaller systems upto 11.
maximum air flow of about 5.0m 3/s and operate at face velocities between LCi:.,.f:'. di~~ 2'::11;.".
5.2.3.1.2 Automatic Air Filters
(1) Automatic air filters are primarily used on large systems, where they US1J2.Ey r:-,-:.
economic advantage over panel filters. The air now face velocity is usually between 2.0mls
and 2.75m1s. The operation of automatic viscous type filters is normally time-switch controlled
and the filters maintain a constant operating resistance of 50.0Pa to 125.0Pa according to the
type of filter.
5.2.3.1.3 ElectrostaticAir Filters
(1) These filters are efficient in the removal of large quantities of dust. The electrostatic
air cleaner is a two-stage unit, the first stage being a series of fine wires that give the dust
particles a positive electrical charge and the second stage a series ·of parallel plates generally

coated with a water-soluble viscous solution and charged negative or negative and positive
alternatively. The voltage gradient causes' the positively charged dust particles to be deposited
on the negative plates. Servicing is by switching off and washing down and recoating as
necessary and this can be done by hand or automatically. This equipment operates on high
voltage and only skilled and experienced personnel should be authorized to attend to the
equipment.
5.2.3.1.4 Carbon-pack Filters
(1) These filters are used to remove odours, fumes, vapours. gases, etc from the air. The
filter may be used to remove certain odours in systems using a large proportion of re-circulated
air. The air flow face velocity is comparatively low, usually of the order of ,1. 75m1s. These
filters quickly become clogged with atmospheric dust and it is essential that an efficient pre
filter be' used.
5.2.3.2 Selection Factors
(1) When selecting a filter, die followin~ particulars should be considered:
(a) The air flow rate for which the filter is designed.
(b) The face velocity, which is the average velocity of air (mls) entering the effective
face area of the filter.
(c) Resistance, i.e. difference' between static pressure for 'clean' and 'dirty'
conditions.
(d) Efficiency.
(e) Economic considerations; i.e, the initial cost, and the cost of replacement
materials on cleaning operations and of the labour involved.
(f) Possible fire hazards.
5.2.4 Air Heating Equipment
(1) The heating media of air heating equipment can be electricity, hot water, steam, etc.
(2) (a) The heating coils can be finned (extended surface) or plain-type heaters.
(b) Finned heaters are more liable than plain tube heaters to become blocked or
coated with dust and dirt.
(c) Where finned heaters are installed, special attention should be paid to the
provision of ready access to all parts of the batteries for cleaning purpose.
(d) Compressed air or steam is a suitable medium for the cleaning of finned heaters.
.1
SECTION 5: ARRANGEMENTS, TYPES AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
(3) Air heaters should have special protective finishes, e.g. galvanizing, to delay corrosion.
(4) (a) The air heaters and their approach should be designed and arranged as to give a
uniform velocity across the face area of the heater.
(b) The face velocity should not exceed 3.5m/s for finned heaters and 4.0m/s for
plain type heaters, except for special heat recovery coils and certain types of high
velocity heaters.
(5) All electric heaters should be electrically interlocked with the fan motors so that the
electric heater will be switched-off when the fan is stopped or when the air velocity is reduced
to a level below which the heater has been designed for.
(6) With all electric air heaters, care should be taken to preclude the risk of fire under
abnormal conditions of operation by the use of a suitably positioned temperature-sensitive trip
of the manual reset type to cut off the electric supply.
(7) All types of heaters should be arranged with proper automatic controls to give a steady
temperature output.
(8) In the selection of air heater batteries, the following factors should be taken into
consideration:
(a) Air volume to be handled

(b) Entering air conditions (dry-bulb temperature, air density), air quality (dirt,
corrosive).
(c) Required leaving air dry-bulb temperature
(d) Available heating medium.
(e) Allowable air-side face velocity.
(f) Allowable air-side resistance (for fan selection).
(g) Air-side connections (flanges for duct mounting,).
(h) Construction materials for heaters, coils and extended surface.
(i) Economy of coil selection as related to the associated system, i.e, flowrated
temperature rise, pressure drops, fan and pump horse powers.

~~-~-- ~~~~- ~ _._~~~-~ ~~~-
5.2.5 Air Cooling and Dehumidifying Equipment
5.2.5.1 Types ofEquipmetu .

5.2.5.1.1 Air Cooling/Dehumidifying Coil
(1) Air cooling/dehumidifying can be done by chilled water or direct expansion system. In
a chilled water system, chilled water is circulated through the coil, and in a direct expansion
J ems, the actual refrigerant gas from the compressor
, :'
~ . is passed
." . direct into the coils which,
in effect, form the evaporator of the refrigerating plant.
(2) The coils are constructed from aluminum or copper fins on solid-drawn copper tubes
arranged' in banks enclosed in a heavy gauge galvanized sheet steel casing including suitable drip
trays to catch the condensate.
(3) The air velocity across the face should normally not exceed 2.5~s for finned 'cooling
coils. The use of higher velocities generally requires the-fitting of eliminator plates to prevent
the carryover of entrained moisture.
5.2.5.1.2 Spray Equipment
(1) In a spray type cooling/dehumidification, the process can be performed by air washer,
evaporative air coolers or by spray coils.
(1) The type and size of air cooling and dehumidifying coils depend on the media to be
used; i.e, chilled water, brine or refrigerant, and its operating conditions and the degree of
control required. The temperature of the media, the temperature of the air, the velocity of the
air over the coil and the proportions of latent heat removal to sensible heat removal all have a
direct effect on the coil selection.
5.2.6 Humidifiers
5.2.6.1 General
(1) Humidifier types in common use add moisture into the air to be conditioned either in
the form of a fine mist of spray or by evaporation from a pad of absorbent material within the
air stream, or by vaporizing water or injecting steam. The common types of humidifiers work
either with water storage or Without water storage ..
SiCTION 5: ARRANGEMENTS, TYPES AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
'5.~.6.2 Humidifiers With Waier Storage
(l) The storage types incorporate a small tank under the humidifying apparatus from which
water is introduced into the air stream in one of the ways described in (2) below. The water
level in the tank is maintained by a water supply via a ball valve. In order to prevent
contamination of the water mains through back siphonage, the water inlet to appliances of this
type should incorporate either an air gap, or an approved type of pipe interrupter, or a
combined check and anti-vacuum valve.
(2) Common type of humidifiers wlihwater storage are the following:
(a) Spray type in which water is pumped from a storage tank at the bottom of the unit .
to one or more spray nozzles that inject a fine spray of water into the air stream.
(b) Pan type in which absorbent material is partially immersed in water stored in a
pan at the base of the unit. Moisture is added to the air by evaporation from the
wetted surface of the absorbent material.
(c) Mechanical pan type in which absorbent material fixed to a drum or disc is
turned into the pan to absorb moisture and then into the air stream to allow it to
evaporate:
(d) Steam generating pan type which consists of an enclosed water tank connected
to the main duct. By heating the water in the tank, it is vaporized and picked up
by theair stream passing over the tank.
5.2.6.3 Humidifiers Without Water Storage
(1) In the non-storage system, water need not be stored within the unit. . Moisture in the
form of steam .or atomized water particles is injected directly into the air stream. A non-storage
type humidifier may be with mechanical separators (e.g. spinning disc) to produce a fine mist
discharging into the main air stream or with steam jet injector to inject steam into the air stream
generated by the external source.
(l) The selection of a particular type of humidifier will depend mainly on its size,
availability of water and/or steam and the method used to condition and distribute the air.
(2) Where storage t~es are designed or selected, consideration should be given to the
cleaning, maintenance and inspection of the tank.

.vENTILA TIOiV AND AIR CONDITIONING
5.2.7 Refrigerating Equipment
5.2.7.1 General
(1) The refrigerating equipment used for air conditioning is almost invariably supplied in
the form-of a packaged unit, either to provide chilled water or in the smaller capacity range to
provide direct air cooling.
5.2.7.2. Compressors
5.2.7.2.1 Centrifugal Compressor
(1) This compressor uses centrifugal force to raise the pressure of a continuous flow of
, refrigerant gas from the evaporator pressure to the condenser pressure and is chiefly used
where large duties, are required. They are available in the cooling capacity from 300.0kw
upwards. Capacity control is by throttling at the suction inlet or speed control. Most of the
centrifugal compressors water chilling packages include a shell and tubewater cooled condenser
and a flooded shelland tube evaporator, but units are also available incorporating an air cooled,
condenser.
5.2.7.2.2 Reciprocating Compressor
(1) This compressor is a positive displacement piston machine which can operate over a
wide range of conditions, The compressor may have upto 16 cylinders. Capacity control is
normally provided by cylinder 'unloading' in steps or by switching multiple compressor and
refrigerant circuits. Hot gas by-pass and speed regulation are also used as a capacity control.
They are almost invariably used in packages upto 200.0kw cooling capacity'.
5.2.7.2.3 Hermetic Compressor
(1) Hermetic compressor has the electric motor and compressor as a self-contained assembly
with the motor in contact with refrigerant within the casing, no shaft seal being required. They
, are normally designed with either one or two stages and are driven at a single speed. Most
hermetic compressors use variable inlet guide vanes for capacity control. Hermetic compressors
require factory service .for repairs.
40 EBCS - 111995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD I

5.2.7.2.4 Semi-Hermetic Compressor
(1) Semi-hermetic compressor is similar to the hermetic type, but with access to the
compressor for repairs on site.
5.2.7.3 Condensers
(1) Refrigerant condensers can be divided into three main types as in the following:
(a) Water-Cooled shell and Tube Type: This is normally incorporated into larger
package units, to be fed with water from a central cooling tower. It consists of
a horizontal pressure shell containing a number of tubes, usually with extended
surface, through which the water is circulated. The refrigerant condenses on the
outside of the tubes and the liquid is collected in the bottom of the shell.
-,
(b) Air-Cooled Type: The air cooled condenser comprise a tube bundle, in
which the refrigerant condenses, with fins on the outside to provide an extended
heat transfer surface. Atmospheric air is blown, or drawn, by propeller fans over
the condenser to absorb the heat. Thistypeof condenser is advantageous in that
it does not need water; but, because of t~e very low sensible heat capacity of air,
very large volumes.of air need to be passed over the condenser.
(c) Evaporative Condenser: This type is less often used in air conditioning. It
comprises a tube bundle, in .which the refrigerant condenses, enclosed within a
sheet metal casing through which air is blown. Water is sprayed over the tubes
to provide cooling as it evaporates into the air stream.
(2) In locating condensers:
(a) arrangement should preferably be as a unit with the compressor and motor, if
water cooled;
(b) location should be in positions where they can receive an adequate supply of
ambient air if evaporative or air-cooled.
5.2.7.4 Evaporators
/
(1) (a) The most common form of evaporator, for application to air conditioning practice
is the shell and tube type, used with a closed circuit chilled water system serving
cooling coils, and this can be either direct expansion or flooded.

VENTlLA?ION AND,AIR CONDITIONING
(b) Direct expansion evaporators are so arranged that refrigerant passes through the
inside of tubes and the w~ter in the shell. There may be a single-tube circuit or
a number of parallel-tube circuits of equal load. The refrigerant enters one end
of each of the evaporator circuits and all of the liquid becomes vapour before
reaching the end of its circuit.
(c) Flooded-type of evaporators are arranged in such a way that. refrigerant passes
through the shell and the water in the tube, and the main characteristics is that a
particular' part of the refrigerant will usually pass over the same part of the
evaporator surface more than once before it is all changed to vapour. This may
be by internal circulation over the tubes in the flooded shell or a pump may be
used to assist the refrigerant circulation from a drain well at the bottom of the
shell to sprays that wet the tube surface, specially in the case of some large :
systems.
(2) When selecting the locationof evaporators:
(a) ,Provision shall be made for draining of condensate from the coil and access to the ..
expansion valve (refrigerant metering device), the fan and controls;
(b) counter flow of air and refrigerant should be ensured for the efficient operation
of the evaporator toil.
5.2.7.5 Cooling Towers
(1) It is important that:
(a)' when practicable, cooling towers should be in the cleanest available location, and
(b) precautions be taken against organic growths which can foul the water
system, the tower packing and the tower distribution system.
,
\2) (a) The critical factor that mainly determines the size of the cooling tower shall be
the difference between the re-cooled water temperature and the selected maximum
air wet-bulb temperature.
(b) In addition to (a) above, when designing and selecting a cooling tower, the
following factors shall be considered:
(i) Site effects, e.g. discharge that can be drawn into the fan inlet from other
cooling towers or flues.
(ii) Siting with regard to adjacent walls and windows, other buildings and the
effects of any water carried over by the air stream.
42 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARJ

SECTION 5: ARRANGEMENTS,. TYPES AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
(iii) Noise and vibration. . .

(iv) Material of construction for the tower and fill packing; e.g. expected life,
the effect of high ambient or solar radiation temperatures when the tower
is not in use.
(v) Wind effects.
(vi) Properties of water to be used and the total capacity of the system.
(vii) Access for maintenance.
(viii) Cleanliness of air inducted into the tower.
5.2.7.6 Refrigerating Media and Piping
(1) (a) Refrigerants include ammonia, carbondioxide and halogenated hydrocarbons.

(b) The selection of refrigerant media for specific application shall be in accordance
with approved standards.
(2) (a) In halocarbon refrigerant piping, the design should be for minimum pressure drop
since pressure losses decrease useful cooling capacity and increase compressor
input energy.
(b) In the design of refrigerant piping system .it is necessary to account for changes
in the state of the refrigerant, which occur as it circulates, and of refrigerant
miscibility with compressor lubricating oil.
(3) In addition to (2) above, the refrigerant piping systems should be designed to:
(a) maintain a clean and dry system;

(b) ensure correct distribution of liquid refrigerant to evaporators;
(c) ensure that lubricating oil is always transported with the refrigerant flow back to
the compressor and avoid accumulation and slug flow in the suction line, and
protect compressors by preventing any of the following:
(i) Liquid refrigerant draining into or condensing in the compressor during

shut down.
(ii) Liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor during operation.
(iii) Excess suction gas superheat at compressor inlet.
',<» The halocarbon refrigerants and the lubricating oil in the system are non-corrosive
to all metals, with the exception of magnesium and aluminum in certain
circumstances.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS - 11 1D95 43

