A Control Strategy Of Hybrid System“Diesel-

Photovoltaic-Battery” For Stand-alone Applications

Ahmed Belila Bekheira Tabbache

Laboratoire Electronique de Puissance Laboratoire Electronique de Puissance
École Militaire Polytechnique. Algiers, Algeria École Militaire Polytechnique. Algiers, Algeria
Belahmed161842@yahoo.fr Laid_tabache@yahoo.com

Abstract— this paper describes a control strategy of a diesel-

solar-battery hybrid system for standalone applications. the PV I. INTRODUCTION
generator and batteries are primary sources of energy in the The Photovoltaic, and other renewable energy
system; diesel generator is interconnected to the AC bus, when technologies, can significantly contribute to the economic and
approached it can supply power load and charges batteries
social development mainly in isolated sites.
simultaneously ; as it can supply part of power load in parallel
with the PV generator and batteries. In this context, the DC / AC
The electrification of isolated sites was mainly achieved
converter that connects the DC bus to AC bus is synchronized through the installation of decentralized diesel generators and,
with the diesel generator; it can function as either an inverter or to a lesser extent, through systems using local renewable
as a rectifier, according to the load power. energy sources, such as stand-alone PV systems. However,
In order to validate the performance of the control strategy, each of these technologies has limitations. The option of diesel
some simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK, will be shown generator is suffering from higher fuel cost, and the PV option
firstly, and secondly, experimental tests will be performed. suffers from intermittent energy.
The combination of these two technologies offers
Keywords— PV generator, battery, diesel generator , DC / AC
interesting perspectives, and can be advantageously used in
converter, hybrid system.
the context of local mini-grids mainly in isolated sites that
NOMENCLATURE have a high solar potential. From the application point of
Iph photocurrent i ,i Direct and Quadratic view, the PV-diesel hybrid systems can be classified into two
Stator current (A), topologies: serial and parallel. This parallel topology has
I0 diode saturation current W Pulsation superior performance compared to series topology in terms of
q Coulomb constant JT Total inertia; yield and sizing optimization [3] [4].
(1.602e-19C)
In this article, we describe a control strategy for a three-
k Boltzmann’s constant DT total friction
(1.38e-23 [J/K]) coefficient;
phase “PV-diesel” hybrid system parallel topology.
T cell temperature (K); PLL phase looked loop; II. PV-DIESEL-BATTERY HYBRID SYTEM STRUTURE
Rs Series cell resistance V ,V d,q components of the
(Ω), voltage at the AC bus; The block diagram of studied parallel hybrid system is
R Parallel cell resistance T Diesel engine torque shown in Fig 1.
(Ω),
Control PV generator to generate the
N Number of series Φ Fuel flow, maximum power
modules,
N Number of parallel C Fuel flow control
modules, signal,
V Panel voltage (V), T electromagnetic
torque,
I Panel current (A), τ Diesel engine delay
time,.
G Global insulation (W τ Actuator time
/m2), constant,
SOC state of charge; K Actuator gain
h number of engine cycles P& Perturb and observe,
;
n number of engine MPPT maximum power point Maintain the DC bus voltage constant

cylinders tracking,
Fig 1. Block diagram of studied parallel hybrid system

978-1-4799-7993-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

 In this configuration, the diesel generatorr is interconnected Therefore, Kirchhoff law giives:
to the AC bus and the photovoltaic generatoor is connected to V b a t = E 0 − R b a t .i − V c (5)
the DC bus through a boost chopper conntrolled by MPPT The battery state of charge (SOC)
( is defined as:
"P & O" technology to extract the maxim mum power. The 1 (6)
batteries are connected to the DC bus throough a back-boost S o C (t ) = S o C (0 ) −
C bat ∫ i ( t ). d t
converter reversible current, which regulaates the DC bus
voltage and ensures a charge / discharge operation of the C. Diesel generator model
batteries. The developed torque of o the diesel engine can be
The two buses are connected using a bidiirectional DC/AC expressed by relation (7), it depends of the fuel flow (φ )
converter. It can work either as a rectifier, whhen the diesel adjusted by the governor andd the combustion process that
generator covers the power consumption andd charging introduce a delay time τ1 [2] [3]].
batteries or as inverter when the load cannot be satisfied by the
photovoltaic generator and / or batteries. In thhis case, the load T Φ s e S (7)
power can be supplying by the diesel generattor and the power The governor is modeled by relation (8) is an
inverter simultaneously. electromechanical device that receives a control signal C in
order to adjust the fuel flow [3,,17,18].
III. MODELLING OF HYBRID SYSTEM
Y
K
Φ s C (8)
A. PV generator model .

