Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992 , SECOND BILL OF RIGHTS h EVERY AMERICAN HAS THE RIGHT TO: 1.8 08 2. AN ADEQUATE WAGE AND DECENT LIVING 3. DECENT HOME 4. MEDICAL CARE 5. ECONOMIC PROTECTION DURING SICKNESS, ACCIDENT, OLD AGE OR UNEMPLOYMENT 6.A GOOD EDUCATION Ce The New DealDepth Study New Deal Overview lesson 1 of 3 Starter: Examine source on DS1: What does it suggest about FDR? DNla: Read pages 1 and 2 on the 1932 Presidential Election: why did FDR win? ‘There is a PowerPoint that takes you through the lesson, if you prefer. Pack pptl- 9. DNIb: Read the sources and overview on the emergence of FDR on p3 and answer the following questions: 1) What personal qualities did he bring to the presidency? 2) What were his principle ideas? DNle: Watch hiips://www.voutube.com/watchPv-O8uaD_Ob21I What does it tell us about FDR? ‘Homework Activity: Use the material on pp. 4-6 to complete Focus Route activity on page 4, Extension: Read on the other New Dealers. There is a nice overview chart of the New Deal on page 8 and a book review of Tony Badger’s work on FDR on page 9. History Plus is in GO13 Mon-Thurs 12.50-1.30pm if you have any problems with this work. Please come and see us. Ask your History teacher for specific days for help with the USA.é& 9 n Issaudaq JO s}jnsea 2 sasneo 2p aU veyY + & Jaljas JUaWUI3A03 Ul] payueM pue Aqinoas [2190s Ul BAaljaq }OU pp -YsueY Se paMalA « asajsaqul JOU NoOys JUBWUJaAOS Siq ey} pue ,WSI|eNpIAIpU! pagsn4, ul panaijag - UMO JIBY} UO SAAJaSWAY} 1Y3LJ 0} SJaxJEW dy} MO||e pjnoys 3494} pue UOolssaidaq ay} Jo asned ay Uaaq peYy adoing panaljag - jueq Sul08 syueg do}s 03 Auedwoz adueul4 uo!}IN4ysUOIaY dn jas - T-O€6T ul Syno xe} YZnoiy? 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Unt 1952 he refused to accept that here was e major ne (eft to Source 19). problem, i inated that ‘property jst round the comer’. This him open to biter et Fine ccttsyommeene "sachs Source 17 Afamous banner cated ine demonstaon of ow farmers sl: i Hoo ‘nd Hs governmer, ‘nusad and now we are bused” SOUNEY.G. ‘Never befor ts ths coventry bas government flln to so lw a place in popular «simation or been so eniverally an object of nical contempt. Never before bas [a Present] given bs name so freely to latrines and offal dumps, or bad bis face b from the [cinema) screen to avoid the boots and jeers of children, 8 by a political commentator after the ‘Farmers ar just ready to do anytbing to get eve sot the situation, I almost bate to expres i, bu I bones beieus Bat f some of tha could buy airplanes they sould con down bore to Washingion to blow you flows up... The farmer isa naturally ‘conservatce individual, but you cannot find a conservative farmer today. Any econo peta that basin its power ost me and my ofthe beets, at my age what can ek but red? ‘Wher I toink of what bas been happening ints country since unemplayment began, . sche Io tbe fly oft leader, Ish we might double te muiber of Commun SOURE IQ ‘his country, to put the fear, not of God, then: the fear of sometbing else, indo the b ‘In 1929 the Democrat Party bred former leaders. newspaperman Charles Michaslson fo ‘ack Hoover's image, Backed by a malin dollar budget, Michasloon wrote weeckes for Hooves was regard as ado nothing’ President. Ths was not entely fal on Hooves He ted Democrats on Capito ill and ctted a retatth excnomy in 1930 and 198 by ax cs. eid to parade busines leaders not oc newspaper column... Comedian Wil ‘Wages. He setup the Reconstruction Finance Compang, which propped up banks to stop thei alg bankrupt He tue to protect US inks by intoducto tart, but his simply strangled {ntemational trade and mace the Depression worse.> Born in 1882, into arch New York faiy. + He went to unlventty and became a succesful lawyer. = ln 1910 he entered pois asa Democrate senator for New York. + In 1921 he was paralysed by polo and “spent the rest of his fen a wheeichak. ‘He fought bravely against his liness. + He became President in 1933, in the middle of the USA's econemi rss Roosevelt was an excellent public speaker, ‘an optimist and a beleverin the ‘American dream’ that anyone who worked hard enough could become rich, His policies of providing benefit for the ‘unemployed, and employing men to work on massive sate balding projec Uhrcwn asthe New Deal = see pager 376-84), made him extremely popular. ‘He was elected President four times. ‘He led the USA through the Second ‘Y¥ _'¢ War until his death in April 1945, v ‘ons of our ots cherish the bape tat ‘old standards of ling bave nt gone ver, Those milions shall not boa in « [pledge you, I pledge myssif, to a Now ‘for tha American people, This i more ‘4 political campaign; is a call to 1 Give me your bel, not to win votes 4 bu to win this usd to restore ‘tea... waging a war against Roosevelt's 1932, i 22——-—_-__- a only American president to win Sn ofc... sav bs Desoraic “bal was: an amorpbones (ation representing awlds varity of cng tterets. To ws the presen nation, be needed sheep on board an ‘Baabla mate of Bastrn Kberals, Wester ers, labour leaders, internationals {reel financers and Soubern stats! conservatives and wbite supremackss. ‘sive was be that one columniss dubbed te coriscray candidat’. James Mi , writing lovanber 2007 te eProesen tical Sclence at Wiliam College in tha and isan expert onthe methods used . by political leaders ‘ke ast ofthe ¢iferences between the _wés of Hoover and Roosevelt. ‘Hoover's reputation was particularly damaged by an event in June 1932. Thousands of servicemen . ‘who baa fought in the Rt World War marched on Washington aking fr their wa bonuses (x kind cof pension) tobe pad early. The marchers camped peacefully ouside the White Howe and sang petite songs. Hoover refed to mee them, He apotnied Generel Douglas Mackthur to handle the stuation, Makrthur convinedimelf (with tle or no evidence) that they were Communist agitators He ignored over’ tasuctions to treat the marchers wth respect. hoops and police used tear gas and ured the marches’ camps. Hoover would not smite had fled to control ‘Macht. He publicly thanked God thet the USA ll new how to deal with amb, SOURCE 20) Police attacking the war bonus marchers. ‘There could beno greater nnrast to Hoo than his opponent in the 1982 lato, the Demociat candidate, Franklin D Rooeve. Roosevelt main characteris as politcan were: He was not radical ut he beled in ‘ce goverment o improve the ins of ordinary people although only 2 lst srt if el-help end chaty hd alle + Hebd plans to mend public money on geting pope back to woek. x Gvemor a NewYork, he ‘hd already started doing tis in his own ate, ‘He was not afraid oak fr advice on important ses from a wide range of exper, ach as {actory omer, union leaders and economists The campaign ‘With such l-feling towards Hoover beng exressed throughout the country, Roose was confident cf victor but he took no chanoes. He went ona grand tran tour ofthe USA in the weeks belore the clecton and mercilessly attached te atttode of Hoover and the Republieans, ‘Roosevelt om plans were rather vague and general (pe Source 21). But he realised people ‘wanted action, whaver that action was. in «20,800 km campelgn tip he made strtzen major speeches and another 60 frm the back of ls train. He promised the American pecple a ‘New Deal’ ‘The cectlon was a lanclide victory for Rocevelt He wun by 7mlllon wots andthe Democrats ‘won a majodty of eats n Congres I was the worst defeat the Republicans had eve sured, ‘Why did Roosevelt win the 1982 election? In many ways Roosevelt's victory needs no explanation. Indeed, it would have been very surprising if any President could have been re-elected after the sufferings of 1925-32. But itis important to recognise the range of fectors that helped Roosevelt |and damaged Hoover. 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Hundred Days by Anthony J. Badgera Study w Deal Overview lesson 2 of 8 ‘ND9a: Examine cartoons on page ND2.1-2: What do they suggest about the New Deal? ND9b: Examine extract from FDR’s inaugural address on ND2.3 (asterisked); ‘What does it suggest about the 2" New Deal? Discuss questions at bottom of the page. ND9c:_ Create mind-maps/spider-diagram to note aims, legislation, success and failures of the later New Deals? Use pack ND2.3-14. Homework Activity: Complete chart activity on ND2.18 using pack History Plus is in G018 Mon-Thurs 12.50-1.30pm if you have any problems with this work. Please come and see us. Ask your History teacher for specific days for help with the USA.Nez] RA Aad The Future Generation ~ By Coell Jecoen, A eeel y NS ‘ Ue ee ae SS en| pausewre i | tt noses om ta oon eto.) i The second New Deal ~ did it ih complete recovery and start |) ie te bepeetn! reform? 1B eae |. tc Del ppguame ae ens tn ttn nt {P midoea PO to a |[p Hadar ertryAmais anger oe os ght crv ade coores pth amy hem |S tone yar ‘lids pound wd oe be are cl ed evn a 1098 He fest ee cary sa 195 pret elena aly ro + deat, Bll rs clara uy probes nln abd “eer erpued Gon rod Emap! Aras ery 180 (Gore 135). OUNCE 123 eset mn pAb ey IMA ‘pt gf cr rt ead tf al ar at, hoo na nat dene hl tty Mad pa indergrlage. do {et dere ben, ard tok oder aa nh ope Shara seth eon ha allo anor dr proper” [Dalen att tb peered te ppt et weal endear ‘Paro ne Sour eet en Slee tcmems aor eines bebe si rise poor firin Both ac nd wit ciesa sages baw the mort ale 1 i ei ih a chsh Nw De propa a2 Hint yf ng! Lok backs ove Wo bent = Xu WIN J ney NS wwNOZ How effective was the second New Deal programme? 1935-38 AMERICA INTHE 19304 DAD THE NEW DEAL END THE DEPRESSION ceeeceseenten eters pores eres areas otereneee Corman: Mabnsinad migrant hbour eames for 1 rac.NO-4S us 40. The Second New Deal i dau e Despite is achleverents, by May 1935 Roosevelt was facing a hamage of criticism Some critics (ike * eae See Senator Hiuey Long, see page 380) complained that he was doing too litle, others (mainly the wealty! ‘business sector) too much, The USA was recovering les quickly than Burope from Depression. I Busts was losing ts enhslasm forthe NRA (ir example Hey Fort bed cut wags). Ronse! ‘was unsure we! odo, He bai hoped to transform the US, bu tn’tseemtobeworking. ‘Toesiay, 4 May 1935 turned cut to bea hey date. Roosevelt met with a group of senators and | lose advisers who red his views and alms They persuade him to tke ral steps to achieve bs! vifon and maketh USA afar place forall Americans (e Sure 5). One month Iter, on 14 Jug, ie ‘summoned the lee of Congres and presente em wih cbuge ang of aw hal be wank | ‘a road under the Works pase This became known a the Second New Dea: he mat siglicent aspects were the follwing. fess Administration, : ‘© The Wagner Act forced all employes to allow trade uniobs to operate a thelr companies and to j Jet them negotiate with employers for beter pay and canctions. The new Act made ft legal to sack* ‘workers for being ina uaion. i ‘+ The Sorial Security Act provided sete pensions forthe eldery ane for widow It als allowed state governments to Wock with the feral goremmentio provide help forte ek and the lsabled, Most importa th At setup a scheme for employment fnrance, Tis aes thet| ‘ecmployers and workers made 2 smal] contebution toa spect! fund each week. If workers became | unemployed, they would eee a smal amount of baat to lp them oot until they could find + vk © The Works Progress Administration (WPA), later renamed the Works Project {forte Federal At Project. The gorenment ald artis to pant pictures tobe dsplayed tn the | ow they estred, | * The Resettlement Administration (BA) helped salle and tenant fazmers who bad ‘not been helped by the AMA. This crpanisaton moved over 50,00 families to etter quality land. | snd housing. The Farm Security Administration (PSA) replaced the RA in 1937, Itgave ‘pecal oas to eal anne to bep them buy ther and. 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However, we nmust remember that, despite his attacks, Roosevelt expécted big business to lead the USA out of the recession, However it was ill disposed to do #0 because of the attacks. Representatives of big business in their ‘turn blamed too much government and high taxes for their problems. Many sought a return to the policies of the 1920s. . Roosevelt's attempts to end the recession Roosevelt seemed undecided in the face of the mounting economic His Treasury Secretary, Henry ‘was advising him to balance the budget, while the chief of the ‘Federal Reserve Board, Marriner Eccles, insisted that he return to spending. However, his conversion was slow and reluctant. Yet, by the later 1980s he did seem to give more credence and support to those advisers such as Harry Hopkins and Frances Perkins who had advocated this, and conservative Democrats were increasingly frozen out. As the decade drew to a close, the European war policies. War contracts and the ‘opening of markets unable to be met by those at war brought ,, about recovery and concealed the failings of the New Deal. 5] The Later New Deal ‘Some commentators have spoken of'a "Third New Deal’ between. 1987 and 1989, This, they argue, was characterised by Roosevelt adopting the idea of permanent government spending to solve response to the 1987 recession. However, this argument may not be sustainable. Ik could imply a consistency where there wat none.Roosevelt and the Later New Deals 1935-9] 165 It could be counter-argued that the meagures of the later New Deal were more than ever. As it turned out, much of ‘concentration on foreign affairs, have led some to argue that it an out of steam. rainy Hoosen was fumed in any of his ohne requests. He wanted, for example, the encouragement of more privately built housing and the creation of seven more planning "torte om the Ene f the TVA (oe pages 124-5) Nothing came of either. As we will see, be went through with his plan to Agriculture replaced the RA. Its primary aim was to help tenants acquire low-interest loans to buy and restock thefr farms. The Act was, ‘of course, contrary to the RA, which was intended to resettle farmers elsewhere. The FSA was intended to redress some of the ill effects of the first AAA mentioned on pages 158-9 and helped tens of thousands to stay on their land, It also established about $0 camps to provide temporary accommodation for i families. ‘The FSA also provided medial and dental centres, and funded Joans to enable owners of small farms to purchase heavy ‘Prosperity as a result of the Second World War, the vast majority Of the loans were repaid. by 4.66 per cent majority of farmen in 2 vote. Those who then 02.4 |166 | Prosperity; Depression and the New Deal : Jkept to the quotas received subsidies. By concentrating ori quotas the Act was meant to be fairer to small farmers than the first AAA, which had given most subsidies to those with the most land. In ‘ase of overproduction, 2 Commodity Credit Corporation could : tale: loans tp enable the farmer to store his surplus produce. If : ‘in other words, the market price fell, the farmer could store his ‘cop. When the'price rose the fartier could repay the loan and | sell the surplus. Moreover, the Food Stamp Plan allowed for farm : surpluses to be distributed to people on relief—they would i receive 50 cents worth of such commodities for every $1 spent on. i 1 We National Housin, 4 ager Steagall a Act, ‘This act was designed to meet the neces for slum cleavance and the building of public housing. It was the brainchild of Sensor Wignet Roosorc lane for the scheme (USHA) to act through the public housing bureaux in lage cities to provide loans of up to 100 per cent at low rates of interest to “build new homer. . | | average rent of $13-15 per month, ‘However, this was wholly inadequate to meet the problem. It was a clear example of Congressmen from the west and south failing to agree on the needs of the northern cities. They‘ Roosevelt and the Later New Deals 1935-0] 167 ‘The result of the limitations of the Act was that millions of ined i ot han | throughout the USA ithe period that pants : Congress began Provide adequate means for public housing Fair Labor Standards Act, June 1938 ‘This Act fixed minimum wages and maximum hours of work in ail industries engaged in inter-state commerce. The minimum 1.8 million Were reduced. The inter-state shipment of goods made by children working under the age of 16 was forbidden. Children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous ‘To supervise the legislation, a Wages and Hoiurs division was set up in the Department of Labor. This had the power to impose hefty fines. However, to get the Act accepted, particularly by Souther politicians, Roosevelt had to make exemptions, notably domestic servants and farm labourers, As with the Social Security Jegislation, it was hoped that these would be included in the future. However, as the omistions were mainly jobs associated with 6 | The End of the New Deal In the mid-erm elections of 1988 the Republicans doubled their of Representatives seats in the House ives and also made gains in the Senate, The tide appeared to be turning against Roosevelt politically. Although he wat to break with tradition and stand for 2 historic third (and later a fourth) term of office, this was not known at the time. - NO7.|I188 | Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal Increasingly as his second term drew to'a close, he was seen as a “lame duck’ president whose New Deal policies bad failed to deliver economic recovery to the extent hoped for. There were no new New Deal measures pasted after January 1989. Increasingly foreign affairs began to dominate. However, ane can discera a shift in Roosevelt's thinking. He began to realise that a radical change in 1988, Roosevelt adopted a conservative stance ‘but when he tried to impose radical change during the 1980s, the country was too conservative to accept it. In 1989, for example, opinion’ polls found that only 20 per cent of Americans (were prepared to accept the idea of an unbalanced budget. ‘Roosevelt faced three significant defeats during this period. Revenue Act 1938 ‘The Revenue Act states how the government aims to raise money that year. Roosevelt's Revenue Act of 1988 was considerably ‘weakened when Congress removed the proposed tax on company Profits. Allowing firms to keep more of their reveue, would, it Congress. The message from the legislature suggested that many of the powers he had accumulated in the past were now going to be taken away from him, Roosevelt's attempted purge of the Democrats ‘When Roosevelt tried to purge his own party by getting rid of conservatives this also failed. In summer 1988 the mid-term ‘candidates and ones. conservative candidates be opposed still made a show of publicly supporting him. Moreover, these elections tended to be very lead to an expanded White House staff, a system of promotion by merit in the civil service and development of more governmentKI02)3AMERICA THE Ire DID THE NEW DEAL EDT Depression maanaps odWO Q18 THE 3RD NEW DEAL AND ITS IMPACT. Measure Bankhead- What did it do?. Created the Farm Security Jones Farm Administration (FSA), which replaced the failed Tenant Act RA. Primary aim was to help tenants to acquire low-interest loans to buy and restock | Date their farms. July 1937. What was its impact? It was very successful. It helped tens of thousands to stay on their land. It established about 30 camps to provide temporary accommodation for displaced farming families. By 1947, 40,000 farmers had bought their own farms and 900,000 had borrowed $800 million to rehabilitate their farms. Because of the post- WWII prosperity, the vast majority of these loans were successfully paid back. Second What did it do? Agricultural Adjustment Encouraged farmers to store surplus produce in Act. good years for distribution In poor ones. It established quotas in 5 staple crops (rice, Date tobacco, wheat, corn and cotton). These quotas could be imposed by a 66 % majority of farmers February 1938. |in a vote. If farmers kept to the quota, they received a subsidy. It was meant to help small farmers (the first AAA had given more subsidies to those farmers with more land). The Commodity Credit Corporation made loans to enable the farmer to store his surplus produce at times when the price was low, allowing them to walt for the market price to rise before selling. The Food Stamp Plan allowed for farm surpluses to be distributed to people on relief.IVDUR- Ib What was its impact? Tt was far to complex. The county committees had too much to do and too little time to explain the system to farmers. It was widely distrusted and believed to be unfair, especially by small farmers who felt let down by the first AAA: The committees were dominated by larger farmers, and not the small farmers who. were meant to be helped the most. The system also came Into effect too late for some farmers. They had already overproduced before they knew about the 1938 quotas. Wagner- What did it do? Steagal Designed to meet the needs for slum clearance National and for public housing. Established the US Housing Act. Housing Authority (USHA) to provide low interest Joans to bulld new homes. Date September 1937. What was its impact? Wholly inadequate. A now recalcitrant Congress allocated only $500 million funding, only half was that requested. Southern Democrats, aligned against FDR stipulated that no more than 10 per cent of the USHA funding could be spent In one state. They belleved that northern cities (with their increasing black urban populations, as | _ blacks fled the Jim Crow South, thus denying southern white landowners of their cheap labour supply) were getting far too much help from the New Deal, and they were determined to reverse the trend. Businesses also feared that public|Fair Labour | Standards Act. Date June 1938. KWOQIF | housing was a threat to American capitalistic | system, driving away the private landlord, |As a result, millions of Americans remained trapped in poor quality housing. What was Its purpose? This Act fixed minimum wages and maximum hours of work in all industries in inter-state commerce. The minimum wages was set at 25 cents per hour, Intended to rise to 40 cents, and maximum hours set a 4 per week, with the hope that they would fall to 40 within 3 years. A Wages and Hours division was set up in the Department of Labour. What was Its impact? The wages of 300,000 people were immediately increased and the hours of 1.3. million were reduced. Children under 18 years were forbidden | to work in hazardous employment. Once again, because of the requirements of winning the support of Southern Democrats, FDR had to make exceptions: domestic servants and farm labourers were exempted, thus African- Americans again lost out.2araccae New Del ero de-N 1oa.le [RRENN.com y New Deal or raw deal? + Story Highlights + Divisione over economic crais reflect competing views of Great Depression ‘+ Some historians say New Deal made Great Depression worse ‘+ Others argue that New Deal helped it nation out of the depression + Two historians clash over different views of the New Deal By Jon Biko NN CNN ~ The clash between Democrats and Republicans over the nation’s economic crisis isn’t Just fused by politics. i's also being driven, in part, by two competing views of history. President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal traditionally has been credited with helping Iift the nation out of the Great Depression. When Roosevelt took office In 1933, he pushed through the passage of a sprawling set of laws and public worke programs geared to revive the economy. But there are some historians who say the New Deal not only falled to help lift the nation out of the Greet Depression, it made It worse. ‘We taiked to two New Dea! historians who represent opposing sides of this debate. Adam Cohen is the author of "Nothing to Fear: FDR's inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modem America." Jim Powell is the author "FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression." Their remarks were edited for brevity. Did the New Deal help lift the U.S, out of the Great Depression? Powell: It cartainly did not. The New Deal prolonged the Great Depression not because of one mistake, but because of a combination of policies that make It more expensive to hire people. ‘Some ofthe time during the 1830, the economy expanded, but chron high unemployment persisted throughout the perod. I averaged 17 percent. The best the New Deal could do was 14 percent (double what we have now), and at times, New Deal unemployment was over 20 percent. The chron high unemployment is what concems everybody. EDR might have lited people's ‘pints, but he never could igure out how to promot the recovery of private-sector employment. Cohen: Yes, and In two different ways, One, It had a definite Impact on the U.S. economy. From 1833 on, you saw a steady Increase In the GDP [gross national product], which showed that It was helping with economic activity. You also saw unemployment going down. tla true thatthe Groat Deprossion dnt end untl Word Wer l, wth the fiscal] stimulation I provided. That really euggests wo Just needed more spending. The New Deal was working, but we neéded more of the New Deal. We needed more New Deal spending. People who say the New Deal didn't heip also ignore the fact that the New Deal put mitlons of people fo work. Ronald Reagan's father had a New Deal Job. People could see actual progress on the ground. They could see the economy getting batter. If people believe things are geting better, they start spending. ‘What was radical about the New Deal when It was Introduced? Powell: Itinvolved the biggest peacetime expansion of goverment power in American history. So the New Deal was different, but Im. not eure one would call that radicsl. ‘Waa It radical to triple the tax burden, which le what FDR ald between 1933 and 1940? Was It radical to destroy food and make three- {quarters of the American population pay higher prices for food — In the country’s worst depression? That's what the New Deal did under the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Was It radical to make It more expensive for employers to hire people, biggering unemployment, as a number of New Deal policies did? Regardless of whether one would call such polices radical, | think is fair to say that they harmed the people they were ‘supposed to help. ‘Cohen: When FDR took over, the federal government wes limited in scope. It mainly defended the country from foreign enemies and delivered the mail. FDR relmagined what the federal government could be. It could be an employer of people. It could be a provider of relief payments. It ‘could regulate the stock market. Those were things that ne one thought the goverment should do, but terrible tes allowed that. ‘ww prnthis.olekabitty.com/plept7axplre=daclon=ept&partnerID=212106&fo=YBtile-NewsDesltortrauitdaal'3F++CNN,comBuiD=343}Wat can th Nw Dea teach ur aboutdeatng wih tne curantecnomicerwe? KWL (Q Powell: The private sector creates all the wealth In any society. Goverment doesn't have any money other than what I taxes or borrows from people inthe private sector. Everywhere, government has dlamal record of trying to operate businesses. During the 18309, U.S. states got into the business of building raliroads end canals, and they allot money. Government-run Conrail (freight) and Amirak (passengers) have lost billons, And of course, the Soviet Union collapsed under the dead welght of its \govemment-run economy, Expanding the government sector doesn't promote recovery ofthe private sector. ‘We need to make our pronty the recovery of the private sector and private-sector employment. This means making t egsler for ‘employers to hire people ~ removing obstacles that misguided government policies have been putin the way of forming new ‘businesses, expanding existing businesses and hiring people, Taxes and labor market restrictions are among the many obstacies that ‘need to be reviewed and reduced If not eliminated altogether. ‘Cohen: What the New Deal showed Is thatthe [federal] goverment could make a diference, The government could Improve people's lives during terrible times and It could make an enormous difference in people's lives. ‘What i argues for today is really bold ection ~ a large stimulus program of the kind we're geting, maybe even more. We need more Jobe programe in which the govemment may have to be the actual employer and more programs thet take money dawn fo the people Who need It most ‘The answer wasn’ tax cuts then. It's government getting money into the hands of the neediest people. You do that, you save the ‘People at the bottom who are the most liable of becoming destiiuie, but you lso pump the economy. ‘All AboutEranklin.D, Roosevelt + Ronald Reagan * Amtrak Links referenced within this article FoR hitpediton nn contoploafrankln 4 roosevelt Ronald Reagen's hntpufedtion ann zom/oploironeld_reagan ‘Amirak hitpzfedtion.onr.comopos/atak Frankln D, Roosevelt htp/fetion.om.convtopca/Franklin_D Roosevelt Ronald Reagan hitleditonnn conmtopice/Ronald_ Reagan ‘Amicak http/fedtion.cnn.comtoples/Amtrak Find this article at: hhip/fedton.cnn.com2008/US/02/20/Newdeal debate/index him 2 Uncheck the box to remove the ist of inks referenced in the article. (©2008 Cable News Network. ‘ww ptnthis.clckablltycom/ptopt?explre=Baction=cplsparineriD=212 106k fbeYatte=NewsDeattor+rawedealX3F++CNN.comBunlD=843107.... 222Depth Study New Deal Overview lesson 3 of 8 Catch up work from lesson: ND83a: There is,a PowerPoint that covers opposition groups slides are in pack ppt 3.1-8, Read through it and use the note sections to answer the questions on slides. ND8b: Create a timeline from Political Left to Right and chart the different opponents using material from the pack - ND3.1-2 is simpler, more detailed notes on ND8.10-12. Note and justify: Which group would be most dangerous to FDR? NDB8c: Use ND8.14-19 and create a spectrum (see ND3.17 as an example) make a judgement on how far the New Deal was a success. Homework activity: In groups of four each student takes responsibility for TWO of the quotes in pack pND3.20. There are 2 worksheets in the pack pND3.21-2. Write the statement in the centre box along with some background on the school of thought that it represents. Fill out the remainder of the worksheet boxes using the headings indicated in the boxes and bring to next lesson to discuss with your group. Extension ‘This is a link to an interesting debate on the CNN website between two historians over the New Deal /U$/03, History Plus is in GO18 Mon-Thurs 12.50-1.80pm if you have any problems with this work. Please come and see us. Ask your History teacher for specific days for help with the USA.Opposition to the New Deal bet Ss 2 \ 9/08/2017 Opposition: Across the Political ‘Spectrum + From the Loft Thay belleved that the New Deal didnot go far enough. + From the Right They believed that the New: Deal impinged on thelr econarnicberty. + From Congervative Souther Democrats rom ‘within FDR's own parly who believed the New eat ‘an impingerrnton the rights «From te Supreme Cour who beloved tha Now Beal ied ne Gonattson. Socialists and Communists + Wanted an end to the Capitalist Free- Market system! + But they did not really advance in ‘American politics. + 1992 Socialist candidate Norman Thomas received 883,900 votes. + FDR won 22.8 milion,Per. 3-2 29/08/2017 Opposition from the Left Francis Townsend + Do you think his would be popu? YES! + By 1995, over 600,000 old people had joined ‘Townsend clubs across the country. + In January ofthat yea, a bil was submited + to the House of Representatives based on ‘he plan and supported by 2 patton of 20 milion signatures, + Probleme withthe plan? mnPpt % 4 29/08/2017 YES! — + Townsopes partner wasfound ss be the from fhe funds of the ‘Old age | Tired." + tts stupid! — + ts rom Calfomial How the heck would —— Iepossibly work? Saronec ery ‘uyectesneewt ‘Sieibenteriman cm eron tata, «Ripa entre eon watt comme 1 dior rte en seta come teres + fEeeebrsterozanentamen onsite oni Tantechrertec pursue powannd wim coon tite se YES! + 1995: There were 27,000 chapters Jthe ‘Share ee (Our Weatth’ campaign across America. + There were 8 million members. SS + InAugust 1835 he announced his candidacy for the presidency as a third party candidate. + But he was corrupt. + Hewes murdered in September 1635 in a foud ‘witha politcal rival. p Ton ye oeWas their opposition important? * Politically, only Long was @ threet. + After is death the supporters of Long, Coughlin and ‘Townsend got together Fe to support Willem ‘Liberty El" Lemke of the Union Party. Pot ¢ CF 2aner017 William Lemke + He had a high-pitched vote! * Worse crazy clothes! + Had a glass eye! + Had “the charisma of a deserted telephone booth.” + Lemke won 892,000 votes + FDR won 27.7 milion, Impact of opposition + But: pushed New Dealers Into radical policies to avoid jenating left-wing supporters. + What evidence do you have for this?The Supreme Court pots.s The Power of Judicial Review ‘Artal Seton ot ha Unidata Conan 70, ‘The Supreme Court * Viewed the rise in Federal government as leturbing — beoeme increasingly alarmed withthe growth of Federal intervention into the affairs of the States. + Struck down 11 New Deal acts including the AAA and the NRA. + How did this effect FDR's ability to carry ‘out New Deal polices? mA TT I 29/08/2017Court-Packing + ned. 1887 FDR deco to 'pck the court with Now ‘Deslers= buthe ddnctdeause fwih fe Derocrate Party. + Hntlgen pote lire ct poi ts ell foie sper the Now Deal contre bys 1836 realeion + Hlapon wat endy cod 70:20 te nth ‘Seon, +H pan yeh pope ecsge «leon made hin nok a 8 poweturgy dit Dor. 2.6 29/08/2017 Southern Democrats + Fase compacts Tp anes The irony of Court-Packing are tpn FOR pate vere —1 New + Bi eremacpo cents cme = = Bore rae armenia + Toei exearant gunn » Rese inte eset ty Be irasereterr Ee SE trterpaeeenemeemtrermn vA |American Big Business + Many business leaders In America were ‘strongly ‘worse, Instead of the New Deal, they demanded the following: Pers F 29/08/2017 '« Cuts in governmentspending '. Remove government help to |’. unions. 4 End the misguided | + Interference of the New + .Dealers in the economy. >, End the experimentation and \ uncertainty of the New Deal. American Liberty League +n 04g bans ret nr ay Lagi * RARBG Resonate Seer FO | RAE Se + Toy onrndncacten same nny + Thay epee ans a 058 Prieta ancl + Thnypeved aman exptorpcn FOR Ane Gia 1 Thy wn werd pad hares 92Conclusion + FDR Is often considered one of the 3 greatest in American hitory. + But thsis not tosuggest tht he didnot foe opposition. ‘This oppostion ranged across the polteal ‘spectrum (esseys on oppostion should show ‘this range}. + Andi DID fundamental alter both the nature of ‘the New Deal and FDR's abilty to implement it, Pore S 29/08/2017Who were the critlest 4 Gm 1 annette. | te rte ary ppl wh ht thar wok a ig |r mcrae minonanet”| Ssomee 2 Rewer ect | $SURCY 38 Hes dh we ap Rete 6 gud [srr se tay | GSMS Serr as cel When he hla tac hs nnd nan Sobre keuttow wet. emethap cw ehe a sty hc era nd oo ate el apa a at che camoynch oan sade sopantedicad dba | tec pd hn a sr tonne Sines teieauini ecm mateo Sang com one te es nt rad eg eee ‘Gieraie bechant tb gee weak especie he (lng oss nd wh ons wy hae an ferrnng totaal cr erage Sy feo mal on har bang on er Snr cd een Say tar ca poss pe grt scone pos ago pncerche ace | nig a cnain of eas nd bgp end conan pape si stu nb hinge sf be anger pone a tl tet sa pra flag bone cana aie ‘Soy to dap PACU Saas ed a9 | Tha wrt of Sores 728 war ng nd had pla Bt nh, ny and ad po a wecie 2 Wie carrer fom the poke iw of sme who rea | { iri trae o e egt ow ev Dals Scape |~ N03.2 ‘Prise meee et pe eo apo, Dea G29 re fee spre wy a a a me de ‘Souci Wig eruY ede mea 90 eee | Mako meooy ammog jpeg Af wt mal erg pO gh msceerreren on em pe pemr ences ee, 3 a ONEONTA oe oo Yoo ro os rae at SE Serene apt ecu soem ss toe Teen font or Hee APT OTT fan mennnmnttomn amr « EE ere nev) a og per opener Among me co nme Somes pos wo mae fa al era ee Sf erate oe Sewer nc oe nmecaeon pr open et Sf. cies ogts deers onan roma pice Goro il ear 9-5 ny 90 pater dg OM a sng pe rey ew wae Af eimeenne Sommrme hrsrenat aparece ee SF hem mace rg accion OO PY MORSE EL, ‘mp cereal pe te peerage SS eee a Arto aaa, p 2 ORIPER ¥ a wo 8 Awd ‘ex ‘nove pee a Sarde ee? 7 eee moana ate te ee meee ae “= rem entenyeaeien ease une steep ny ms wen ET Soe Re eae ae ere DP sa stqin tS artery heme Sate om staa seeee bp peat er ste ree se Se a ee ger NS SaaS moo weave Roa YEN APC TONNE au) art 050s Say peo worm cero GH) nti bce yn SE LT renee 3D ——!_ _ 3048 orn Bupermey | emery wpm a cme espa ogee a8 arene ee ih nat pra ng aap SS Selec mace t Genreryye ager ap tcant zal easy 920 sop om Pee T Popped Oey Pay BR Eamon ayn on ease na Pom on est ‘mena paw Kynar par rs pe ep omg Pes a "oid Poareey oy PROS Pad mseaTED yo pose MPN anagem ie ea eae oes Saban kee Se, aermpeiesine “TORS ma Oy AFL SST Fee pe yu moRaENN UNCpoMTY oy Aq PARTEAPERD a See aan ear peter iret Gf weenie an et ae mamma POOR CSS 205 eeaiPuND Fup fn pape pa YpANSOOY ESET Bay A A (20 2 Aad emaas ert oy DO ea pe om Ty PN pee Sine ort lpr ck ; Pi PL eg Serene en 7 § worsswn muon 70 aN LCRA BLA YQREHYOpposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal (7) It Is easy to think of Roosevelt as a reat, Successful leader and his opponents as small-minded and Inelevant. But did they pose more of a threat to‘him than we realise? {Bf cx take him, He's a phoncy,..He’s scared of me. Ican out-promise him, and he knows it. |. People will believe me and they won't believe ‘him’. (Senator Hey Long speaking in 1934. ‘Hee was assassinated the following year.) presidents amount to? Did it foree Roosevelt to do things he id not want to dot Did it prevent him doing :hings he did want to do? the New Deal Din 1 July 1982, Roowevelt, receiving the Demo- rate party's’ presidential nomi pledged suggest that Americans still bad faith in capitalism and democracy. ‘Sworn in as president in March 1933, Roosevelt ‘hoped to get people back to work and t help ‘the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic Pyramid’, The New Deal was not a fully thought- cout programme. i mentation’ ‘While he wanted reform to create a more just and fair society, be did not wish to redefine radically the nature of American civilisation. Indeed he feared ‘that 4 revolution might well occur if his recovery and reform measures failed. advice from a variety of sources, such as his Brain Trust, his ‘cabinet and Democrat leaders in Congress, his main.NDIS.4 role was to reconcile host of conflicting views. In ssccessfal, playeid. 1934, the wort of the Depression was ovr. The thunder on the left In 1933 the majority of Americans bad rallied bebind Roosevelt's feders} Joter- inefictua, ‘The greatest threat came from the Senator of Huey Long, who launched his Share poring, citizens sf over | By il pop ntl ‘which urged Congress to adopt the ‘The third demagogue was Father Charles Coughlin, the ‘radio pase In 1932-88, Conghtin had supported Roosevelt but, when he thing, A canvas by the Democratic Netooal ‘20th Century History Review| Roosevelt's main alm was to got the USA but of Depression and on the ‘road to recovery. By 1934 he was attached by radloes (ke Long, ‘Townsend and Cough, who balloved tho was not doing enough to redistribute westth. 1B obsevelt was also ettacked by ‘conséryatives who thougit the Now Deal wes socialist. 1 1nv4885 Roosevelt's second New Dea! wos @ move to steal the ‘thunder of ~ there « 1a Roggeveltswon a land victory tn 1 Oppoitton to Roosevelt needs tobe seen ln contxt. He remained populer, winirg the presidential elections of *xg40 and 1844, Commitee in 1935 suggested that Long could vwin over 4 million votes as a third-party candidate for president, perhaps enough to undermine Roosevelt's chances of re-election. Right-wing opposition Roosevelt did not just face opposition from the Jef. Many conservatives, who sew government a the problem, not the solution to problems, believed thar his policies stifled private enterprise with rales and taxes: Others thooght that the New Deal threatened revolution, extending govern ‘mental controls over the economy far beyond what the Constitution permitted and posed a threat to democracy itself by ‘sovitising’ Americ. In 1984 a ‘of conservative businessmen and politi *Ciios i Sith ad at Dv, v0 pSvous Democratic presidential candidates, formed the American Liberty League. Its rapporters, who reed like 2 Whe Whe of corpo- rate America, attacked the New Deal in print ind word. It helped that 75% of the press was Republican-owned, The Second New Deai The sing chorus of business protests in 1934-35 ingered Roosevelt. He was not ant-capitalist and xe had tried to keep business on-tide, Business tostility and the threat posed by Hucy Long left lim with fewer political options. Emboldened by he 1984 mid-term election results and hoping to teal the ‘thunder’ fram the left, Roosevelt changed ack. The so-called Second New Deal was more concerned with social reform than the frst and such les interested in maintaining a brosd ‘onvensus that bed in any case begun to dissolve, ‘eptember 2005 The 1938 election there were still 8 million unemployed, 1935 and 1986 were marked by steady economic improvement and millions saw Roosevelt as a saviour, a Jeader of the ‘have-nots’ against the ‘haves’, Relishing his new role, be lambasted the “economic royalists’ who had created ‘a new despotism’, The Republicans nominated progres- ive Kansas Governor Alfred Landon as their coi ‘but their platform, denouncing the ‘and unconstitutional tendencies of the Sew Dal come he ery to rdaced ded spending. The Republicans’ chief hope was that radical elements would combine to drew enough W038, S$ Father Charles Cough: CCathallo priest and pottical ‘opetator, Had @ hugely popular weekty racio show | whlch he attacked Roobevelt and the New Deal, He said thet Roosevelt waé a communist ‘ympathisér and showed ‘a0 much sympathy to Jewish people. ‘American Libary League; Febublfcan pressure group Which pledged ‘to defend ‘end uphold the Covititution...t0 foster the right 10 work, eam, save and acquire property end to preserve the ownership and lenful use of property’O votes sway from Roosevelt to throw the election to them, Gerald Smith (successor to the murdered Hoey Long), Conghlin and Townsend cobbled ‘Lemke's campaign soon filtered, In November 1936 Roosevelt won 60% of the popular vote, carrying all bur two states. ‘Tn 1937 Roosevelt had wn cven greater mandate ‘than in 1938 for extensive social refotm and sought to do-something for the one third of the nation ich wa ll ashe pr i aon cd : Y. However, the buge Democratic ‘pion 1985-36 he Cour cist erst down much of the 1938 legislation, raling it NOLS coher bleed thatthe dead ad ofthe ‘was preventing government action in fe a aed tnd essai seen first consulting congressional leaders, liceay anlar rarhtopteer erste ‘tition, This proved to be the biggest blander ofhis | politcal career. Those Democrats who ditked ‘New Deal sefoem now had an isnae on which they could legitimately oppose Roosevelt. Other problems, 1937-38 & ‘Theré were problems on other fronts. Over tie ‘winter of 1936-87 there was a spate of violent utive reorganisation bill amid cries that it would lead to dictatorship. In June 1988, Roosevelt ‘20th Century History Reviewannounced that he intended to intervene in Demo~ cratic primaries, hoping to réplace an array of conservatives with loyal New Dealers. His inter- ‘seen as an attempted ‘purge’ in the style or Stalin, filled. Almost all the conserra- Si-e, now even more anti-Roosevelt, were re- elected, To make matters worse, the Republicans also made significant gains in 1988 mid-term elections. New Dea! liberals no longer controlled Congress and were everywhere in retreat. Conctusion ‘While the New Deal lost momentuin after 1936, it bad wrought some eaduting changes. By the late 1980, federal government — not last presiden tial — power was vastly enlarged compared with 1932, Government resources were now deployed on behalf of the ‘have nots’ and the US economy was more than ever before. Neverthe- jess, the New Deal left the badic capitalistic seruc- sure in place. Roprevelt had steered a, coune between the extremes of socialism and Jaines- ‘eine. Accordingly, he was attacked from both left ‘The left-wing challenge was most ‘in his first administration and encouraged to go further than be might otherwise have For details about Roosevelt's New Deel, see the US Library of Congress site at http://memory.Joc.gov/amimem, where there isa lator from one Or Santos vary disifusioned with Roosevelt (type in ‘New Deel’, and Dr Santos's name Is no. 19 on the list). There isa clear outine of Roosevelt's caroer at www hristoryieamingsite.co.uk {look under ‘Moder world history’). ‘There 18 selection of quote from Father Coughlin at http://info.detnews.com/history (look under ‘Notable people’) Loutlana state ‘has a uséful outline of Huey Long at ‘wwvs0r louisiana gov/80.4tm, ‘ptember 2008 majorities. From 1932 until his death in 1945 he bad supporters than opponents. White Southerners, Northern blacks, poor farmers, Catholics, Jews, the urban working and lowersiddle-class and Liberal intellectuals (uneasily) cobered to ensure ‘the Democrat party was usually the majority party ‘until a leat the lat: 1960s. The fact that thee was ‘no serious move to the extreme lef or the exeme right in the USA in the 1930s is aso testimony to Roosevelt's political success, ‘Alan Farmoris Heed of History at St Martin's College, Lancester, and hes written severel books ‘on American history,y ten coats ad * Mesos of orotate Nev Da did not do enough. NOS 6 Opposition to the New Deal A programme rch as Ries New Deal ws unheard fn nero history. It was boundto atic option dt The New Deal isn’t doing enough! ‘Acvumberof high profile igure reise the complaint thatthe New Deal was not doing enough to ‘help the poor Despite the New Deal measures, many Americans remained desperately poate The hhardesthit were Aican Americans and the prot in farming areas. ‘Ay figure in arguing on behalf ofthese people was Huey Long: Long wast remarkable characer He became Governor of Louisiana in 1928and a satce | 4 1932, His methods of gaining power were unosual aad somtimes legal (dey nuded tntnéation and bribe), However once he had povere ued to help the poor Herelends!y taxed big compcratons and businesses Jouislana snd used the maney to build rad, schools and hospitals. e | ‘employed Alcan Americans on the same tems 2s whites ard clashed with the || fu Kx Kan, He supported he New Deal at fir, but by 1934 ke wa etising {for being oo complicate ant not ding eaough. He put forward escheme called Share Our Wealth All pesonalfrturss woul be reduce to $3 milion ‘matin, and nacirnum inane woald be {1 milion a year Government | ¢ taxes would beshared betwen all Americans. He sso proposed pensions for °) rere over 60, and fre washing machines and radios. Long was an | aggresive and foroel character wits many friends and many enemies. =) Rocsevelt regarded im asone of thetwo mest dangerous men inthe USAtmil | ‘ong was assassinated in 1935. ‘ ‘thers also cic the New Deal for not doing enough, Dr francis ‘Townsend founded annumber of Townsend Clubs to eampaign fora pension of 2 $200 per moath for peopl over 60, providing that they seat i that month stimulating the economy in theprocess. Catholic pres, Father Coughlin, |i own ral programme' attack Resell Hest up the Naina Urion fe, Socal Justice and it had a angemembe, Hwee; by theeatiy 14 the) ‘A.cartoon attacking the New Deal in the mid 1930s. Most -movernent had faded in importance, __._ ReWSpAper owners were hostile to Roosevelt POUR 9A ae ‘The Naw Deals noting more or ls than. 15 efor fo take cx from tet what se try and their ancestors haus accumulated, or may accumula, and git obers who hove not earned it and never wil earn 8, and thus indiredy io dey too fice for a future ccunsulation. Such a purposes in defiance of alte is upon tbich or hisatos bas beer founded, ‘The New Deal is doing too much! The New Deal soon came nde fre from secons of te business cormmunuty and fom Replica for daing too much, There was 2 Jang ist of crtelsms ‘The New Deel was complicated and there were two many codes and regulations, © Goverment shoul! not support trate unions and should not sappor cal or higher wages — th market should deal with these snes © Schemes such as the TVA cated unfair competition for private companies, ‘© The New Deal schemes vere bke the economic pans teingcaried out in the Communist USSR and unsuitable forthe democratic, re-market USA + Rosevel was bebaving ike a dictator «+The wealthy were wealthy because they bad worked hard and used thee ailties. High taxes discouraged people rom working hard and gave money to peple fe doing nosing or doing unnecessary jobs (gee Scuree 14), ‘Ronsevet was upset bythe ctcisms, but also by the tacts used against him by big busines nd Republicans They used 4 smear campaign agaist him and ll coretd to him. Tey sid that ‘yas sable because of « seruallyrasmuited disease rather than polio, Employers put mesg. ‘heir workes’ pay rackets saying that New Deal Schemes woald never happen. Roosevelt timed of these enemies iter (se Source 16), And itseemed the American people were with him. Inthe 1 ‘decton, he won 27 mllion votes — withthe highest margin of victory ever achieved bya US rident He was hen ableto oke triumphant, Exerone i gains the New Del excep te* were approve by the Court om 1937 onwards, qT YD ' Opposition from the Supreme Court ' ‘Rooseelts problems were not ovr with the 1996 election In fact he now facSteh-r< powetl | ‘opponent ofthe New Deal — the Ameroan Supreme Court This Court was dominaed by Republics | ‘toe epued eo Del nl oe ow hs am wre ping blade | Coston, in May 1935 a strange case had coms beloe te US Supreme Court. The Schechter Poultry Corporation had been found guilty of bresking NRA regulations because st had: | ‘sold diseased chickens for human consumption ‘il fale sles iis (o make the compaay worth mere) i © exploited workers i threatened government inspectors, i ‘It appéaled to the Supreme Court. The Court ued tha the government had no right to prosecute the company, This was because the NRA was unconstitutional, It undemined too much of he power of | the local ates Roosevelt was angry that this group of ok Republicans should deny democracy by hrowingut | ‘ws that be had been elected o pas. He asked Congres to ge him thepowerto apointstr mae | Supreme Cour judges who were more smpathetcto the New Deal, But Rocorelt misfodged he ‘mood ofthe Americ public. They were alarmed at wat they sews Roosevelt atacktng the -Arveican system of governrent. Rooselt ad to beck down and his plan was rejected. Ben wis | ‘ions were not completely pointes. The Supreme Court had been shaken by Rooeeelt acing | snd was es obstrucve i the future. Most ofthe main measures in Rocpevelts Second New Del {ounce 16— . cr rl yrs ts natin was efit burning, se nating, do-nothing amen, The nation looked to jovernment buat governement looked away. Vine crazy yar at Be shock market and ong yrs inte bread nal Nine .]guars of miage and free long years ‘despair! Powerful influences strive soday rare tha ind of government uth ts ‘i hal govrrnant bat wie 6 (indijerent.., Wo know now bat — me— as they sland today. Tey Peionins tr te mean speech by Roosevelt inthe 1936 ‘ Siren Serica ‘What do Sources 15 and 16 suggest about ‘the ccs ofthe New Deal? What wore the motives of the opponents of the New Deal? “The thought bubbles below show some of the reasons wiy people opposed the New Dea. ‘Ue the text end sources on these two popes ‘ond eames of indus who held each belief. Try to find two more reasons why people opposed the New Des. Ttwon'twork. C NXN03.1O The American Liberty League: %) ‘The American Liberty League was formed in 1934 in opposition to President Roosevelt's New Deal. Its founders were conservative members of Roosevelt's own ‘Democratic Party and wealthy business leaders. At its peak the League had 125,000 members, The League stated that it had two objectives: 1, To teach respect for the rights of persons and property. 2. To teach the government to encourage private enterprise and protect the ownership and use of property. ‘The League accused FDR of “handing the government over to dreamy professors and bleeding-heart social workers” (Kennedy 1999, p. 281). They thought FDR was using ‘New Deal legislation to lead America towards a socialist dictatorship and compared (€ imposed upon industry for unemployment insurance and old age pension.” The League also challenged the constitutional validity of the 1935 Wagner National Labour Relations Act, calling it “a complete departure from our constitutional and ‘traditional theories of government.” The League was very well fanded by wealthy conservative industrialists and backing of the League by businessmen was so obvious it led one New Dealer to call it the “American ‘Cellophane’ League” because one could see right through it In the 1936 Presidential campaign the League supported the Republican candidate, Alf Landon. They spent vast amounts of money in an attempt to defeat FDR. In return, Roosevelt launched an attack on the League declaring “This minority in business and industry ... engage in vast propaganda to spread fear and discord among the people. They would gang up against the people's liberties... They seck the restoration of their selfish power. They offer to lead us back round the same old comer into the same old dreary street." EDR easily defeated Landon in the election. The defeated Landon bitterly described the League's support as a “kiss of death.” As a supporter of wealthy business interests the League never developed wide-spread mass support. Its importance faded away and it was officially disbanded in 1940.& Opposition to the New Deal: Big Business. ‘Many business leaders in America were strongly opposed to the New Deal, They believed that not only was the New Deal holding back recovery from the Depression, ‘it was actually making it worse. Instead of the New Deal, they demanded the following: : 1. Cut in government spending. Businessmen argued through government spending simply did not work. They pointed out that FDR doubled federal spending from $4.5 billion in 1933 to $9.4 billion in 1940 but unemployment remained high. Government spending on projects like the CCC, TVA and WPA were funded through taxation, Businessmen argued that these projects should be stopped and taxes cut. People would then have more money in their pockets to spend on goods and services, thus revitalising the economy. 2, Remove government help to unions. Business argued that government help for ‘unions (Wagner Labour Relations Act) allowed workers to demand higher wages. This meant it was more expensive to make products, The increase in production costs were passed onto the consumer in the form of higher prices. This increase in prices meant that consumers could not afford to buy goods and services which ‘would have stimulated economic growth and helped end the Depression. It has also been argued that increases in wages caused unemployment to rise because businesses decided that it was cheeper to buy machines to replace the increasingly expensive workers. - 3. End the interference of the New Dealers in the economy. Businessmen pointed out that the New Deal had not been written by experienced businessmen but by the intellectuals of FDR’s “Brains Trust.” Although some were clever and well- ‘meaning they did not know much ebout business or bow the economy actually worked. Businessmen derided them as “third rate college professors and unsuccessful welfare workers.” They argued that the misguided interference of the New Deal was making the Depression worse. ‘To them the increase in rules and regulation was un-American and smacked of Communism, One called Roosevelt “a communist of the worst degree...” 4. End the experimentation and uncertainty of the New Deal. Most businessmen believed thet recovery from the Depression was bound to come in time as a result of the natural economic cycle. What was required was not greater government intervention into the economy but e return to ‘laissez-faire’ ideology. They argued that the vast number of, Agencies was confusing and creating a businessman factors (Schlesinger). It was “an economy of bedlam” (Lippmann). Businessmen argued thet this made it very difficult for them to plan ahead end invest in new factories, xnew machines, or products because they did not know what new rules the New ‘Deal might create in the future, This lack of investment meant that unemployment stayed high and made recovery from the Depression more difficult. N03. HIND3.\2 ‘The Supreme Court and the New Deal Note that the mtg RESON SUPA as President was to seek jas apes teal 80.08 BED . (Ps om eo ip tie Segura eee dectam te retire ene, the oldest was vas eighty, ‘one mean the youngest. was sixty one. ae these. Aymmmjeriey had been appointed Republican taesigatits. é «© The ae She pumher af justice's was. fot (emeeNErEIa (previously there had been five, six, seven, al Justices at times). The problem was: that FOR RESSONS WEE Soe ; more justices would speed up ‘court business and an Implled need for younger men, more In touch with modern life. Tt was seen as as ‘too clever’. At the same time, FDR was identified ting sit-down. strikers ‘In Michigan, alarming moderate opinion. © Clearly, SBR about the Supreme Court as, In 1935- Beal (see 36, It harbatsctaee! Pack p.D2.), He belleved he had reached 2 crisis point. He was not alone: the Repubstuen-sieeton-piawternroF-ipeethad cal for a /PEUSUONTOMGT HEROMOR tS aeHAE BE GSN BERVESR “the OR SOVERNTNSEe FDR had 6 af congressional \igade?s. They were Insulted and opposed (‘Boys’, sald one, ‘here’s where I cash In.). Even the, Vice-President, Gamer, went off, on an extended vacation, to show his objection. So, the proposal lacked strong leadership within Congress. Ne FDR 10 worried + Next, FDR was 5 shoo by oer ae TRAD horn’ a Equally, ‘eaten same ‘out In . seeing In ae plan a challenge to the the cope a ip. (These critics tended to talk of the gx ARE they did—not say
FPRIS reasons, nd ave name vinin ~ appointe Nosy CWWUA had précedait), Ken as Ai'St 8 a editor iee La , Senna d > Hadn't wnsutted Gnaress ivi eee Te. io oa 7 EDK avendsned b uv - \ Wor a Ll Yaprenne Ce nese ey ote . > Lateral Ago ends werrted be nmaiuctain Stpearaviny i in WCLLA te Litttmanip SPM P avein a phen 3 Sip remo G's PY- ND votes & cetinuy dishes enced we gie oe . : Supreure asd ni ONAN ay Oy cn dow oetence fegdlana py So Hey ger FDL bad kesnnted dLuppeyk -N03, Dy What were Roosevelt's strengths and weaknesses in pursuing the ‘New Deal? {SOUNCE.30 Kena, ton i A taba of Nn Das ha ana «pep bt epee {2OURCE TSI. 11 une Rh inn Pe 5p 4 Baus oa wa eit Mal ol ot pol ‘oewna lsat othr hb of med anon prea ker then mala thn orang cls al the pops rnd Ilancg aring grog end lan apt as naa apovng th Dra end gts nga of ear ty care chet page fat ng uy a a ple re eee aid et | bn tr en el ps tty scat ae ren dann une fal courageous hae; bt feel oe fa cba of ‘na i andra planing at nen the oon pec [SOURCE 32.0 fends fn Fs 19 348 Dnarpebly Roca sug ols the natal ato the prince ‘taurine of he cert ad blah hoped nprt io darn Wo nih of he nary thatthe Na Dea raed iat th fare of dimers ‘nce wat enced wth a rmartbly dale hand, ma py pond (thet fen inperon , ‘rr ren me ‘Ts Mahingion, Roow... cul ater and xz th mary ond tole aot eats oo ieamaakermemiennet Becticrmmcpets pr ri peeeat moma a Seymecestnelneee mtgaeiieertn men coven ingeace Eegitiecatintiee Patninggeeatene ges eyo tases” Stemi ee ocs SQUICE TI Eom me tered SOUNCES4 A tes T Hert her 20-4, nt appeal udtional alan te npport nao soul be pty nog and trade ooo au a a Fein eeu bento’ fom e erthandsor waa =A Poles aderiage | govern cd duefatre SOURCE 135, Hurl in Sway otha 172-48 Qa. fen | ‘Sir tuo ba nei, Setarow nal ‘Realy conacous tats on lirnation ‘You areca wonder parton but you ace ene of the most diftcult men to work consent and ple | th that hoe ow own es Mart oH Fr eter end nase ht na ow aed emp cxr tis De. ina yn an fh la yo a oe ae arlyPsa Rep we pn Re ww AD TI ea . spe pe ap pont sprean ese ou Boe) 1 a 4309 I 20 aC AON sp Rapa mE J: mun wus 9 2 CU oN oUF MON 6 ‘wom ren wpepag a sou unpand Spouse etna man Assoc zap weal Yate Re ene a Pe = ~ IgE) soe meno ps ON MEP MON ML, 9 [mau amuses gl all aro J emcee, ete i 8 pom pm § ¥ = it : “mopeis mand at a map Reno pop em Aan! mt ROH | ‘010 Lee pn amp pa pag oma Sp pmo mg |e md am up op a on meappe sape my mins ee oO oes. A 1 otsenve aH On 90 HAN TL CHO THN YOREWas the New Deal a success? ‘The events of 1996 took thet tol on Roosevelt rhe became moe canious afte hat. Barly Sao2t0123a45 Fafure is 5. Success +5. Pages 382-94 amrrare the npc te Nev Deal on sous groups. once more. 1 ForeachoftheskxaspocsoftieNew | oho 1957 colon damaged Roel bay Middle cs voters etn confidence i i, ae eee Eva yourscoreard. | raul n1938theReubleans one agai ld lin the omgrenional actos. Now twa Support wih evidence rom pages | hare for Roser opus ls roms though Congres, However he we sil enormously pop 376-83. 7 ‘with most ordinary Americans (he was elected again with big majority in 1940), The problem i ie heli a hate Ut ae ng ated Nor De al em 183. ed 19 Wore een nytocone pwn | Roosevelt znd mast Americans were fang moron the outhreak of warn Europe enon Jpan ° Sapeedak er he whole afte exploits inthe Far Bast (6ee Chapter 2). [New Deal You wil have tothink about | Spas the Ne Dela mcs? One fhe reasons why thls oeton sano snawer tht ‘wight to alow markn an inporart area than fo high markinaless Roce only alm. Infact tt may not hve been his main atm Roosevelt and many of his avis important ares. ‘want to reform the USA economy and scl So when you dace whether the New Deal was succes or not, you wl have to decid what you tink the aims of the New Deal were, as wells ‘whether you think the alms were achieved. Aspect I: A new society? ‘The New Dea restored the fath of he ‘American people in thelr government. ‘© The New Deal was a huge soctl and ‘economic programme, Goremment help oa, this scale would never have been pose bore Rooserelt’s tine Ise the tone for fore polis for goverment to lp © ThaNew Deal handled billions of dollars of publ money but here were no comuption ‘candle For example the head ofthe CiN03.19 ‘Sioctenin wren wos veg peur mang pe = sonra, Fee ae Eg SATS Repo mot pen eta acyBapepes eee | Seppe OPN PRO et Sem acount tater reappear pneniomeitied Saeed pace aa AEM me cee wn ey pe | an Uae etn eto eyed poe aad gees ee F pein Sep MMAR SMEG Sy Spor sot pe gmumang earner 7 PEEABoonens cures ime | “tp aq mae mop ma at eee i satan vedo sexp oy pope saa pur wore pos | Spmetgeesgrioss emda Spy happy tae eee “sep samen sepa vm aed Wayfact some mr pone me agen ea E Retpeag REIN PO and MRE AoW ay spe pn Te beet e Me) eT003-0 Key Debates on the New Deal 1. “The New Deal ended too soon, what was needed in 1938 was more New Deal spending” HFDYAP “The New Deal encouraged welfare dependency and stifled entrepreneurial activity” HFDYA? 1 8,| “The New Deal was a wasted opportunity for radical change” HFDYA? a 5.) “The New Deal harmed more people than it helped” HFDYAP “The most significant achievement of the New Deal was that it gave people hope” HFDYAP 6.) “FDR was most responsible for the weaknesses of the New Deals” HEFDYAP 7. “It was not the New Deal that ended the Depression but rather WW2” HFDYAP“ Rroalersd) + aromaVe ues, — NOS: Ad. 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