----
-- - ---~ "---
(b) Contamination of the refrigerant with water can lead to decomposition of the
refrigerant with the resulting formation of acid products, and this need to be
avoided completely to prevent corrosion.
(c) The refrigerants and the oil will affect many jointing materials; so they should be
carefully selected as in (lb) above.
(5) (a) The design of water distribution pipes should achieve a good distribution of water
to the various air coolers at all conditions of load and should take into
consideration economic balance between pipe size and pumping cost.
(b) The water velocities are usually in the range of 1.Om/s to 3.Om/s. Velocities in
excess of 4.0m/s can create noise problem.
(c) The water distribution pipes shall be designed in accordance with EBCS 9.
(d) Materials used for water distribution are mainly steel pipe with welded or flanged
joints, copper or plastic pipes. When plastic pipes are used, it is important to
take due account of the high coefficient of expansion and lower mechanical
strength when designing piping supports, expansion joints and pipe anchors. The
choice. of materials for any installation will be governed by economic
considerations; but care should be taken to minimize the possibility of corrosion
when choosing material combinations.
(e) Thermal insulation is required to prevent undue heat gain or loss and also to
prevent internal.and external condensation. A vapour seal is essential if there is
a possibility of condensation within the material. In certain special cases, when
lower temperatures are required, an anti-freeze may be added to depress the.
freezing point.
5.2.7.7 Accessories and Components
(1) Accessories and components such as oil heaters, oil coolers, oil separators, liquiq
receivers, dryers and strainers which are required for the. proper functioning of the air
conditioning system shall be of approved quality and the design and selection shall confirm to
good engineering practice.
5.2.8 Automatic Control Systems
(1) Itrecommended to keep the air conditioning system as simple as possible with suitable
IS
provision for "hand-running' in the event of failure of the automatic control srstems.
(2) All control equipment and components should be selected bearing in mind not only the
required duty and initial cost, but also, in particular, ease of maintenance, location of nearest
service agents and availability of spare parts.
(3) Automatic control design in the air conditioning system shall take into account building
type and construction, external and internal influences on load patterns, the results desired to
achieve, and the economic factor involved.
5.2.9 Sound and Vibration Control
5.2.9.1 Sound Control
(1) When selecting and designing silencers, the following should be taken into account:
(a) Plenum chambers should be lined with sound absorbent materials.

(b) Adequate space is needed for the addition of purpose-made attenuators that fit into
the line of ductwork.
(c) The need for excessive throttling of air at grilles and diffuser dampers should be
avoided.
(d) Air inlets and outlets external .:~ the building should be acoustically treated.
(e) Care should be taken in choosing and siting externally mounted items of
equipment such as mechanical draught cooling towers and air cooled condensers,
and, where necessary, acoustic barriers should be erected or attenuators added.
(f) Fans- should be chosen with low sound-power level, and smooth entry and exit
flow of air are important.
5.3.9.2 Vibration Control
(I) Devices for minimizing machinery vibration to acceptable levels include compression
materials and special isolation mounts and springs.
(2) Duct connectors should be made of flexible rubber or synthetic materials, but are not
wholly effective in isolating vibration since they become rigid under pressure.

VENTILA TION AND .AIR CONDITIONING
(3) .To minimize vibration of.ventilation and air-conditioning systems, the following should
be noted:
(a) All mechanical machinery should be installed on suitable anti-vibration mountings,

and ductwork and pipework should be insulatedfrom their supports and direct
contact with building structure.
(b) Sharp changes in direction of ductwork should be avoided.
I:.
~ l. • . ~ '. i.
I:·.·.::..:· ",cf'
" i." !"'j
46 EBCS'~ ,11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CO[)~ STANDA/JlJ

/
SECTION 6
DUCT SIZING AND D'UCTWORK
6.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deals with the design and construction of ducts and duct fittings envisaged
in ventilation and air conditioning systems.
6.2 DUCT SIZING
6.2.1 Design Considerations
6.2.1.1 General
(1) To maintain a uniform velocity and proper functioning of the system, the following basic
principles should be considered in the design of a duct system:
(a) Avoidance of sudden restriction or enlargements, or any arrangeinent producing

abrupt changes of velocity.
(b) Bends shall be kept to a minimum; but where required,they should be radiused.
Deflectors (vanes) should be. fitted to improve the air flow characteristics.
(c) Where branches occur, they should be taken-off at a gradual angle to avoid abrupt
turning.
(d) Sharp edges should be avoided, as these will be the cause of noise which may
travel a considerable distance through the duct system.
(e) The ductwork layout should preferably allow the air flow to be regulated without
the need for excessive throttling, which will lead to noise being generated.
6.2~1.2 Available space
(1) The duct system shall be designed within the prescribed limits of available space.

6.2.1.3 Economic Factors
(1) The balance between initial cost and operating cost shall be considered in conjunction
with theavailable space for the ductwork to determine the best air distribution system .
.(2) Consideration shall be given to the duct heat gain or losses, which directly influence the
~initial and operating cost.
(3) For the best economic solution, the duct system shall be designed for the low-pressure
duct class at the smallest aspect ratio, since for the same duct area and capacity, if the aspect
ratio increases, the following items may be increased.
(a) Semi-perimeter and duct surface.

(b) Weight of material.
(c) Thickness of metal.
(d) Amount of insulation required.
(4) The operating cost of air distribution systems is influenced by the chosen friction rate,
size' and type of ducts:
(5) In duct design, duct fittings should be properly located and selected to minimize running
cost and to reduce sound generation.
6.2.1.4 Duct System Accessories
(1) Fire dampers, access doors (before and after equipment) and sound dampers may be
required in the duct system.
(2) Where the accessories in (1) above are required, the additional resistance to air flow
shall be included when designingor selecting the fan ca~acity.
(3) If fire dampers are included in the duct system, access panels should be provided for
access to feasible links in fire dampers.
6.2.2 Duct System Classifications
(1) For the purpose of this Code standard, the classification of the duct system shall be in
accordance with Table 6.1.

SECTION 6: DUCT SIZING AND DUCTWORK
Table 6.1 Duct System Classification
Static pressure limit mean air

Duct pressure
Positive Negative velocity
class
[m/s]
[Pal [Pal
Low 500 500 10

Medium 1000 750 20
High 2500 750 40
6.2.3 Design Criteria
6.2.3.1 Friction Rate
(1) For economic sizing of low and medium pressure duct systems, a friction loss rate of
between 0.8 and 1.2 Pa per meter length is recommended.
6.2.3.2 Velocity
(1) The design velocity for an air distribution or exhaust system shall fulfil sound level
requirements (see Clause 2.2.4), and minimize initial and operating costs.
(2) The velocity for different applications of low pressure ducting system shall be as given
in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Maximum Velocities For Low Pressure Ducting Systems
Velocity (mls)
Application Main Branch
duct duct
Theatres, auditorium, studios 4.0 3.0

Hotel bedrooms, conference halls, operating theatres 5.0 3.0
Private offices, libraries, cinemas, hospital wards 8.0 4.0
General offices, restaurants, department stores 7.5 5.0
Cafeteria, supermarkets, machine rooms 9.0 8.0
Factories, work shops 12.0 7.5

6.2.3.3 Air Quantity
(1) The quantity of air required for air conditioning of an occupancy shall be determined
from thc air conditioning heat load in accordance with good engineering practice.
(2) The quantity of fresh air required in an air conditioned space shall he as given
in Clause 2.2.1.
(3) The greater of (1) and (2) above shall be taken as the design air quantity for air
conditioning as they may have different quantities in most of the cases.
6.2.3.4 Duct Layout
fJ)
,~ Layout of ducts shall be as short as possible and symmetrical.
(2) The location and number of duct fittings shall be as few as possible.
(3) In the design of ductwork, consideration should be given to:
(a) coordination with the building, architectural and structural requirements,

(b) coordination with other services such as plumbing and electrical,
(c) simplifying installation work,
(d) providing facilities and access for commissioning and testing,
(e) providing access for maintenance,
(f) meeting fire and smoke control requirements where required.
6.2.4 Design Methods
6.2.4.1 General Procedure
(1) Recommended steps for the design of a duct system are:
(a) select the supply and return outlet or exhaust air location according to the needs
of the rooms;
(b) determine the air quantities to each duct outlets and inlets;
(c) size the air inlets and outlets;
(d) sketch the final supply, return outlet or exhaust air inlet locations and duct layouts
on the building plans;
(e) record the air flow to be handled at each duct section;
.50 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