Photovoltaic cell is the most basic geneeration part in PV The effective delay τ1 is refeerred to as the input dead time of
system. Single-diode mathematic model is applicable to the prime mover. It can be apprroached by:
simulate silicon photovoltaic cells, whicch consists of a τ S (9)
photocurrent source Iph, a nonlinear diode, innternal resistances Ω Ω

Rs and Rp as shown in figure 2 [7]. The electromagnetic torquee is given by the following
formula:
Iph I Rs W
Id Ip
T ψ i ψ i (10)
Ω
VD Rp V
The electromagnetic torquee Te is given by the connection
of the electric load to syynchronal generator. So, the
mechanical equation can be wrritten as:
Fig 2. Mathematic model of a PV cell Ω
T T DT Ω (11)
JT
The mathematic relationship for the currrent and voltage in
the single-diode equivalent circuit can be desscribed as: IV. HYBRID SYSTEM CONTROL STRATEGY
V R I
V R I A. Boost circuit
I I I e VT 1 (1)
R
In order to adapt the output of the PV generator to the load,
T
VT V : Thermal potentiial; (2) a boost is used. Figure 4 show ws the boost DC/DC converter
For a generator consisting of « N » paanels in series and and its control associated to thee PV generators.
« N » panels in parallel, the expression of the I/V
characteristic is given by :
V R GI
V R GI
I N I N I e N VT 1 (3)
R G
N R N R
R G ,R G (4)
N N

B. Battery model
Several models of batteries found on literrature use a simple
model (Fig. 3). It includes an open circuuit voltage E0, an Fig 4. Structure of the booost converter and its control
internal capacity of the battery Cbat, and an internal resistance
Rbat [6]. The control scheme includees two loops. The external loop
regulates the voltage usingg the reference voltage Vref
calculated by MPPT “P&O” algorithm.
a And the internal loop
controls the current.
B. DC bus regulation
The battery is connected to the dc bus through a bi-
directional DC/DC converter, as
a shown in figure 5.
Fig 3. Equivalent circuit model of the used battery
 Active and reactive power can be given by:
P V i V i (14)
Q V i V i (15)
In the synchronous (dq) frame of the diesel voltage
Battery
(Vsq= 0):
P V i (16)
Fig.5. DC bus regulation
Q V i (17)
Thus, the active power and reactive power are respectively
The bi-directional DC/DC converter can be modeled by the proportional to id and –iq
following equations The output voltages of the inverter in the synchronous (dq)
I
frame are given by:
L R i V U 1 c di d
(12) Vd = V sd + R f id + L f + wL f iq (18)
I , I 1 u dt
di d
The PV generator and the batteries are connected to the Vq = 0 + R f iq + L f − wL f i d (19)
DC bus as show by figure 6. dt
Voltages expressions present a coupling terms. To
,
decouple the system; coupling terms are considered as
perturbation terms:
,
Vd = Vsd + ( PI )(id * −id ) + wL f iq (20)
Vq = ( PI )(iq * −iq ) − wL f id (21)

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig 6. Diagram of DC bus connection
To illustrate the performance of the proposed control,
The DC bus voltage is expressed by the equation: simulations are carried-out which the parameters given in the
U
appendix.
C i I , I , I (13) At 0.1 s: we synchronize the converter DC/AC with diesel
generator.
C. Control of DC/AC converter 0.1s to 0.5s: we impose at the converter DC/AC, an
PV and the batteries are connected to the AC bus through inverter operation.
common DC/AC converter associated to LC filter. Thus, the 0.5s to 1s: we impose at the converter DC/AC, a rectifier
diesel generator and inverter can operate in parallel with operation.
synchronized output voltages. As shown by Figure 8, the voltage load given at the AC bus
The following figure illustrates the control strategy is controlled in frequency and amplitude for both operation
principle of the DC/AC converter. modes.
500

300
(V)

PV
Generator Diesel
cn

Generator
100
,V ,V
bn

-100
an
V

-300

-500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
Time (s)
a)
Fig.7. Control strategy of the DC/AC converter 300 V an
V bn
200
V cn
V ,V ,V (V
)

The control strategy of the DC/AC converter is based on 100

n
n c

the control of the instantaneous power in the dq frame. The 0

b
n

Synchronization Algorithm should detect the phase of the

a

-100

-200
Diesel voltages with optimal dynamic response. The dq PLL -300

synchronization method is used to detect the phase angle of 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15
Time (s)
the diesel voltage [5].
b)
 Fig 8. Line voltages at the AC bus: a) reel value, b) zoom value
9000

Figures 9 and 10 are respectively the load currents and 8000

load power. Between 0.7s and 0.8s we conduct an unbalanced

change in load currents, we notice that the voltages are not 6000
affected by this change

Power (W)
10 4000

2000
5
Current (A)

0
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
Time (s)
Fig 12. Output power of diesel generator
-5
According to figure 13, it is clear that storage system is in
a state of discharge between 0.1s and 0.5s; and in a state of
-10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 charge between 0.5s and 1s. we also note that the current
Time (s) increases slightly between 0.3s and 0.4s to compensate for the
Fig 9. The load currents: a) reel value, b) zoom value decrease in power of PV generator.

5000 20
15
4500
10
4000

Current (A)
5
Power (W)

3500
0
-5
3000
-10
2500 -15
-20
2000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (s) Time (s)
Fig 10. The power load Fig 13. Batteries current

Figure 11 show that the generator runs continuously in Figure 14 shows the two-way operation of the DC / AC
MPPT mode, and when solar irradiance changes of 1000 W/m converter; it functions as inverter between 0.1s to 0.5s, and as
2 2 rectifier between 0.5s and 1s.
to 600 W/m the PV power decreases.
1200
4
1000
2
800
Current (A)

0
Power (W)

600
-2
400
-4
200
-6
0
-8
-200 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (s)
Time (s)
Fig 14. The current at the DC bus
Fig 11. Output power of PV generator
Figure 15 shows that the voltage of the continuous bus is
Figure 12 shows that the diesel generator supplies the load
well regulated with its value of reference.
in parallel with the PV generator/batteries between 0.1s and
0.5s; and supplies the load and charges batteries between 0.5s
and 1s.
 710 25
P
Q
20
705
Voltage (V)

15

P ,Q (W )
700
10

695 5

690
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-5
Time (s) 441.74 441.75 441.76 441.77 441.78 441.79 441.8
t (s)
Fig 15. DC bus voltage
Fig 17. Instantaneous active and reactive power at the AC bus
VI. EXPERIMENT RESULTS
Figure 18 shows that the grid current is in phase with the
A. Test bench filter current and load current, it takes the sum of these two
The test bench used to validate the proposed control currents.
strategies is illustrated by Fig.16. It main components: 1)
acquisition card PCI6052E interfaced to a standard PC, 2)
DC/AC converter, 3) variable phase power, 4) batteries(12V-
150AH), 5)LC filter, 6) three variable resistive load.

1 4 2 5 6
3

Fig 18. Blue: grid current. Violet: filter current, Green: load current.

Figure 19 shows the current in the filter and the current

batteries, it is clear that the batteries are in state of charge
(I 0).

Fig 16. Test bench used

B. Exprimental result
The real time experiments are carried out using acquisition
card PCI6052E, with several I/O. The model blocks of the
controls and power subsystems are built in
MATLAB/SIMULINK,
Given the unavailability of diesel generator we used the
grid in place of the diesel generator. The laboratory test rig has
a variable phase power from 0V to 450V and a maximum
current of 8A, which allowed us to validate the command to a
reduced voltage. Fig 19. Filter current (Violet: phase1. Blue: phase2. Green: phase3) and
batteries current: Orange
The sign convention that we took for a positive power is
that when the batteries are charging status (rectifier operation). From experimental results we can conclude that:
B1. Rectifier operation - Rectifier operation of the converter (DC / AC) in has been
well validated in fact the equation: I I I I
To validate the rectifier operation of the converter (DC /
AC), we have imposed a positive reference active power. The I is verified.
results of the figures below are performed for: P*= 20W, Q*= - In the hybrid system studied this case is similar to that when
0W (Fig.17) and PLoad= 16W. the diesel generator is asked to supply the load and charge the
batteries.
B2. Inverter operation - - Inverter operation of the converter (DC / AC) in has been
To validate the inverter operation of the converter (DC / well validated in fact the equation: I I I
AC) in parallel mode, we have imposed a negative reference I I is verified.
active power. The results of the figures below are performed- - In the hybrid system studied this case is similar to that when
for: P*= - 10W, Q*= 0W and Pch= 16W. the diesel generator and inverter operate in parallel to supply
4
the load power.
P
Q

VII. CONCLUSION
2

-2 In this paper, the studied hybrid system has been

presented, and a model of each energy source constituting this
PQ (W)

-4

-6
system is given.
-8
The simulation results show that the PV-diesel hybrid
-10
system with the proposed control strategy provides better
performance, thanks to the reversibility of the DC / AC
-12

-14
14.8 14.801 14.802 14.803 14.804 14.805
t (s)
14.806 14.807 14.808 14.809 14.81
converter.
Fig 20. Instantaneous active and reactive power at the AC bus
Experimental validation of the control strategy .has been
carried out at a reduced scale, by tests on bidirectional DC/AC
converter in the rectifier operation mode and the inverter
Figure 21 shows that the current in the filter is in phase operation mode.
opposition with grid current and load current, in this case, the
load current takes the sum of the other two currents. APPENDIX

PARAMETERS OF THE SIMULATED PV GENERATOR

Rated power 1Kw
.Rated output power = 135w; Ns = 4; Np = 2;
Reference cell’s température=25° ; G=1000 W/m2
PARAMETERS OF THE SIMULATED DIESEL GENERATOR
10KVA (8kW), 1500 rpm, 50Hz, 3*220 volt
τ1=0.03 S; τ2=0.05 S; Ka =2.7; DT=0.1 PU; JT=0.005 PU;

Batteries: (12v- 150Ah )*8 in serial.

Filter: Rf = 8.66 Ω, Lf = 46e-3 H, Cf = 30e-6 F
DC Bus: CDC = 0.047 F, UDC = 600 V.

Fig 21. Blue: grid current. Violet: filter current. Green: load current.
REFERENCES
Figure 22 shows the current in the filter and the current [1] S. Roy 0. P. Malik and G. S . Hope, “An adaptive control scheme for
batteries. It is clear that the batteries are in state of discharge speed control of diesel driven power-plants”, IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol. 6, No.4, December 1991
(I 0).
[2] Sanjoy Roy, and P. Malik,“A k-Step Predictive Scheme for Control of
Diesel Driven Power Speed Plants”IEEE transactions on industry
applications, vol. 29, no. 2, marc/april 1993.
[3] I. AGUS YOGIANTO, HENDRA BUDIONO, INDRA A. ADITYA
“configuration hybrid solar system(pv), wind turbine, and diesel”IEEE
Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy ,2012.
[4] T. Mhamdi,N.Hidouri, L.Sbita “A fuzzy Controlled-Hybrid Photovoltaic
Diesel System Scheme for an Isolated Load,” 2012 First International
Conference on Renewable Energies and Vehicular Technology
[5] A Yazdani “Modeling guidelines and a benchmark for power system
simulation studies of three-phase single-stage photovoltaic systems-
Power Delivery”, IEEE Transactions on, 2011
[6] D. Zaninelli, “Hybrid renewable energy-fuel cell system: Design and
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[7] K. Himour, K. Ghedamsi, E.M. Berkouk “Modeling and Control of a
Fig 22. Filter current (Violet: phase1. Blue: phase2. Green: phase3) and Three Level DCI in a Grid Connection Photovoltaic/Battery Storage
batteries current: Orange System”, International Journal Of Renewable Energies research Vol. 03,
No. 3, Juin,2013.
From experimental results we can conclude that: