Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Humidificacion en VM
Humidificacion en VM
Introduction
Normal Mechanisms of Heat and Moisture Exchange
in the Respiratory Tract
High-Flow Humidifiers
Pass-over Humidifiers
Wick Humidifiers
Bubble Humidifiers
Artificial Noses
Moisture Output
Resistance
Dead Space
Additives
Cost
Choosing an Artificial Nose
Active Hygroscopic Heat and Moisture Exchangers
HME-Booster
Use of Humidification Devices During Mechanical Ventilation
Use of Heated Humidification
Use by Ambulatory Patients
[Respir Care 1999;44(6):630 – 641] Key words: humidification, artificial nose,
heat and moisture exchanger, artificial airway, humidifiers.
Table 1. The Relationship of Gas Temperature, Absolute Humidity, provides 32° C and 95% relative humidity, then: water
and Water Vapor Pressure vapor content ⫽ (95 ⫻ 33.8)/100 ⫽ 32.1 mg H2O/L.
Gas Water Vapor
Absolute Humidity
Temperatue Pressure
(mg H2O/L) Normal Mechanisms of Heat and Moisture Exchange
(C°) (PH2O)
in the Respiratory Tract
0 4.85 4.6
5 6.8 6.5
10 9.4 9.2 During normal breathing, the upper respiratory tract
15 12.8 12.8 warms, humidifies, and filters inspired gases, primarily in
20 17.3 17.5 the nasopharynx, where gases are exposed to a large area
25 23.0 23.7 of highly vascular, moist mucus membrane. The orophar-
30 30.4 31.7 ynx and conducting airways also contribute to this process,
32 33.8 35.5 but are less efficient because they lack the exquisite ar-
34 37.6 39.8
chitecture of the nose. During exhalation, the upper air-
36 41.7 44.4
ways reclaim a majority of the heat and moisture added
37 43.9 46.9
38 46.2 49.5
during inspiration. Over the course of a normal day, the
40 51.1 55.1 respiratory tract loses approximately 1470 J of heat and
42 56.5 61.3 250 mL of water.2 This net loss of heat and moisture is
44 62.5 68.1 predominantly due to water vapor escaping in expired gases.
Little heat is actually lost through the warming of inspired
gas, as the specific heat of air is very low.
The efficiency of the normal upper airway is quite re-
this value to the maximum capacity for water vapor at 37° markable. Even at extremes of inspired temperature and
C given in Table 1: relative humidity (%) ⫽ 37/43.9 ⫻ humidity, gas that reaches the alveolar level is 100% sat-
100 ⫽ 84.3%. urated at body temperature.3 Although opinions differ
This explains the occasional finding of dried secretions slightly, it is generally agreed that after passing through
in the endotracheal tubes of patients using heated humid- the nasopharynx, inspired gases are at 29 –32° C and nearly
ification and heated wire circuits. The greater the differ- 100% relative humidity, and at the carina gases are at
ence between temperature at the chamber and temperature 32–34° C and nearly 100% relative humidity.4 – 6
at the airway, the lower the relative humidity. This tem- The point at which gases reach alveolar conditions (37°
perature offset is important to keep the circuit free of C and 100% relative humidity) is known as the isothermic
condensate or “rain out.” Unfortunately, in certain envi- saturation boundary (ISB). Under normal conditions the
ronments (eg, near windows, heating units, and air condi- ISB resides in the fourth to fifth generation of subsegmen-
tioning vents) environmental changes can affect heated tal bronchi. The position of the ISB is fairly constant, even
wire circuit efficacy. However, clinicians should be care- at the extremes of environmental conditions. Lung disease
ful to assure that the patient receives adequate relative and fluid status can also affect the ISB. Above the ISB, the
humidity as a priority over keeping the circuit free from respiratory tract performs the function of a countercurrent
rain out. When a heated humidifier without a heated wire heat and moisture exchanger. Below the ISB, temperature
circuit is used, it is often necessary for the gas in the and water content remain relatively constant.
humidification chamber to reach 50° C in order for the Following intubation, the ISB is shifted down the respi-
temperature delivered to the airway to approach 37° C. ratory tract, as the normal upper airway heat and moisture
This concept is illustrated in Figure 1. In this example, the exchanging structures are bypassed (Fig. 2). This places
maximum water vapor content of gas at 50° C is 83 mg the burden of heat and moisture exchange on the lower
H2O/L, and the maximum water vapor content of gas at respiratory tract, a task for which it is poorly suited. The
37° C is 43.9 mg H2O/L. The difference in water vapor delivery of cold, anhydrous medical gases also burdens the
content between the 2 gases (83 – 43.9 ⫽ 39.1 mg H2O/L) lower respiratory tract and pushes the ISB farther down
represents the amount of rain out that will accumulate in the bronchial tree. The combined effects of intubation and
the circuit. For a minute ventilation of 10 L/min, this would mechanical ventilation result in severe losses of heat and
result in slightly greater than 0.5 L of rain out over a 24- moisture from the respiratory mucosa, and, in extreme
hour period.1 cases, damage to the respiratory epithelium. This includes
If the relative humidity and temperature are known, the functional and structural changes that have clinical impli-
water vapor content can be calculated with the equation: cations.6 –9
water vapor content ⫽ relative humidity (%) ⫻ maximum The provision of heat and humidity during mechanical
capacity/100. For example, if a heat and moisture exchanger ventilation is the worldwide standard of care for patients
Fig. 1. Gas cooling and condensate formation when a heated humidity generator and
unheated delivery system are combined. (From Reference 1, with permission.)
with artificial airways,10,11 but there is considerable dis- With high-flow humidifiers, the water level in the res-
agreement about the amount of humidity to provide and ervoir can be maintained manually, by adding water from
how best to provide it. The methods for providing humid- a bag through a fill-set attached to the humidifier, or by a
ity include active, microprocessor-controlled, heat and hu- float-feed system to keep the water level constant. Manual
midifying systems (heated humidifiers) and simple, pas- methods tend to increase the risk of reservoir contamina-
sive, heat and moisture exchangers (artificial noses). Table tion and pose the additional risk of spilling and over-
2 compares the advantages and disadvantages of the hu- filling, so fill-set and float-feed systems are preferable.
midification devices discussed herein. The float-feed systems also avoid fluctuations in the tem-
perature of gas delivered, which occurs when cold water is
High-Flow Humidifiers added to the humidifier.
Most humidifiers are servo-controlled; that is, the op-
High-flow humidifiers are capable of providing a wide erator sets the desired gas temperature at the thermistor,
range of temperatures and humidities.12 High-flow humid- and the system maintains control of the gas temperature
ifiers generically consist of a heating element, water res- regardless of changes in gas flow or reservoir level. These
ervoir, temperature control unit (including temperature systems are equipped with audiovisual alarms to warn of
probe and alarms), and a gas/liquid interface that increases high temperature conditions. It is important to recognize
the surface area for evaporation. Most high-flow humidi- that the thermistors in these systems have a relatively slow
fiers fit into one of the following categories: pass-over response and only reflect the average temperature of the
humidifiers, wick humidifiers, or bubble humidifiers. Be- inspired gas. Actual temperatures may fluctuate above and
cause these devices are heated, they also prevent loss of below the average temperature with cyclic gas flow, as
body heat from the patient, which is particularly important may occur in a mechanical ventilator circuit.
in neonatal applications. When heated humidifiers are used, In recent years it has become popular to heat the tubing
the temperature at the patient’s airway should be moni- that carries gas from the humidifier to the patient. These
tored continuously with a thermometer or thermistor. It circuits contain electric wires that heat the gas as it traverses
may also be desirable to monitor the relative humidity at the heated ventilator wire circuit. Heated wire circuits pro-
the proximal airway, although this is not commonly done. vide a more precise gas temperature delivered to the pa-
Pass-over Humidifiers
Wick Humidifiers
Bubble Humidifiers
of heat and moisture exchange. The addition of a filter to The HHME is the most popular style of artificial nose.
an HME results in a heat and moisture exchanging filter These devices vary widely in shape, size, and type of
(HMEF). Hygroscopically treated devices are called hy- media insert. Most HHMEs use a paper or polypropylene
groscopic heat and moisture exchangers (HHME), or, if insert treated with a hygroscopic chemical, usually cal-
the device if fitted with a filter, it is called a hygroscopic cium or lithium chloride, to enhance moisture conserva-
heat and moisture exchanger filter (HHMEF). tion. Comparative studies have shown that HHMEs can
The HME is the simplest of these devices and was the provide a moisture output of 22–34 mg H2O/L at VT of
first passive humidifier introduced. An HME usually con- 500 –1000 mL. The addition of a filter media to an HHME
sists of a layered aluminum insert with or without an ad- creates an HHMEF.12 The filter media is typically placed
ditional fibrous element. Aluminum exchanges tempera- between the ventilator connection and the HHMEF’s me-
ture quickly, and during expiration condensation forms dia insert. This places the hygroscopically-treated material
between the aluminum layers. The retained heat and mois- between the patient’s expired gas and the filter. Typical
ture are returned during inspiration. The addition of a fi- filtration material is made from spun polypropylene, which
brous element aids in the retention of moisture and helps is electrostatically-charged, attracting airborne materials
reduce pooling of condensate in the dependent portions of and trapping them in the media. This filter is poorly suited
the device. HMEs are the least efficient passive humidifi- as a heat and moisture exchanging media, but when com-
ers and are not often used. These devices tend to be cheaper bined with the hygroscopic element, appears to increase
than other passive humidifiers and may be used in the moisture output by 1–2 mg H2O/L.19 –28 Note that the pres-
operating room for short-term humidification. These de- ence of the filter also increases the resistance of the device.
vices have a nominal moisture output, providing 10 –14
mg H2O/L at tidal volumes (VT) of 500 –1000 mL.17,18 Moisture Output
HMEFs are fitted with a spun and pleated filter media
insert, over and through which the inhaled/exhaled gas The amount of heat and humidity provided by an arti-
passes. Laboratory evaluations of these devices indicate a ficial nose is typically referred to as moisture output. Mois-
moisture output of 18 –28 mg H2O/L at VT of 500 –1000 ture output is measured under laboratory conditions and
mL.19 –28 reported in mg H2O/L. There are currently no standards
for the minimum moisture output of an artificial nose. The increase in resistance can adversely affect the patient’s
standard for heated humidifiers suggests a minimum of 33 work of breathing.32–35 However, compared to the added
mg H2O/L.29 Application of this standard to HME and resistance of the endotracheal tube, this increase is small.
HHME is not very helpful. The American Association for Most devices currently manufactured have a resistance
Respiratory Care recommends that the required moisture ⬍ 3.5 cm H2O. During use, as the media absorbs water,
output be determined relative to the application and dura- resistance increases slightly. After prolonged use, the in-
tion of use.10 For example, a patient with normal respira- crease in resistance to expiratory flow may cause air-trap-
tory function requiring intubation for a 2-hour operative ping and auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-
procedure probably only requires 15–20 mg H2O/L. Me- PEEP).
chanically ventilated patients with normal secretions ap- The greatest concern about increased HHME resistance
pear to require a minimum of 26 mg H2O/L to prevent is that the media can become occluded with secretions,
drying of secretions and to maintain mucociliary function. blood, or water from a secondary source. Several research-
Patients with increased secretion production probably re- ers have reported an increase in resistance because of wa-
quire additional heat and moisture that an artificial nose ter and blood accumulating in the media.36 – 42 In one in-
cannot supply. Heated humidification should be used in stance, saline (intended to aid in loosening secretions prior
patients with thick or copious sputum. to suctioning) accumulated in the HHME media.41 Aero-
The moisture output reported in an HME’s package in- solized drugs can also increase resistance if the drug or its
sert is based on a certain VT, inspiratory time, respiratory carrier collects in the media or filter. The artificial nose
rate, and temperature,30 and clinicians should bear in mind should be removed from the airway prior to delivery of
that the actual moisture output varies in relation to those aerosolized medications. During mechanical ventilation,
factors. As VT increases, moisture output decreases. The the need for frequent aerosol treatments may necessitate
amount of the decrease depends on the efficiency of the switching to heated humidification.
device and the dead space. Larger devices tend to be less Manufacturing defects that have resulted in total or par-
affected by an increase in VT because of rebreathing. That tial occlusion of artificial noses have been reported in 3
is, if an HME with an internal volume of 100 mL is used, separate instances.43– 45 In each case, a remnant from the
100 mL of each inspiration will contain expired gases. An plastic housing remained in the path of gas flow. Clini-
increase in respiratory rate or decrease in inspiratory time cians should visually inspect each device prior to use.
will also decrease moisture output. Likewise, an increase
in expiratory flow due to a decrease in lung compliance Dead Space
also decreases moisture output. In each of these instances,
the decrease in transit time (gas moves through the media Placing an artificial nose on the end of the patient’s
more quickly) reduces the ability of the device to remove airway increases dead space. In order to maintain normal
moisture from exhaled gas and add moisture to inspired alveolar ventilation, respiratory rate, VT, or both must in-
gas.31 Remember, when using an artificial nose there is crease, or arterial carbon dioxide will increase. This effect
always a net heat and moisture loss from the respiratory is most pronounced in spontaneously breathing patients,
tract. and is a function of the relationship between VT and dead
The International Standards Organization testing of and space. Consider this example: a 70 kg patient with a spon-
standards for artificial noses30 use a model to simulate taneous VT of 400 mL and a respiratory rate of 15 breaths
patient expiration of warm, humidified gas. The model per min has a minute ventilation of 6.0 L/min. If the pa-
assumes a constant output regardless of the minute venti- tient’s anatomic dead space is 150 mL, then alveolar ven-
lation, inspired gas temperature, or efficiency of the device tilation will be: 15 breaths/min ⫻ (400 mL – 150 mL) ⫽
tested. The devices are tested at VT of 500 mL and 1000 3.75 L/min.
mL, and at respiratory frequencies of 10 and 20 breaths per If an HME with a dead space of 100 mL is added to the
min. The moisture output listed on the package insert re- airway and minute ventilation is unchanged (6.0 L/min),
flects the results of this controlled, laboratory testing, and alveolar ventilation decreases to: 15 ⫻ 400 mL – (150 mL
the actual clinical performance varies with patient temper- ⫹ 100 mL) ⫽ 2.25 L/min.
ature, minute ventilation, VT, inspiratory-expiratory ratio, In order to restore alveolar ventilation to 3.75 L/min,
and patient lung health. Most investigators agree that the minute ventilation must increase via an increase in respi-
accuracy is ⫾2 mg H2O/L. ratory rate, VT, or both: 15 ⫻ 500 mL – (150 mL ⫹ 100
mL) ⫽ 3.75 L/min and minute ventilation ⫽ 7.5 L/min.
Resistance Several authors have observed the adverse effects of
added dead space on respiratory mechanics.46 – 49 In each
Resistance to gas flow in an artificial nose increases as report the addition of an HME or HHME with a dead
media density increases and as dead space decreases. This space of 100 mL resulted in an increase in the work of
Additives
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of an active heat and moisture ex-
To increase moisture output, HHMEs utilize either cal- changer, the Humid-Heat (Gibeck AB, Sweden).
cium chloride or lithium chloride as hygroscopic additives.
Some manufacturers also add chlorohexadine as a bacte- Active Hygroscopic Heat and Moisture Exchangers
riostatic treatment. Lithium, delivered by mouth or injec-
tion, is used in the treatment of certain psychological dis- Artificial noses cannot be used in all situations, since
orders, including depression and mania. It has been some patients require the addition of heat and moisture to
suggested, though not yet demonstrated, that lithium from the respiratory tract. In an effort to expand the use of
HHME media might be released into the trachea and ab- HHME, Gibeck-Dryden (Gibeck AB, Sweden) has intro-
sorbed into the bloodstream at a therapeutic concentra- duced the active HHME (Fig. 3), which incorporates an
tion.50,51 The only report of a patient seen to have elevated HHME into a heated housing. The housing contains a
serum lithium levels while using an HHME was of a pa- paper element that acts as a wick to provide the surface
tient who had also taken lithium orally prior to admission area for gas/moisture transfer. A water source continu-
to the hospital. The small amount of lithium in these de- ously drips water onto the paper element, and the heat
vices appears to make this concern unwarranted. from the housing causes the water to evaporate, thereby
increasing the humidity of the gas. This system works
much like a wick humidifier, except that the source of heat
Cost
and moisture is added at the airway. This eliminates con-
densate in the inspiratory limb and thus obviates the water
Cost is an important feature of any medical equipment. trap. In addition, if the water source runs out, this device
At present the average cost of an HHME is $3.25, though continues to operate as an HHME. Thus, there is never the
the range of costs is wide ($1.95 to $5.75), with HHMEFs possibility of delivering dry gas to the airway, as can occur
and HMEFs being the most expensive devices. with a traditional heated humidifier.
In a recent evaluation, we found that the active HHME
provided temperatures of 36 –38° C and 90 –95% relative
Choosing an Artificial Nose
humidity. Compared to a heated humidifier and to a heated
humidifier with a heated wire circuit, the active HHME
In the intensive care unit (ICU) setting, the most im- provided equivalent efficiency with lower water usage.
portant factors regarding an artificial nose are moisture The disadvantages of this product are the potential for skin
output, dead space, resistance, and cost. I believe an ac- burns and the increase in dead space compared to a heated
ceptable artificial nose should have a minimum moisture humidifier or HHME alone. The external temperature of
output of 28 mg H2O/L, a dead space of ⬍ 50 mL, a the housing is near 37° C. Under normal conditions this
resistance of ⬍ 2.5 cm H2O/L/s, and a price ⬍ $2.50. For temperature is safe. However, patients with peripheral
short-term use in the operating room, where patients are edema or low cardiac output may have reduced blood
paralyzed, dead space is a less important issue. Also, be- flow to the skin, in which case heat transfer is reduced and
cause most patients in the operating room require only even modest temperatures can cause local burns. The ex-
several hours of ventilatory support, the minimum mois- perience with this device is presently scant and further
ture output requirement can be reduced in some cases. studies are needed to determine if this device provides
Similarly, the dead space recommendation may vary with any additional benefit compared to conventional heated
respect to the patient’s VT. humidifiers.52
Fig. 4. The HME (heat and moisture exchanger) Booster. (Courtesy of TomTec, Belgium).
HME-Booster volves a net loss of heat and moisture. Artificial noses are
not as efficient as heated humidification devices and should
The HME-Booster (TomTec, Belgium) is similar in con- be used after evaluation of the patient’s humidification
cept to an active HME, but simpler and less efficient. The needs. Figure 5 shows an algorithm for safe and judicious
booster is a small heating element placed between the use of artificial noses in the ICU.54 This protocol uses
passive humidifier and the patient. The heating element is contraindications to artificial nose use to advise practitio-
covered with a Gore-Tex membrane. Water flows onto the ners when to use heated humidification. Contraindications
surface of the heating element and is vaporized, then passes to artificial nose use include the presence of thick, copious
through the membrane and is delivered to the patient dur- sputum, grossly bloody secretions, and hypothermia (⬍
ing inspiration (Fig. 4). During expiration, the additional 32° C).
moisture is trapped in the passive humidifier, serving to Artificial noses are attractive alternatives to heated hu-
load the media with moisture. Some of the moisture es- midifiers because of their low cost, passive operation and
capes through the HME. The water flow is controlled by a
ease of use, but not all patients can use an artificial nose.
pin-hole-sized orifice adjacent to the heating element. This
Patients with preexisting pulmonary disease characterized
prevents pooling of excess water. Reports of the booster’s
by thick, copious, or bloody secretions should receive
use are scant.53 Our laboratory experience suggests that
heated humidification, because secretions and blood can
the device can add an additional 3– 4 mg H2O/L to in-
spired gases, depending on the VT, inspiratory-expiratory occlude the media or filter and result in excessive resis-
ratio, and type of passive humidifier used. Whether this tance, air trapping, hypoventilation, and possibly baro-
small increase in moisture output is worth the additional trauma. Because artificial noses only return a portion of
equipment and expense remains to be seen.53 the heat and moisture exhaled, patients with hypothermia
should receive heated humidification. If patient body tem-
perature is 32° C (absolute humidity of 32 mg H2O/L),
Use of Humidification Devices During even a very efficient HHME (80% moisture returned), can
Mechanical Ventilation only deliver an absolute humidity of 25.6 mg H2O/L. A
patient with a bronchopleural fistula or incompetent tra-
Clinicians should bear in mind that even the most effi- cheal tube cuff should also not use passive humidifiers.
cient artificial noses return only 70 – 80% of the patient’s Because the device relies on collecting expired heat and
expired humidity, so use of an artificial nose always in- moisture, any problem that allows expired gas to escape to
Fig. 6. A heat and moisture exchanger (HME) for the laryngectomy REFERENCES
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Discussion ing 2 consecutive suctioning attempts, 4. Cohen IL, Weinberg PF, Fein IA, Rowin-
we change to heated humidification. ski GS. Endotracheal tube occlusion asso-
ciated with the use of heat and moisture
Durbin: I would like to expand on That’s based on our analysis of the
exchangers in the intensive care unit. Crit
your comment about patients with data in the studies by Cohen,4 Mar- Care Med 1988;16(3):277–279.
“thickening” secretions as opposed to tin,5 Misset,6 and Roustan.7 These all 5. Martin C, Perrin G, Gevaudan MJ, Saux P,
“thick” secretions. I assume you meant reported incidences of occlusion of the Gouin F. Heat and moisture exchangers and
a change in the secretion pattern. You endotracheal tube, and the majority of vaporizing humidifiers in the intensive care
then recommend a heated wire or a problems occurred between the fifth unit. Chest 1990;97(1):144–149.
6. Misset B, Escudier B, Rivara D, Leclercq B,
more efficient heated humidification. and the seventh day. So, for any pa-
Nitenberg G. Heat and moisture exchanger
Intuitively, I think that makes sense, tient who stays on for longer than about vs heated humidifier during long-term me-
but I don’t know that I’ve ever seen 5 days, if they have any problems with chanical ventilation. A prospective random-
any objective documentation of clini- secretions, we switch them to a heated ized study. Chest 1991;100(1):160–163.
cal effectiveness. Most people look at humidifier. I don’t know the answer, 7. Roustan JP, Kienlen J, Aubas P, Aubas S,
indirect measures of effectiveness of to be honest with you. A lot of people du Cailar J. Comparison of hydrophobic
heat and moisture exchangers with heated
humidification. Most report clogging say, “Put an HME on everybody, and
humidifier during prolonged mechanical
of endotracheal tubes and needing to if you have a problem, then switch to ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1992;18(2):
frequently change the HME, but are a heated humidifier.” I don’t know if 97–100.
there any data that indicate that with that’s right or not.
thickening secretions one technique, Hess: In patients whom you have
or a higher humidity level, is better REFERENCES changed from an HME to an active
than another? 1. Branson RD, Davis K Jr, Campbell RS, humidification system because of
Johnson DJ, Porembka DT. Humidification thickened secretions, have you fol-
in the intensive care unit. Prospective study
Branson: I didn’t show the algo- of a new protocol utilizing heated humidi-
lowed up to see if their secretions
rithm, but we have an algorithm that fication and a hygroscopic condenser hu- change after they’re on the active hu-
we use. It’s not that the therapists look midifier. Chest 1993;104(6):1800–1805. midification?
at it, but if the patient comes in with 2. Branson RD, Davis K Jr, Brown R, Rash-
kin M. Comparison of three humidification
known thick secretions or bloody se- Branson: We’ve watched some of
techniques during mechanical ventilation:
cretions, or they’re hypothermic, they patient selection, cost, and infection con- them. Some get a change in the secre-
use the heated humidifier from the first siderations. Respir Care 1996;41(9):809– tions, but most of them don’t. They
day on the ventilator. We check the 816. generally have thickened secretions
3. Suzukawa M, Usuda Y, Numata K. The because they have a process going on,
secretions over a period of days (see
effects on sputum characteristics of com-
our studies in Chest1 and in RESPIRA- bining an unheated humidifier with a heat-
such as pneumonia, and in those pa-
2
TORY CARE ), and if the secretions are moisture exchanging filter. Respir Care tients, increasing the humidity proba-
thick (as defined by Suzukawa3) dur- 1989;34(11):976–984. bly doesn’t change secretion quality.
But I really have the feeling that if you use an updraft nebulizer, you have to Reibel: In the United States, it’s not.
had left them on an artificial nose, the remove the HME every time you do a The Europeans, interestingly, have
secretions would have dried and they bronchodilator treatment. We hardly been very active in promulgating the
would start to get encrustation of secre- do any bronchodilator in the surgical use of a passive humidification device
tions inside the endotracheal tube. ICU (20-year-old trauma patients for laryngectomy patients, saying that
don’t tend to have bronchospasm) but it improves their pulmonary function.
Hess: So, we really don’t know. in a medical ICU, almost everybody It’s not been something we’ve adopted
is on frequent bronchodilator therapy. in the United States, I think mostly be-
Branson: We don’t know. But, for That is an issue. In the medical ICU, cause of issues regarding surgeon pref-
me, it’s just safety. It’s still my opin- we find we use HMEs much less fre- erence and patient compliance. I’ve tried
ion that if an artificial nose weren’t quently than the surgical ICU. a lot of different things on laryngec-
cheaper, nobody would have ever used tomy patients, and simple is better.
one. I’m sure all those of you who Hess: I think that outside the United
were trying to get people to use them States that’s not necessarily true. It Branson: I worked with a group in
were just sure they couldn’t possibly seems to me that the use of active Indianapolis who make a speaking
work, and now I’m to the point where humidifiers is very much an Ameri- valve for laryngectomy patients, and
I’m concerned because people think can, New Zealand, or Australian kind one of their goals was to add a heat
they’re going to use them on every- of phenomenon, and when you get into and moisture exchanging filter to the
body because they’re so much cheaper. Europe and Central and South Amer- outside. We published a paper about it
But all those cost savings totally dis- ica, my sense is that there is a lot more in Laryngoscope,1 and one of the phy-
appear if you have even one plugged use of passive humidifiers. I just vis- sicians who was doing the patient side
endotracheal tube and have to resus- ited an ICU in Mexico City, and they (we just did the evaluation in the lab-
citate even one patient. had everybody on an HME. They said oratory) found that the patients who
they have not used an active humidi- used this device with adding heat and
Ritz: We’ve been wrestling with this fier in years, and they didn’t even think moisture had about a third less cough-
issue of HMEs on all patients—to start they had one anymore. So, the sense ing episodes per day. I didn’t think that
them off that way—and the really com- that I have is that we could probably could be a very big deal until they told
plex problem that I’m not sure we have use a lot more passive humidification in me that the average patient coughs up
the solution to yet is what to do about the United States, but because of our into a 4 ⫻ 4 about 30 times a day. Well,
nebulized drugs or MDIs. If you want health care delivery system, or what- if you only cough up into a 4 ⫻ 4 ten
to instill medications between the ever, we’ve not adopted that practice. times a day, I would think that, from the
HME and the patient, it seems like patient’s standpoint, that’s a substantial
you’d add a lot of cumbersome appa- Branson: I agree. I’ve been to New improvement in quality of life.
ratus between the HME and the pa- Zealand and seen John Lawrence’s
tient. On the other hand, if you mount group, who deliver 39°C gas to the
the aerosol delivery system away from REFERENCE
airway at 100% relative humidity, and
the patient, you have to disconnect the could never imagine doing anything 1. Grolman W, Blom ED, Branson RD, Schou-
tube and remove the HME to adminis- else. And Didier Dreyfuss told me he wenburg PF, Hamaker RC. An efficiency
ter the medications. Any suggestions? comparison of four heat and moisture ex-
doesn’t own a heated humidifier either. changers used in the laryngectomized pa-
But I’ve also talked to John Marini, and tient. Laryngoscope 1997;107(6):814–820.
Branson: I agree. In the last study
he’d never use a passive humidifier, be-
that we did, working in a surgical ICU,
cause of the dead space. I think the right
where we do most of our work, we Reibel: The down side to that in the
answer is somewhere in the middle, and
found using an HME very easy prob- laryngectomy patient, though, is that,
that’s the principle we adopted. Use it
ably two-thirds of the time. But in a for these things to work, they have to
on everybody for whom it’s appropri-
medical ICU, we found we could use be fixed to the skin with adhesive. If a
ate; you’ll save money, and it’s simpler
an HME only about a quarter of the patient coughs forcefully enough, he
and less complex.
time. One of the reasons for not using will dislodge the whole thing and have
it there is the problem you brought up. to go through the laborious process of
If you’re going to use an MDI, you Durbin: Can I ask Jim Reibel to reapplication. So, most of the folks
usually have to use an MDI right at comment on airway humidification in who’ve used the valve you mentioned
the end of the endotracheal tube, or if patients following laryngectomy? Is for their speech rehabilitation cough it
you’re going to use an MDI farther this a big issue or a concern of your off a few times and throw up their
down with a spacer or you’re going to specialty (otorhinology)? hands and give up using it.