(f) select the type of duct system (low, medium or high pressure) to be applied based
on the architectural and sound requirements as well as on economic factors;
(g) size the duct system.
6.2.4.2 Duct Sizing for Low and Medium Pressure
(1) (a) The design of a low and medium pressure duct systems should be
accomplished by velocity reduction, equal friction or static regain method.
(b) Duct sizing with velocity reduction and static regain method shall follow good
engineering practice.
(2) The design steps in equal-friction-loss method shall be as in the following:
(a) Establish the velocity in the main duct leaving or entering the fan from Table 6.2
based on the type of occupancy.
(b) On the duct layout, mark the volume of air to be delivered at each branch duct
and these shall be totalled back to the fan (lis).
(c) Find the point of intersection of established velocity and the air volume carried
in the main duct from Figure 6, which is established for galvanized steel for
standard air. The vertical line passing through the point of intersection will give
the pressure loss per meter run of duct by reference to the bottom scale, and at
the same time the diameter of the duct (in palm and mm units).
(d) The sizes of the subsequent section of the duct at the end are then read off at the
point of intersection of the appropriate horizontal volume lines with the same
vertical resistance line. Sizes of the whole system in terms of circular ducts wHI
then be marked on the plan: If rectangular ducts are used instead of round, the
equivalent sizes to give equal pressure loss per meter run shall be calculated in
accordance with Clause 6.2.5.
(e) The total pressure loss of the duct is calculated by multiplying the total equivalent
duct length (See (3) below) with the pressure loss per meter.
(3) The total equivalent length of the duct is the summation of the actual measured straight
duct portion and equivalent length of fittings. The equivalent length of fittings may be:
(a) obtained from good engineering practices;

(b) determined as the percentage of the actual measured duct length. Rarely will the
percentage to be added to the actual length be less than 40%, and rarely will it
exceed 100%. In most cases, it will fall in this range. The equivalent lenght of
low pressure ducts shall be calculated from:

VENt/LA TlON AND AIR CONDITIONING
.( ."
Tel =L +(CxL) (6.1)
where Tel is the total equivalent duct length

L is the actual measured length
C is a coefficient of duct system complexity which will be of the
order of 0.4 for simple duct systems and 1.0 or more for very
complex duct systems.
(4) Where ducts are made of materials other than galvanized steel, their resistance (total
pressure loss) shall be corrected using the correction factors given in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3 Correction Factors for Ducts of Other Material
Duct material , , Correction Factor
UpvC 0.85
Aluminium 0.9
Plastered, Smooth Cement 1.1
Fair-faced brick, Concrete 1.5
Rough brick work 2.5
(5) When an air distribution system is designed to operate in conditions other than standard
air condition, the friction factor obtained shall be corrected in one of the following ways:
(a) Obtain the correction factor of temperature or altitude from Figure 6.2 and
multiply by the result obtained in (2e) or(4) above as appropriate.
(b) MUI~iply the factors obtained in (a) aboveby values obtained in (2~) or (4) above
as 'appropriate if the system is at high altitude' and operates outside the
temperature range from the standard air condition..
<.
NOTE:
.J'
(i) "Standard ,lir;' is based on:

temperature . . = 20°c
atmospheric pressure = 101.328 kPa
relative humidity = 43 %, and

• i' .1; .j)
specific mass of fluid = '1.2. kg/m'
(ii) Temperature between O°C and 48°C and an altitude upto 600.0m,rcan be
considered as a "standard air n. . " ' .' i "',. ' '.
~" _ -.',., \.{'j;",;' \".";~:;~-':'. \ "'-..,; -:~.
52 EllCS - 11 1995
',~' .
ETHIOPIANBUILIJING CODE STANDARD
._._-~- -_.~----.--
SEc'fION"6: DUCT SIZING <AND

. ',' DUCTWORK
., ", '.,
6.2.4.3 Duct Sizing for High Pressure
(1) Since at high velocities static pressure regain due. to velocity changes becomes
significant, it is recommended'that duct si~es in 'high P~essure systems be designed using static
regain method.
6.2.5 Rectangular Ducts of Equivalent Diameter
(1) Rectangular duct sizes for equivalent duct diameters to give equal pressure loss can be
calculated from:
.~.'~~
d D 1.265 [(ab)3.].O.2 (6.2)
, (a+b) .
where d is the diamterer of the duct.
a is the longer side of the rectangular duct.
b is the shorter side of the rectangular duct.
(2) Rectangular duct sizes for equivalent duct diameters in (1) above can also be calculated
using Table 6.4 (which is derived from Equation 6.2). ,
;.~': ':_~i
6.2.6 r Recommended Duct Sizes
" _:' ..: ~
_.. :/, ...
,J
(1) quctsizes may confirm to those given in Table 6.5 for rectangular ducts and Table 6.6
for qrctiiais ...
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L,~TfV(}flfU't)BU(LJ)JNg COpE STAND RD 1 ,EBCS - 11 1995 53

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r
;
e;
:IE STANDARD AIR -.07'19 LB/CU FT AT 70F AND 0 ALT!TUDE
~ 1.05
~
,.,-J.
......
(1.2 KG/M' AT 21 DC AND 0 'ALTITIJDE)
:;)
0
:;.' --;+
..... e:
~ '1.00 1+t++H!I' 1-1 ,~
~'
:r of'
u :9",
>- 1-;-' ~TT-'-

!: ~-: '
V>
z ~
~\..,.?
..... .95
j
~,p
0
.~
ee
...
0 (TITIITiS, \0,"1- , ,-f '-'1-~-H
I
U :c>-" 'i-t-+71++++
~
..... - Go
-t- I I
'" IIII'I~
~IO"~¥
.90 rl,
0'"
u +
~ :t: "1111 r r t rrr j /~~ Go 0
....!......L:..
!....i.....:..
;; "\" ('~. H
~ . ,...l,~
U
.85 "....Ij
~
z
0 ."9~<;, \"'1<{sl
i= , )-c:;o ~
o -, .~ ~-I -l
...'" .80
i,,-r-I~
',,/,';
I-
u
:;)
0
.75 +P
lIEfEil±illiIThE
~.
~
.70'
0
I "'!""
2000
,-H
'1000
IMiJi
6000 8000 10000 12000 1'1000
ALTITIJDE (IT)
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
AIR TEMPERATURE ("F)

-0 610 1220 1828 2438 3048 3658 4267
ALTITUDE (METER)
-45.6 -17.8 10.0 37.8 65.6 93.3 121.1 148.9
Figure 6.2 Air Density Correction Factors

- -----~--. -----

"
Table 6.5 Equivalent Diameters (d) of Rectangular Ducts (a x b)

for Equal Volume and Pressure Drop
alb x alb x alb x alb x
1.0 0:908 1.9 0.665 2.8 0.557 3.7 0.491

J.1 0.865 2.0 0.650 2.9 0.548 3.8 0.486
1.2 0.829 2.1 0.635 3.0 0.540 3.9 0.480
1.3 0.798 2.2 0.622 3.1 0.532 4.0 0.475
1.4 0.770 2.3 0.608 3.2 0:524 4.2 0.465
1.5 0.745 2.4 0.597 3.3 0.517 4.4 0.455
1.6 0.710 2.5 D.586 3.4 0.510 4.6 0.447
1.7 0.701 2.6 0.576 3.5 0.504 4.8 0.438
1.8 0.683 2.7 0.566 3.6 0.498 5.0 0.431
b = xd
where d, a and b are as given in equation 6.2.
Table 6.6 Recommended Sizes For Rectangular Ducts
Short Side (mm)

Long side
(mm) 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200
150 x x
<, 200 x x x
~50 x x x x
300 x x x x x
400 x x x x x x
500 x x x x x
-
600 -
- - - -
x x x x x x
800 x x x x x x
lOOO x x x x x x
1200 x x x x x x
1400 x x x x x x
1600 x x x x x x
1800 x x x x x
2000 x' x x x x
NOTE: x indicates recommended sizes for rectangular ducts
56 EBCS ~ 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

Table 6.7 Recommended Sizes (Internal diameter) for Circular ducts
Recommended Sizes Additional sizes Recommended Sizes Additional Sizes

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
63 71 400 450
80 90 500 560
100 112 630
125 140
160 800 710
1000 900
200
- 180
250 224 1250 1120
315 280
355
NOTE: Any diameter above 1250.0mm shall be selected from approved

standards.
6.3 DUCTWORK
6.3.1 Duct Material
(1) Ductwork may be manufactured from metal (steel, aluminum), plastics, asbestos cement,
"'~"
~~--~/~-
etc.
(2) Where building materials, such as concrete or brick, are used in the formation of
airways, the interior surface should be fire resistant.ismooth., airtight and not liable to erosion.
(3) Galvanized steel, stainless steel and aluminum ductwork shall not be fitted with copper
. or copper alloy parts unless the junctions between ductwork and such parts are so insulated that
electrolytic interaction is prevented.
6.3.2 Duct Construction
6.3.2.1 Rectangular Ductwork
(1) (a) Material thickness, transverse joints and duct stiffening for low pressure
rectangular ductwork shall comply with Table 6.8, appropriate to the length of the
longer side of the duct cross section.

VENT/LA T/ON AND AIR Co.NDiTIONING
(b) The type ofconstruction of seams and connections listed in Table 6.8 shall be as
shown in Figure 6.3.
Table 6.8 Material Thicknesses, Transverse Joints and Duct Stiffening

for Low Pressure Rectangular DuctWork
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sheet metal thickness Spacing between joints or H, minimum (See' Fig

(minimum) between stiffeners (maximum) 6.3 (g) and (h»
With beading Angle section
Longer side of
at 300 mm Without for stiffeners or
duct cross- Transverse
joints Steel Aluminium
section joints centres beading or
Steel ' Aluminium (minimum) duct- duct-
(max.) or cross
work work
cross breaking
breaking
From
(rnm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Fig. 6.3
Up to 400 0,6 0,8 e.f.g Unlimited Unlimited None 25 25

401 - 600 0,6 0,8 e.g Unlimited 1 500 25x25x3 25 25
601 - 800 0,8 1,0 g,h Unlimited 1 500 25 x 25 x 3 25 25
801 - 1000 0,8 - g,h,i 1 500 1 200 25x25x3 25 -

801 - 1 000 ~ J,Q g.h.i 1 SOO 1 200 40x40x4 - 40
1 00 1 - 1 600 1,0 1;2 i 1200 800 40 xAO x 4 - -
1601 -2000 1,0 1,2 i 800 800 SOxSOxS - - \
(2) Longitudinal seams in steel and aluminum low pressure rectangular ducts shall comply
with those in Figure 6.3(a), (b), (c) or (d).
(3) Material thickness, transverse joints and duct stiffening for medium and high pressure
rectangular ductworks shall be in accordance with approved standards.
6.3.2.2 Other ducts
(1) Material thickness, transverse joints and duct stiffening for ductworks other than
rectangulars shall be in accordance with approved standards.
- -- -
SECTION 6: DUCT $IZING AND DUCTWORK
1 -
~l_
. (a) Pittsburgh Lock (b) Grooved Seam
(c) Double Seam (d) Riveted or Welded Lap Seam

Note: For low pressure rectangular ductwork only Note: For low pressure rectangular ductwork only
~~ t
(e) Drive Slip
Note
. (i) For low pressure ductwork only
: (ii) Not to be used on ducts in which the longer cross-sectional dimension exceeds 600mm
. Figure 6.3 Types of Construction of Seams and Connections (conte'd)

i
G
• Airflow
•
~
•
t
o
AIrflow
(f) Plan "S" Slip (g) Bar Slip

Note: Note:
(i) For low pressure ductwork only (i) For low pressure ductwork only
(ii) Not to be used on ducts in which the longer cross (ii) Not to be used on ducts in which the longer cross
sectional dimension exceeds 400mm sectional dimension exceeds l000mm
Spot welded or
rIveted at
j50 mm centres
Rivet or
I weld
(i) Angle Flanged Joint

(h) Reinforced Drive Slip . Note:
Note: (i) For low pressure ductwork in which the longer
(i) For low pressure ductwork only cross-sectional dimension is between 801mm and
(ii) Used only on ducts in which the longer cross 2000mm
sectional dimension is between 601mm and l000mm (ii) For all medium and high pressure ductwork
Figure 6.3 Types of Construction of Seams and Connections

·.- -----_.- - - - - - - --------
6.3.2.3 Flexible Joints
(1) . Flexible joints shall be provided for the suction and delivery connections of fans, for
expansion joints inside buildings, and for other positions as specified by the designer.
(2) . The design of each flexible joints shall be such that any pressure drop across the joint
is within acceptable limits.
(3) Metal ductworks for low pressure and medium pressure systems shall be fastened with
. flexible joints in accordance with Figure 6.4 and Figure 6.5, as appropriate. Other fastening
methods are acceptable provided the produced joints are strong and efficient.
(4) The material used for flexible joints shall be capable of resisting the effects of
temperature, pressure and mechanical stress to which it may be subjected during its normal
working life.
(5) Heavy canvas connections, and where there is a fire hazard, asbestos clothe or
equivalent connections, shall be used on both inlet and outlet to all fans.
Metal ductwork Flexible'materlal
Figure 6.4 Fastening of Flexible Material to Metal Duct

(For Low Pressure Ductowrk Only)

VENTILA TION AND AIR,CJJNDITIONING
Sealant (medium pressure ductwork only)
BackIng plate at least :3 mm thIck

Metal ductwork
Sealant (medium pressure

ductwork only)
Flexible material
Figure 6.5 Fastening of Flexible Material to Metal Duct (For Low and
Medium Pressure Rectangular Ductwork)
6.3.2.4 Changes in Size and Shape of Duct
(1) As far as possible, gradual changes in size and shape shall be used so as to maintain
uniform velocities accompanied by decreased,turbulence, lower resistance and minimum noise.
(2) When the shape of a rectangular duct is changed, but the cross sectional area remains
the same, a slope of 1 in 7 shall be used for the sides of the transformation piece.
(3) If the slope in (2) above cannot be maintained, a maximum slope of 1 in 4 should not
be exceeded.
(4) When obstructions cannot be avoided" the duct area shall in no case be decreased by
more than 20 % of the original area and the slope shall conform to that shown in Figure 6.6.
62 EBCS - 11 1995 , ETHIOpiAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

.-----~~~---
-~---.-'-----
----------------
o
Airflow
. a:J
o o
Figure 6.6 Expansions and Contractions
6.3.2~5 Duct Fittings
(1) Duct fittings such as elbows with or without vanes in rectangular ducts shall be'
constructed in accordance with good engineering practice.
(2) All vanes shall be of the same metal and thickness as those of the bend and shall be
attached to the flat side of the bend by welds, bolts, or mechanically closed rivets, or by other
acceptable means, at acceptable spacings.
(3) All branch ducts shall be preferably constructed with 45° portion as shown in Figure 6.7
and, unless specified by the designer, a straight T-branch shall not be constructed
6~4 CORROSION PROTECTION FINISH
(1) All metal surfaces that are not inherently corrosion-resistant shall be thoroughly de
greased and cleaned and painted with a satisfactory protective paint in accordance with the
designers recommendations.

AIrflow
Main duct
.
a
'
A'
a
mm' mm
Branch
duct
Up to 200 75
201- 300 100

301- 400 125
a) Branch Duct up to 400mm" wide
Airflow
Main duct
a
Branch
duct
b) Branch Ducts Over 400mm Wide
Figure 6.7 45° Branch Ducts
---------- -~-
SECTION 7
INSTALLATION
7.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deals in the installationof equipment, ductwork systems and piping systems
envisaged in ventilation and air conditioning of buildings.
7.2 GENERAL
(1) All air conditioning and ventilation equipment shall be provided with adequate storage
and protection on site to ensure that it is:
(a) in proper working condition; and

(b) without any deterioration of the working parts and of the manufacturer's finishes
when the plant is put into operation and handover.
(2) Central plants and distribution services shall be arranged or located to achieve minimum
cost in use taking into account:
(a) building size, configuration and aesthetics,

(b) structural loading and space limitations,
(c) location of fresh air and exhaust ducts having regard to re-circulation or heat
recovery,
(d) plant noise and vibration,
(e) accessibility for installation, maintenance and replacement.
7.3 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
7.3.1 Fans
(1) Fans, motors and drives should be easily accessible for operation, maintenance and
repairs, and all drives should be adequately guarded.

-_. --------
(2) Fans base and anti-vibration devices should be checked to ensure that they are in
accordance with the design requirements.
, (3) Care should be taken to ensure that safe floor loadings arc available.
(4), Adequate routes should be provided for operation and maintenance.
7.3.2 AirDistrlbutlon Equipment
(1) All air distribution equipment such as grilles, diffusers and terminal boxes shall be
properly protected during storage and installation.
(2) Care shall be taken to' protect the decorative finish on grilles and diffusers.
(3) All accessories such as turning vanes and dampers shall be properly fitted, and correctly
installed.
7.3.3 Air Heating Equipment
(1) Where air heaters are suspended, their weight shall be carried by independent support
and they should not be suspended froin the ductwork itself.
(2) During the installation of electric air heaters, it should be checked that:
(a) there is sufficient clearance for the efficient use of any access doors provided and
for the removal of the battery or heater element;
(b) water from cooling coils or huniidifiers cannot be carried over into the electrical
batteries;
(c) the air flow through the heater is in the correct direction and that automatic
control has been fitted.,
7.3.4 Humidifiers
(1) Where humidifiers are installed into ducting, they shall be so shed that they do not
adversely affect any air heater or other parts of the system.
(2) If humidifiers are free standing within the conditioned space, care shall be taken that the
, moisture being emitted does not impinge on to any adjacent surface or is not blown into an
access or walk-way.

SECTION 7: INSTALLA TION
7.3.5 Air Cooling and Dehumidifying Equipment
(1) Checks should be made to insure that:
(a) all bases that have been provided for the equipment are with correct level and
alignment;
(b) all anti-vibration mountings are installed correctly according tothe manufacturer's
instructions;
(c) adequate drainage facilities are available;
(d) insulation is provided to coil return bends;
(e) adequate access is available around all major items of the plant for the withdrawal
'of tubes, coils or other items for replacement or maintenance;
(f) arrangements have been made to allow sufficient air flow to cooling towers, air
cooled condensers and similar equipment;
(g) all pipe inlets and outlets are sealed to prevent ingress of moisture and foreign
bodies;
(h) the control systems, wiring, etc. are provided with adequate protection against
ingress of dirt and moisture;
(i) the insulation is not damaged.
7.3.6 Air Filters
(1) Air filters shall be arranged to provide an even air velocity distribution across the filter'
face.
(2) Fresh air intakes should be as remote as possible from concentration of surface or roof
dirt and positioned to avoid intake of fumes or odours.
(3) Adequate access to facilitate servicing the filters should be provided and doors, ladders,
etc included where necessary.
(4) A manometer indicating differential pressure across the filter bank should be fitted to
determine the need for filter change.
(5) All ducts should be clean and free from builders rubble and dust before filters. are
installed.
(6) The frame holding the filter media when in position should form an effective seal so that
no air by-passes the filter.

7.3.7 Sound and Vibration Control Equipment
(1) Sound attenuators and lining materials in ductwork, and anti-vibration devices for
equipment, should be located in accordance with the design requirements and manufacturer's
recommendations .
(2) The materials used for sound absorption within package attenuators, mixing boxes, room
terminals, and ductwork linings should be provided with adequate protection from water during
storage and installation.
(3) Flexible connectors should be protected against physical damage.
(4) Care should be taken to prevent anti-vibration dev.ices from being loaded beyond their
safe limits and from any physical damage.
7.3.8 Refrigerating Equipment
(1) Upon delivery, all equipment should be thoroughly inspected to ensure that they are free
from damage.
(2) The installation of packaged refrigerating and unitary equipment should be in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(3) Adequate space shall be provided for operating and maintenance purposes, particularly
for cleaning or removal of chiller and condenser tube, and for removal of the compressor and
themotor.
(4) The plant room should have adequate ventilation and drainage.
(5) Where a factory-made refrigerating equipment is connected by refrigerant piping on site

to form a complete installation, the following precautions should be taken:
(a) The piping system should be kept simple (use as few fittings as possible).
(b) The system should be kept clean and free from moisture or other contaminants.
(c) The proper flow of lubricating oil should be ensured.
(6) Manufacturer's limitations on the total length of refrigerant pipe-work, the height
difference between condensing and evaporating units, etc, should be considered.
SECTION1: INSTALLA TION
(7) All refrigerant circuits should be tested before and afte~ the installation to ensure there
is no leakage and that the refrigerant holding charge is intact,
7.4 INSTALLATION OF PIPING SYSTEMS
(1) All pipes should be reamed after cutting andshould be free from rust, scale or other
deposits.
(2) All pipes should be cleaned before erection and all open ends, which are left as the work
progress, should be temporarily closed withpurpose-made metal or any plastic caps or with any
other acceptable means.
(3) All piping systems should be adequately supported with proper provision for expansion
and contraction and for draining.
(4) All piping should be installed at the correct gradient to ensure proper venting (where
required) and draining.
(5) The installation should be carefully checked

.
to ensure that correct (designed) pipe
.
sizes
have been used and that circuits are arranged to avoid excessive pressure drop and to ensure
proper refrigerant feed to evaporators.
(6) Care should be taken to the selection, location and installation of adequate number of
valves for isolation and flow regulation and, where necessary, for prevention of back flow.
(7) Sufficient thermometers and gauges! or test pockets, should be provided for
conunissioning and for operating and maintenance purposes.
(8) Valves, strainers (for dirt sensitive items, such as small automatic valves) and other pipe
line components should be located in accessible positions.
7.5 INSTALLATION OF DUCTWORK SYSTEMS
(1) The interior of all ducting systems should be cleaned before erection, and all open ends
which are left as the work progresses, should be temporarily sealed to prevent the ingress of
dirt.
(2) All ducting systems should be adequately supported and all fittings should be
manufactured and installed in accordance with good engineering practice.

-~---
VENT/LA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING
(3) Sufficient thermometers and other instruments,'or test points and access doors, should
be provided for commissioning and for operating 'and maintenance purpose.
(4) All duct joints should be properly made to ensure that minimum leakage is achieved.
(5) Provision should be made for the possibility of dismantling ducting connections and
equipment for servicing or removal and suitable precautions should be taken to prevent
transmission of vibration.
(6) Ductwork should be adequately braced and stiffened to prevent 'drumming'.
(7) Where insulation incorporates a vapour seal, special care should be taken to ensure the
continuity of that seal and to prevent any damage before handover.
(8) (a) All dampers should be checked to ensure that they are properly installed and that
the blades and linkages move freely.
(b) Where tight shut-off is required, checks should be carried out to ensure there is
undesirable leakage around damper frames or through the assembly in the closed
position. "
(c) If fire dampers are installed, they should be checked to ensure that they are
correctly located and installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
requirements, and that the cartridge or feasible link is accessible.
7.6 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND WIRING
(1) All electrical wiring and equipment installationshall be in accordance with EBCS-lO and
the control equipment manufacturer's recommendation.
(2) (a) All motors, starters, switch gears, contactors, relays, etc. and electric/electronic
controls may require to be "tropicalized"; i.e, protected against the adverse effects
of high temperature, high humidities and sand dr'8ust.
(b) All motors shall be suitable for continuous running and suitably ventilated or
cooled to prevent excessive temperatures rise and electrical equipment enclosures
may require ducted ventilation or conditioned air to dissipate heat.
(c) Motors should be properly installed on purpose-made bases or mounting frames
to minimize noise and vibration.
(d) Check should also be made that the bases are properly aligned and that the air
circulation to the motor for cooling purpose is as recommended by the
70 EBCS ~ 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

SECTION 7: ·INSTAlLA TION
manufacture and does not discharge on to any other equipment.

(e) Access should be available around the motor to enable it to be handled easily if
a replacement is necessary or if an adjustment to the drive is required.
(f) All exposed metal work. of the equipment, including motors, should be earthed
and particular attention paid to the continuity of the system.
. . '
(3) (a) All electrical equipment, including starter panels, should be positioned where they
can not be flooded with water.
(b) If the provision in (a) above is not possible, the equipment should be made water
proof.

OSY-ON..tI:1S 300:) ·EJNI07JnS NtficlOlH13
I.' t-: .
~.,
. .;"
EJNINOI:110NO:J Hltf ONtf NOI:1 tf71:1N3/\

. ' . . ' .
-------------------~-
- - -- ---------- -----
SEC'TION
--. j\
,
"t··
8
INSPECTION, COMMISSIONING AND T'E8TIN"G
!;, .J
8.1 SCOPE
(I) This Section deals with the inspection, testing and commissioning of ventilation and air
conditioning systems prior to the hand-over to the Client.
8.2 GENERAL
(1) Inspection, commissioning and testing-should be carried out meticulously if a satisfactory

installation is to be handed over to the client.
(2) Each manufacturer shall provide guarantee performance for the specified duty and
conditions and, where necessary, test certificates.
(3) 'Where equipment"has to stand on site for long periods, the manufacturer should be
consulted to establish the precautions to be taken.
8.3 INSPECTION
(1) Upon delivery, all equipment should be thoroughly inspected to ensure that they are free'
from damage.
(2) The system shall be checked whether the installation has been made in accordance with
the designer's and manufacturer's instructions.
8.4 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
(1) The testing method of air conditioning and ventilation systems shall be in accordance
with approved procedures.
(2) All control devices; electric motors and starters, control panels and instrumentation
should be tested properly before they are handed over,
ETHIOPIAN BUlLDINq,COpE STAIIJDARD EBCS· 1/ 1995 73

(3) It should be checked that the regulation system; that is, the flow of fluids through a
system, is correctly regulated and balanced and that ltconflrms to design parameters.
(4) To carry out satisfactory regulation of a system, a schematicdiagram showing all mains,
branches, valves, etc. with required flow, pressure drop and velocity appertaining to each run
of duct or pipe should be prepared.
(5) After the system has been regulated, the setting of all balancing dampers, valves, etc.
should be clearly marked and locked in position.
(6) Number and positioning of measuring locations as well as details of holes and spacing
shall confirm to good engineering practice.
(7) The air leakage test through the duct system having design static pressures of upto .
500.0Pa shall be to a test pressure of 1.5 times the design static 'pressure or 150.0Pa, which
ever is the greater.
(8) Ducts having design static pressure exceeding 500.0Pa, shall be tested at a test pressure
of the design static pressure plus 500.0Pa.
(9) Joints between tested section of the ductwork system need not be tested for leakage
except where required by the designer.
(10) (a) Handed over documentation should contain all information that the, user needs to
efficiently and economically operate and maintain the installation and the
equipment.
(b) Handed over documentation should include the following:
(i) The designer's description of the installation.

(ii) 'As· fitted' installation drawings prepared by the contractor.
(iii) Operation and maintenance instructions for equipment, manufacturer's
service of maintenance manuals, manufacturer's spare parts lists and spare
ordering instructions.
(iv) Schedules of electrical equipment.
(v) Schedules of mechanical equipment.
(vi) Copies of guarantee certificates.
(vii) Manufacturer's test certificates for equipment (where required).

-- -------~---
SECTION 9
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
-9.1 SCOPE
(1) This Section deal with the operation and maintenance activities required in ventilation
and air conditioning systems.
9.2 FREQUENCY OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
_(1) The required frequency of routine checks, which may include inspection,.adjustment,
service and overhaul, should be properly established. This depends on many factors, in
particular, on local conditions.
-I
I (2) (a) The maintenance and servicing programme for a given plant or piece of
equipment should include routine checks of certain points at daily, weekly,
monthly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly intervals.
(b) Daily in.spections are those that have to do with checking water levels, water
conditions, heating-up of parts, hand-oiling and whatever may be termed "a daily
-- once-over".
(c) Monthly inspections are usually those specified by the manufacture as routine
checks on oil levels in reservoirs, checks for leaks of the refrigerant, oil, and
water, cleaning electrical apparatus, filters, spray nozzles, checking of central
devices, belt tension, etc,
(d) Yearly inspection requires the opening-up of condensers for examination,
dismantling of machines, and any inspection which requires the apparatus to be
shut down for prolonged periods, The required frequency of routine checks
depends all the following:
(i) Saftty retplire",ents: The greater the requirement the more frequent the
inspection.
(ii) S.H'~ 0/ uniftt Mo~e frequent i~tion is required wMR the
equipmem is exposed to extremes of dirt, corrosion, friction, vibration,
over-loading or other hard usage.
-ETHIO'fAN IJUlLDING CODE STANDAItD UCS - 11 1!1Mj 75

VENTILA TlON AND AIR CONDITIONING
(4) Outdoor air intake and exhaust screens should be kept free of leaves and paper, and
check made that boxes or crates not obstruct free flow of air into the unit.
9.6 PIPING SYSTEM
(1) All pipe work should be checked for leaks, external corrosion or other deterioration
particularly at joints adjacent to vibrating equipment.
(2) Pipe supports should be regularly inspected and strainers and traps should be cleaned.
(3) Both manual and automatic valves should be checked, cleaned and repaired where
necessary.
(4) Pump seals, drive alignment and bearings should be checked periodically.
(5) Insulation, especially the vapour barrier on chilled water lines, should be examined for
damage.
9.7 CONTROLS AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
" (1) Electric .motors should be periodically inspected, cleaned and lubricated and all
maintenance should be carried out by a competent electrician.
(2) At least once per year, a complete functional check should be carried out and the system
put through all condition liable to be met, during which operation of dampers, control valves,
etc. should be observed.
9.8 REFRIGERATING SYS1EMS
(1) Particular care should be taken of safety controls, unloading devices, lubrication systems
and compressor drives,
(2) Regular maintenance of expansion valves and other refrigerant flow control devices,
selonoid valves ana, pressure regulators should be made.
9.9 CONDENSING AND HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT
(1) Regular checks should be carried out on the mechanical .and electrical components,
cooling towers, evaporative condensers and air-cooled condensers.
78 EIlCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN MUILDING CODE STANDARD

(iii) Hours of system operation: Continuously operating plant requires more

frequent checking than, for example, plant operating 8.0hrs a day.
(iv) . Reliability: Where breakdowns can' not be' tolerated, more frequent
inspections are required.
(v) Age and condition of equipment: As equipment becomes older, the
frequency of inspection generally needs to be increased. In general,
periodic maintenance and inspection should be enforced to insure long and
dependable service, and once a year it is good policy to shut down the unit
and thoroughly clean all surfaces, remove all scale and rust deposits and
protect surface with a good corrosion resistant paint, where necessary.
9.3 PERSONNEL
(1) Maintenance staffing (the number and type of personnel to be employed) shall take into
consideration:
. .
(a) the time required to perform scheduled routine tasks,

(b) the size of building,
(c) the building usage,
(d) the number and the type of air conditioning and ventilation systems,
(e) the type of equipment and components provided,
(t) the degree of automatic operation, etc.
9.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS
(1) The operation and maintenance manuals should include the following essential data:
(a) Full descriptions of ventilation and air conditioning systenisand equipment,

including schedules of maker's serial/reference numbers.
(b) Operation instructions.
(c) Maintenance schedule and procedures.
9.5 AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS
9.5.1 Fans
(1) Of all air handling components, fans should be inspected frequrntly.
76 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD·

SECTION 9: OPERA TION AND MAINTENANCE
(2) At a maximum of monthly intervals, the drive couplings, pulleys and vee-belts should
be checked for wear and alignment, and bearings lubricated and checked for end play, wear or
excessive operating temperature.
(3) Fans should be washed or brushed down to remove the accumulated dirt.
(4) Fan housing and impeller should be cleaned frequently.
9.5.2 Filters
(1) Filters should be kept clean to maintain the design flow within acceptable limits, bearing
in mind that pressure drop is useful guide to filtercondition,
(2) Maintenance should follow manufacturer's recommendations,
9.5~3 Heating and Cooling Coils
(1) Heating and cooling coil should be thoroughly cleaned with a hose once a month to
remove accumulated lint or foreign matter carried to the unit by-the air stre~ to maintain rated
heat transfer and should be checked for leaks and corrosion.
9.5.4 Air Washers and Humidifiers
(1) Weekly cleaning and inspection of air washers and humidifiers is recommended.
){. f.
(2) Periodic inspection should cover spray nozzles, spray chamber interiors, 'pumps,
strainers, etc.
9.5.5 Ductwork
(1) The ductwork distribution should be checked annually for accumulation of dirt,' breaks
in insulation, loose brackets, leaking flexible connections and deteriorating duct joints.
(2) Particular attention should be given to outdoor air intake arid exhaust louvres'; access
doors, drain pans, and hand and motorized dampers.
q) About every 60 days,the damper bearings and linkage should be inspected.

.. ~; . . r· .
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD -·EBCS ~ 7 t 7995 77

(4) Outdoor air intake and exhaust screens should be kept free of leaves and paper, and
check made. that boxes or crates not obstruct free flow of air into the unit.
9.6 PIPING SYSTEM
(1) All pipe work should be checked for leaks, external corrosion or other deterioration
particularly at joints adjacent to vibrating equipment.
(2) Pipe supports should be regularly inspected and strainers and traps should be cleaned.
(3) Both manual and automatic valves should be checked, cleaned and repaired where
necessary.
(4) Pump seals, drive alignment and bearings should be checked periodically.
(5) Insulation, especially the vapour barrier on chilled water lines, should be examined for
damage.
9.7 CONTROLS AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
(1) . Electric .motors -should be periodically inspected, cleaned and lubricated and aU
inaintenance should be carried out by a competent electrician.
(2) At least once per year, a complete functional check should be carried out and the system
put through all condition liable to be met, during which operation of dampers, control valves,
etc. should be.observed.
9.8 REFRIGERATING SYSlEMS
(1) Particular care should be taken of safety controls, unloading devices, lubrication systems
and compressor drives,
(2) Regular maintenance of expansion valves and other refrigerant flow control devices,
selonoid valves- ana; pressure regulators should be made.
9.9 CONDENSING AND HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

,,'->(' "~. :- .
(1) Regular checks should be carried out on the mechanical .and electrical components,
cooling towers, evaporative condensers and air-cooled condensers.
78 escs - 11 19~5 ETHIOPtANIlUILQING COPE, STANDARD

-------,---
SECTION 9: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
\ (2) Pumps and fans, spray nozzles, water tanks, dampers,etc. should be inspected.
I
(3) External and internal surfaces should be kept clean.
(4) The performance of water chillers and condensers should be regularly observed and inlet
and outlet water temperature and head pressures logged daily where 'possible. ~
(5) Open water systems, .

as on' condensing water circuits, require.
'
annual cleaning
, (by
chemical means, if necessary) to prevent formation of scale or corrosion.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS- 111995 79

Ebcs 11 - Ventilation and Air Condition'Ing

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- - - - - - _ . _..-_.

Ethiopian Building Code Standard

VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITION'ING

Ministry of Works &. Urban Development

Project Council Members Technical Committee Members

Abashawl Woldemariam (Chairman) Haymero Dagnew (secretary)

Almayehu Gizawt HadguRassu

Bekele Mekonnen . Werede Melaku

The purpose of these standards is to serve as nationally recognized documents, the

This Standard is divided .int~LIIin~_~~~tions. A decimal numbering.system has been .used

;-:: ~l)~'{ ~[ ',: ,r) .! ..j:.. l

SECTION 2 DESIGN CONSID~RATIONS 5

,L '~.<: \ :Jt. ,"

2.3 Safety considerations - .. ~ . 8

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CONTENTS EBCS-il' j'

3.3 Mechanical ventilation 13

3.3.2 Types of mechanical ventilation systems 14

3.3.3 Determining rate of ventilation 14

3.4 Local exhaust system 15

3.4.1 General requirements 15

3.4.2 Types of effluents requiring local exhaust 16

3.4.3 Kitchen exhaust hoods 16

SECTION 4 AIR CONDITIONING 25

4.3 Design conditions 25 _

4.3.1 Outside design conditions 25

4.3.2 Inside design conditions 25

4.3.3 Air movement ,26

4.3.4' Minimum outside fresh air 26

4.4 System requirements 26

.4.5 Basis of cooling load calculation 26

4.5.2 External heat loads 27

4.5.3 Internal heat loads . 27

4.6 Types of air conditioning system 29

4.6.2 Unit systems 29

4.6.3 All-air Systems 29

4.6.4 Air-water Systems 30

4.7 Factors for the choice of air conditioning systems 31

.VENTILA TION AND AIR CONDITIONING

SECTION S ARRANGEMENTS, TYPES AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS 33

SECTION 6 DUCT SIZING AND D:UCTWORK 47

6.2.1 Design considerations 47

6.3.1 Duct material 57

6.4· Corrosion protection finish 63

CONTENTS· EBCS -11 iii

ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD

7.4 Installation of piping systems 69

SECTION 8 INSPECTION, COMMISSIONING AND TESTING 73

SECTION 9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 75

9.6 Piping system 78

ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD EBCS - 11 1995

atomize to reduce to a fine spray.

building: official an authority having statutory powers to control design,

compressor specific.machine, with or with out accessories, for compressing

condenser a vessel or arranger:nent of piping or tubirig in which vaporized

condensing unit specific refrigerating machine combination for a given refrigerant,

damper a valve or plate to regulate the flow of the air.

dehUmidification the process

design temperature the temperature which an apparatus or system is designed to

2 EBCS - 11 1995 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD