Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prune Belly Synd
Prune Belly Synd
Prune Belly Synd
net/publication/51924507
CITATIONS READS
41 1,195
3 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Monocyte profile in hypertrophic scar development following paediatric burn injury View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Andrew John Holland on 28 May 2014.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Abstract The majority of paediatric surgeons will It was initially reported by Frolich in 1839, although the
encounter a patient with prune belly syndrome (PBS) only term ‘‘prune belly syndrome’’ was coined by Osler [1]. In
a few times in their clinical practice. There have been many 1950, nine cases were reported by Eagle and Barrett [2]
opposing views in the literature regarding the pathogenesis who described the condition as Eagle-Barrett Syndrome.
and management of this complex condition. A detailed Other synonyms used in the literature include triad syn-
review was conducted using PubMed to identify key pub- drome and abdominal musculature deficiency syndrome
lications involving PBS. This article discusses the evolu- [3]. Whilst PBS was originally described in male infants
tion of our understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis with bilateral cryptorchidism as a diagnostic feature,
of PBS, including its typical characteristics. We describe identical abdominal wall and urinary tract abnormalities
the management options available for bilateral intra- have been, albeit rarely, described in females [4].
abdominal testes, the deficient abdominal wall, the dilated While the triad of signs described remain a constant
urinary system and examine the evidence base used to feature in PBS, many other non genito-urinary associations
support the current approaches employed. have been reported (Table 1). Recognition of these addi-
tional elements led Smolkin et al. [5] to suggest the term
Keywords Prune belly syndrome Cryptorchidism prune belly association.
Abdominal wall Hypotonia Ectasia The purpose of this review article was to examine the
current evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and man-
agement of PBS, together with the level and quality of the
Introduction evidence utilised to support the approach employed in the
treatment of patients.
Prune belly syndrome (PBS) has been characterised by
deficient or absent abdominal wall musculature, hypotonia,
ectasia (that is pathophysiological dilatation or distension) Methods
of the urinary system and bilateral intra-abdominal testes.
A literature search was conducted using PubMed. The term
‘‘prune belly syndrome’’ was used and limited to humans.
A total of 642 publications were identified. Studies which
S. Hassett A. J. A. Holland (&) used a heterogeneous population of patients including PBS
Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery,
were excluded. Case reports, apart from those describing
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School,
The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia genetic associations, were also omitted. Seventy-two rele-
e-mail: andrew.holland@health.nsw.gov.au vant articles were identified where the study population
consisted solely of PBS patients. Levels of evidence were
G. H. H. Smith
assessed the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
Department of Urology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead,
Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, (SIGN) grading system for recommendations in evidence-
NSW, Australia based guidelines [6].
123
220 Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228
123
Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228 221
hypoplasia. The presence of severe renal dysfunction and 20% of infants born with PBS classified as category 1. The
pulmonary hypoplasia in PBS is a predictor of nearly 100% presence of severe renal dysfunction and pulmonary
mortality within the first few days of postnatal life [27]. hypoplasia resulted in near 100% mortality within the first
The differential diagnosis includes posterior urethral few days of postnatal life.
valves (PUV) and megacystis microcolon intestinal hypo- Category 2 patients have the classic features of PBS
peristalsis syndrome (MMIHS). In PUV, there is isolated with their prognosis dictated by the degree of renal dys-
dilatation of the posterior urethra in association with a plasia present. There appears wide variation in the degree
thick-walled bladder leading to a keyhole sign. This can of renal dysplasia present in these patients with severe
also occur in PBS if there are associated urethral abnor- forms requiring early dialysis. Routh et al. [7] reported an
malities making it difficult to differentiate between PBS and incidence of 15% of newborns with PBS exhibiting some
isolated PUV on antenatal ultrasound [28]. In MMIHS, seen degree of renal dysplasia with 4% presenting in acute renal
much more frequently in females, a thin-walled bladder is failure. Category 3 patients have normal renal function and
noted in association with normal liquor volume [29]. mild phenotypic features of PBS [36].
The issue of antenatal intervention in PBS is a part of The initial postnatal course of PBS infants is dictated by
the wider question of the antenatal intervention in a foetus their co-morbidities: 75% of infants born with PBS have
showing signs of lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO). co-existing morbidities [37, 38]. The most common is
Decompression of the urinary system in utero can be prematurity with 43% of infants born preterm. Cardiovas-
achieved via insertion of a vesico-amniotic shunt. Case cular and pulmonary problems are also common (Table 1)
reports of vesico-amniotic shunting between 17 and [7, 39, 40].
24 weeks gestation in PBS, in a foetus with a normal Perinatal mortality rates for PBS are quoted between 10
karyotype and the absence of other severe congenital and 25%. This is primarily related to the degree of pul-
abnormalities, have been reported [30–32]. In all cases monary hypoplasia, co-morbid conditions and prematurity.
oligohydramnios improved with survival of the foetus
through the last trimester and into postnatal life, although it
remains difficult to ascertain whether this was a reflection Management issues in PBS
of the natural history of the condition or as a result of
antenatal intervention. A meta-analysis performed by Urinary tract
Clarke et al. [33] indicated that prenatal bladder drainage
may improve perinatal survival in fetal LUTO. An attempt The hallmark of PBS is a low-pressure dilated urinary
to definitively answer this question is currently being system, evident from the renal pelvis to the urethra.
undertaken by the percutaneous shunting of lower urinary Elongated, tortuous ureters occur as normal smooth muscle
tract obstruction (PLUTO) trial, the first randomized con- is replaced by collagen and fibrous tissue. This does not
trol trial of intervention versus conservative management occur in a homogeneous fashion but rather in segments
in foetuses with evidence of lower urinary tract obstruction along the ureter with the distal ureter most affected. Ves-
[34]. The results of this trial will hopefully provide guid- ico-ureteric reflux (VUR) is found in 75% of PBS children
ance regarding antenatal intervention in the PBS patient. (Fig. 1) [41]. Like the ureter, the bladder is enlarged and
distorted due to replacement of bladder muscle with col-
lagen and fibrous tissue. While the bladder may bulge in
Postnatal presentation different directions when intra-vesical pressure is
increased, trabeculations, and muscular hypertrophy are
Classification of PBS, proposed by Woodard [35], was uncommon. A urachal remnant appears common while
based on antenatal and anatomical features (Table 2), with persistence of a patent urachus can be found in the presence
Pulmonary hypoplasia and/or pneumothorax Typical external features External features mild or incomplete
Oligohydramnios Hydroureteronephrosis Normal renal function
Renal dysplasia Uropathy Mild degree of uropathy
Urethral obstruction patent urachus Renal dysplasia
Club feet Risk of urosepsis
Risk of azotemia
123
222 Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228
123
Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228 223
123
224 Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228
123
Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228 225
2005 to visualise suture placement and prevent inadvertent from newborns and prepubertal children. Massad et al. [68]
suturing of underlying bowel [62]. described atypical germ cells in testicular biopsy speci-
Smith et al. reported on improved bladder emptying in mens from three boys aged 5.5, 6 and 7 months old. Adult
their series of 12 patients following Monfort abdominal males with PBS are azoospermic with little or no germ cell
reconstruction. Subjective improvements in continence, maturation [69]. It is unclear whether this occurs due to
sensation and urinary flow were noted in the majority of developmental arrest, failure of descent, late orchidopexy
patients. Improved postvoid residuals from 40% down to or a combination of all three factors.
13% were reported. Five out of 10 patients noticed a There are three treatment options available to treat intra-
reduced defecation time with increased quantities of stool abdominal testes in PBS: single stage bilateral orchidopexy
evacuated, while two out of 12 patients with poor bowel with preservation of the vascular pedicle, single stage
control reported a reduced laxative requirement (Level 3) bilateral Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy or a two stage
[57]. The authors speculated that a contributory factor to Fowler-Stephens bilateral orchidopexy. These can be per-
these improvements was as a result of the increased pres- formed via either an open or a laparoscopic technique.
sure of the Valsalva manoeuvre in accordance with Pascals Success rates of 80 and 85% are reported for single stage
principle (pressure = force/area), although no formal and two stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy, respectively
measurements were performed. [70]. A standard single stage orchidopexy for intra-
Crompton et al. [63] demonstrated that air-trapping abdominal testes has a reported success rate of [90% [71,
secondary to poor respiratory effort from deficient 72]. The laparoscopic approach would seem the procedure
abdominal wall musculature was the main feature of spi- of choice for the management of intra-abdominal testes with
rometry testing in patients with PBS (Level 4). No inves- comparable rates of testicular survival reported [73, 74].
tigation of postoperative spirometry has been published in Literature relating specifically to orchidopexies in PBS
PBS patients, but anecdotal evidence suggests an improved demonstrates higher rates of testicular loss. Denes et al.
clearance of respiratory secretions post-abdominal recon- [51] reported on single stage bilateral orchidopexy at the
struction 64]. time of urinary reconstruction. In 32 patients, an 8%
While these studies are informative, there is insufficient atrophy rate was noted and 8% of testes were positioned in
evidence currently to justify abdominal wall reconstruction the inguinal region. The mean age of surgery was
as anything other than a measure to improve the appear- 23 months with a mean follow-up period of 60 months
ance of the abdominal wall. Advocates argue that the (Level 3) [51]. Fallat et al. demonstrated that children
improvement in a patient’s self-esteem post-reconstruction [2 years showed a higher atrophy rate (30%) compared
warrants an aggressive approach at an early age although with only 4% of those \2 years following orchidopexy
this is based on anecdotal reports rather than any evidence performed at the time of urological reconstruction. Of
base. It is worth noting that good cosmetic outcomes have these, 82% were single stage orchidopexy, 14% the Fow-
also being achieved with improvement in abdominal wall ler-Stephens technique and 4% a staged Fowler-Stephens
laxity over time using abdominal corsets for support, technique [39]. The largest series was reported in 2004 by
although once again the evidence for corset use remains Patil et al.: in the 31 boys who underwent a single stage
weak [58, 65]. orchidopexy, at a mean age 8 years, there was a testicular
atrophy rate of 16% with 24% showing evidence of a
Cryptorchidism smaller testis. In the two stage orchidopexy group
(n = 30), where the mean age of surgery was 3.2 years, the
Bilateral intra-abdominal testes remain one of the major testicular atrophy rate was 3% with smaller testes noted in
features of PBS. Mechanical obstruction secondary to the 13% of boys. Of those patients who had a single stage
enlarged bladder and urinary system, coupled with the bilateral orchidopexy, 10% required hormonal supple-
absence of central abdominal wall musculature likely mentation at puberty while all children who had a two stage
impedes normal descent of the testes. The gubernaculum, orchidopexy underwent spontaneous puberty (Level 3)
important in testicular descent, has been noted to be atretic [75].
or abnormally attached at the pubic tubercule [66]. The There are only three reports in the literature of laparos-
presence of developmental abnormalities in the PBS testis copic orchidopexy in PBS and these primarily relate to
leading to failure of descent has also been suggested technical issues rather than testicular survival. Problems
although the evidence is contradictory. with air leak were reported due to the absent abdominal
Orvis et al. [67] studied the testes from fetal specimens musculature. Recommendations from these reports suggest
and noted reduced spermatogonia and Leydig cell hyper- careful port fixation, higher CO2 flow rates and the use of
plasia. Conversely Nunn and Stephens [66] described longer instruments due to the lax abdominal wall (Level 4)
normal testicular histology for age in autopsy specimens [76–78].
123
226 Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228
The higher rates of testicular loss reported in PBS Improvement in bladder emptying may be achieved by
patients might reflect older age at orchidopexy rather than timed voiding and intermittent catheterisation. If low
PBS as an independent risk factor for increased testicular postvoid residuals are not achieved using these conserva-
loss following orchidopexy. Orchidopexy was often timed tive methods, then more aggressive treatment by internal
when urinary reconstruction and abdominal wall recons- urethrotomy or vesicostomy has been reported (Level 4)
truction were performed which was beyond the first year [83, 84]. Acute graft torsion secondary to the abdominal
of life. Current guidelines recommend early orchidopexy wall laxity is a specific problem in PBS patients, with
(\1 year) to maximise testicular function and reduce the abdominoplasty or transplant nephropexy advocated to
risk of malignancy [79]. These guidelines should also prevent occurrence (Level 4) [83, 84].
apply to PBS patients. Where urinary or abdominal wall PBS patients have similar outcomes to age-matched
reconstruction is considered in the first year of life, a controls following renal transplantation. This is likely a
single stage abdominal orchidopexy should be performed reflection of the preoperative preparation to ensure ade-
at the same time. At this early age, it has been noted that quate bladder emptying coupled with vigilant post-trans-
it is easier to achieve mobilisation to allow for successful plant follow-up in these patients.
scrotal placement of the testis (Level 4) [39]. If no
abdominal surgery is planned then a laparoscopic
approach should be utilised with a single stage procedure Conclusion
used where possible to allow maximum potential for the
testes to survive and develop. This review highlights the complexities of patients with
PBS and the difficult management decisions that are faced.
Renal transplantation The literature, while informative, has been predominately
retrospective reviews from single institutions reporting
Nearly a third of PBS patients outside the postnatal period treatment options and outcomes. A more collaborative
will progress to renal failure requiring transplantation. approach is now required in the form of multicentre pro-
Early identifiable risk factors are renal cystic disease and spective randomized studies assessing specific treatment
dysplasia reported in approximately 50% of infants with outcomes. Without this, we will be none the wiser over the
PBS. The most accurate marker of significant renal dys- coming decades into the correct management of these
plasia is nadir creatinine; that is the lowest consistent complex set of patients.
creatinine level in the first 12 months of life. Canning et al.
reported that a creatinine level of [0.7 mg/dl was a strong
predictor of progression to renal failure in later life.
Interestingly, degree of dilatation of the urinary system was References
not a significant prognostic factor for renal function,
lending credence to the non-obstructive nature of PBS 1. Osler W (1901) Congenital absence of the abdominal muscle,
with distended and hypertrophied urinary bladder. Bull Johns
(Level 3) [80]. Renal failure may also occur from chronic Hopkins Hosp 12:331–333
pyelonephritis related to urinary stasis and incomplete 2. Eagle JF Jr, Barrett GS (1950) Congenital deficiency of abdom-
bladder emptying with repeated infections and obstructive inal musculature with associated genitourinary abnormalities: a
nephropathy. syndrome. Report of 9 cases. Pediatrics 6:721–736
3. Welch KJ, Kraney GP (1974) Abdominal musculature deficiency
The commonest indications for a renal transplant in PBS syndrome prune belly. J Urol 111:693–700
patients are renal failure secondary to chronic pyelone- 4. Rabinowitz R, Schillinger JF (1977) Prune belly syndrome in the
phritis and renal dysplasia [81–85]. While there remains no female subject. J Urol 118:454–456
specific data available on end stage renal failure (ESRF) 5. Smolkin T, Soudack M, Goldstein I, Sujov P, Makhoul IR (2008)
Prune belly syndrome: expanding the phenotype. Clin Dysmor-
rates in PBS patients, the mean age at transplantation has phol 17:133–135
been reported to be between 7.5 and 13.5 years [82, 84, 6. Harbour R, Miller J (2001) A new system for grading recom-
85]. Early progression to ESRF is attributed to significant mendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ 323:334–336
renal dysplasia while later progression is thought to occur 7. Routh JC, Huang L, Retik AB, Nelson CP (2010) Contemporary
epidemiology and characterization of newborn males with prune
due to renal damage from repeated infections and high belly syndrome. Urology 76:44–48
pressures generated from obstruction (Level 3) [81]. 8. Druschel CM (1995) A descriptive study of prune belly in New
The literature has emphasized the importance of York State, 1983 to 1989. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149:70–76
achieving and maintaining adequate bladder emptying 9. Beckmann H, Rehder H, Rauskolb R (1984) Prune belly sequence
associated with trisomy 13. Am J Med Genet 19:603–604
prior to transplantation. Poor bladder emptying leads to 10. Frydman M, Magenis RE, Mohandas TK, Kaback MM (1983)
high detrusor pressures, stasis and infection, associated Chromosome abnormalities in infants with prune belly anomaly:
with higher rates of graft deterioration post-transplant. association with trisomy 18. Am J Med Genet 15:145–148
123
Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228 227
11. Baird PA, Sadovnick AD (1987) Prune belly anomaly in down 32. Leeners B, Sauer I, Schefels J, Cotarelo CL, Funk A (2000) Prune-
syndrome. Am J Med Genet 26:747–748 belly syndrome: therapeutic options including in utero placement
12. Ramasamy R, Haviland M, Woodard JR, Barone JG (2005) of a vesicoamniotic shunt. J Clin Ultrasound 28:500–507
Patterns of inheritance in familial prune belly syndrome. Urology 33. Clark TJ, Martin WL, Divakaran TG, Whittle MJ, Kilby MD,
65:1227 Khan KS (2003) Prenatal bladder drainage in the management of
13. Petersen DS, Fish L, Cass AS (1972) Twins with congenital fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: a systematic review and
deficiency of abdominal musculature. J Urol 107:670–672 meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 102:367–382
14. Balaji KC, Patil A, Townes PL, Primack W, Skare J, Hopkins T 34. Morris RK, Kilby MD (2009) An overview of the literature on
(2000) Concordant prune belly syndrome in monozygotic twins. congenital lower urinary tract obstruction and introduction to the
Urology 55:949 PLUTO trial: percutaneous shunting in lower urinary tract
15. Murray PJ, Thomas K, Mulgrew CJ, Ellard S, Edghill EL, obstruction. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 49:6–10
Bingham C (2008) Whole gene deletion of the hepatocyte nuclear 35. Woodard JR (1978) The prune belly syndrome. Urol Clin North
factor-1beta gene in a patient with the prune-belly syndrome. Am 5:75–93
Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:2412–2415 36. Smith EA (2002) Prune belly syndrome. In: Wein AJ (ed)
16. Haeri S, Devers PL, Kaiser-Rogers KA, Moylan VJ Jr, Torchia Campbells urology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia
BS, Horton AL, Wolfe HM, Aylsworth AS (2010) Deletion of 37. Wright JR Jr, Barth RF, Neff JC, Poe ET, Sucheston ME,
hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-beta in an infant with prune belly Stempel LE (1986) Gastrointestinal malformations associated
syndrome. Am J Perinatol 27:559–563 with prune belly syndrome: three cases and a review of the
17. Manivel JC, Pettinato G, Reinberg Y, Gonzalez R, Burke B, literature. Pediatr Pathol 5:421–448
Dehner LP (1989) Prune belly syndrome: clinicopathologic study 38. Green NE, Lowery ER, Thomas R (1993) Orthopaedic aspects of
of 29 cases. Pediatr Pathol 9:691–711 prune belly syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 13:496–501
18. Gonzalez R, Reinberg Y, Burke B, Wells T, Vernier RL (1990) 39. Fallat ME, Skoog SJ, Belman AB, Eng G, Randolph JG (1989)
Early bladder outlet obstruction in fetal lambs induces renal The prune belly syndrome: a comprehensive approach to man-
dysplasia and the prune-belly syndrome. J Pediatr Surg agement. J Urol 142:802–805
25:342–345 40. Burbige KA, Amodio J, Berdon WE, Hensle TW, Blanc W,
19. Hutson JM, Beasley SW (1987) Aetiology of the prune belly Lattimer JK (1987) Prune belly syndrome: 35 years of experi-
syndrome. Aust Paediatr J 23:309–310 ence. J Urol 137:86–90
20. Stephens FD, Gupta D (1994) Pathogenesis of the prune belly 41. Bellah RD, States LJ, Duckett JW (1996) Pseudoprune-belly
syndrome. J Urol 152:2328–2331 syndrome: imaging findings and clinical outcome. AJR Am J
21. Deklerk DP, Scott WW (1978) Prostatic maldevelopment in the Roentgenol 167:1389–1393
prune belly syndrome: a defect in prostatic stromal-epithelial 42. Kinahan TJ, Churchill BM, McLorie GA, Gilmour RF, Khoury
interaction. J Urol 120:341–344 AE (1992) The efficiency of bladder emptying in the prune belly
22. Ives EJ (1974) The abdominal muscle deficiency triad syndrome. J Urol 148:600–603
syndrome—experience with ten cases. Birth Defects Orig Artic 43. Shrom SH, Cromie WJ, Duckett JW Jr (1981) Megalourethra.
Ser 10:127–135 Urology 17:152–156
23. Papantoniou N, Papoutsis D, Daskalakis G, Chatzipapas I, Sindos 44. Kroovand RL, Al-Ansari RM, Perlmutter AD (1982) Urethral and
M, Papaspyrou I, Mesogitis S, Antsaklis A (2010) Prenatal genital malformations in prune belly syndrome. J Urol 127:94–96
diagnosis of prune-belly syndrome at 13 weeks of gestation: case 45. Woodard JR, Parrott TS (1978) Reconstruction of the urinary
report and review of literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med tract in prune belly uropathy. J Urol 119:824–828
23:1263–1267 46. Woodard JR, Zucker I (1990) Current management of the dilated
24. Yamamoto H, Nishikawa S, Hayashi T, Sagae S, Kudo R (2001) urinary tract in prune belly syndrome. Urol Clin North Am
Antenatal diagnosis of prune belly syndrome at 11 weeks of 17:407–418
gestation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 27:37–40 47. Woodhouse CR, Kellett MJ, Williams DI (1979) Minimal sur-
25. Shigeta M, Nagata M, Shimoyamada H, Shibata S, Okuno S, gical interference in the prune belly syndrome. Br J Urol
Hamada H, Watanabe T (1999) Prune-belly syndrome diagnosed 51:475–480
at 14 weeks’ gestation with severe urethral obstruction but 48. Perlmutter AD (1976) Reduction cystoplasty in prune belly
normal kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol 13:135–137 syndrome. J Urol 116:356–362
26. Chen L, Cai A, Wang X, Wang B, Li J (2010) Two- and three- 49. McMullin N, Hutson J, Kelly J (1988) Minimal surgery in the
dimensional prenatal sonographic diagnosis of prune-belly prune belly syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 3:51–54
syndrome. J Clin Ultrasound 38:279–282 50. Bukowski TP, Perlmutter AD (1994) Reduction cystoplasty in the
27. Sutherland RS, Mevorach RA, Kogan BA (1995) The prune-belly prune belly syndrome: a long-term followup. J Urol
syndrome: current insights. Pediatr Nephrol 9:770–778 152:2113–2116
28. KA Woodward PJ, Soahey R, Byrne JLB, Oh KY, Puchalski MD 51. Denes FT, Arap MA, Giron AM, Silva FA, Arap S (2004)
(2005) Diagnostic imaging obstetrics. Amirsys Inc, Salt Lake Comprehensive surgical treatment of prune belly syndrome:
City 17 years’ experience with 32 patients. Urology 64:789–793 dis-
29. Osborne NG, Bonilla-Musoles F, Machado LE, Raga F, Bonilla F cussion 793–784
Jr, Ruiz F, Perez Guardia CM, Ahluwalia B (2011) Fetal mega- 52. Caldamine A, Woodard JR (2011) Campbell-Walsh Urology,
cystis: differential diagnosis. J Ultrasound Med 30:833–841 10th edn, vol 4. Prune Belly Syndrome. Elsevier Saunders,
30. Austin JC, Canning DA, Johnson MP, Flake AW, Carr MC Philadelphia
(2001) Vesicoamniotic shunt in a female fetus with the prune 53. Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J (2005) Circumcision for the
belly syndrome. J Urol 166:2382 prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: a systematic review
31. Galati V, Beeson JH, Confer SD, Frimberger D, Campbell JB, of randomised trials and observational studies. Arch Dis Child
Ramji FG, Kropp BP (2008) A favorable outcome following 32 90:853–858
vesicocentesis and amnioinfusion procedures in a fetus with 54. Chen IL, Huang HC, Lee SY, Liu CA, Tain YL, Ou-Yang MC,
severe prune belly syndrome. J Pediatr Urol 4:170–172 Chao PH (2011) Urachal catheter provides new choice for
123
228 Pediatr Surg Int (2012) 28:219–228
long-term urinary diversion in prune belly syndrome. Urology J, Jordan G, Erhard M, Franco I (2001) A multi-institutional
77:466–468 analysis of laparoscopic orchidopexy. BJU Int 87:484–489
55. Mininberg DT, Montoya F, Okada K, Galioto F, Presutti R (1973) 72. Kirsch AJ, Escala J, Duckett JW, Smith GH, Zderic SA, Canning
Subcellular muscle studies in the prune belly syndrome. J Urol DA, Snyder HM 3rd (1998) Surgical management of the non-
109:524–526 palpable testis: the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia experi-
56. Afifi AK, Rebeiz J, Mire J, Andonian J, VMd Kaloustian (1972) ence. J Urol 159:1340–1343
The myopathology of the Prune belly syndrome. J Neurol Sci 73. Abolyosr A (2006) Laparoscopic versus open orchiopexy in the
15:153–165 management of abdominal testis: a descriptive study. Int J Urol
57. Smith CA, Smith EA, Parrott TS, Broecker BH, Woodard JR 13:1421–1424
(1998) Voiding function in patients with the prune-belly syn- 74. Lindgren BW, Franco I, Blick S, Levitt SB, Brock WA, Palmer
drome after Monfort abdominoplasty. J Urol 159:1675–1679 LS, Friedman SC, Reda EF (1999) Laparoscopic Fowler-Ste-
58. Randolph J, Cavett C, Eng G (1981) Surgical correction and phens orchiopexy for the high abdominal testis. The Journal of
rehabilitation for children with ‘‘Prune-belly’’ syndrome. Ann urology 162:990–993 discussion 994
Surg 193:757–762 75. Patil KK, Duffy PG, Woodhouse CR, Ransley PG (2004) Long-
59. Ehrlich RM, Lesavoy MA (1993) Umbilicus preservation with term outcome of Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy in boys with prune-
total abdominal wall reconstruction in prune-belly syndrome. belly syndrome. J Urol 171:1666–1669
Urology 41:231–232 76. Saxena AK, Brinkmann OA (2007) Unique features of prune
60. Monfort G, Guys JM, Bocciardi A, Coquet M, Chevallier D belly syndrome in laparoscopic surgery. J Am Coll Surg
(1991) A novel technique for reconstruction of the abdominal 205:217–221
wall in the prune belly syndrome. J Urol 146:639–640 77. Philip J, Mullassery D, Craigie RJ, Manikandan R, Kenny SE
61. Furness PD III, Cheng EY, Franco I, Firlit CF (1998) The prune- (2011) Laparoscopic orchidopexy in boys with prune belly syn-
belly syndrome: a new and simplified technique of abdominal drome-outcome and technical considerations. J Endourol
wall reconstruction. J Urol 160:1195–1197 discussion 1216 25:1115–1117
62. Franco I (2005) Laparoscopic assisted modification of the firlit 78. Docimo SG, Moore RG, Kavoussi LR (1995) Laparoscopic
abdominal wall plication. J Urol 174:280–283 orchidopexy in the prune belly syndrome: a case report and
63. Crompton CH, MacLusky IB, Geary DF (1993) Respiratory review of the literature. Urology 45:679–681
function in the prune-belly syndrome. Arch Dis Child 79. Hutson JM, Balic A, Nation T, Southwell B (2010) Cryptorchi-
68:505–506 dism. Semin Pediatr Surg 19:215–224
64. Woodard JR (2003) Prune-belly syndrome: a personal learning 80. Noh PH, Cooper CS, Winkler AC, Zderic SA, Snyder HM 3rd,
experience. BJU Int 92(Suppl 1):10–11 Canning DA (1999) Prognostic factors for long-term renal
65. Woodhouse CR, Ransley PG, Innes-Williams D (1982) Prune function in boys with the prune-belly syndrome. J Urol
belly syndrome–report of 47 cases. Arch Dis Child 57:856–859 162:1399–1401
66. Nunn IN, Stephens FD (1961) The triad syndrome: a composite 81. Reinberg Y, Manivel JC, Pettinato G, Gonzalez R (1991)
anomaly of the abdominal wall, urinary system and testes. J Urol Development of renal failure in children with the prune belly
86:782–794 syndrome. J Urol 145:1017–1019
67. Orvis BR, Bottles K, Kogan BA (1988) Testicular histology in 82. Reinberg Y, Manivel JC, Fryd D, Najarian JS, Gonzalez R (1989)
fetuses with the prune belly syndrome and posterior urethral The outcome of renal transplantation in children with the prune
valves. J Urol 139:335–337 belly syndrome. J Urol 142:1541–1542
68. Massad CA, Cohen MB, Kogan BA, Beckstead JH (1991) Mor- 83. Fusaro F, Zanon GF, Ferreli AM, Giuliani S, Zacchello G,
phology and histochemistry of infant testes in the prune belly Passerini-Glazel G, Rigamonti W (2004) Renal transplantation in
syndrome. J Urol 146:1598–1600 prune-belly syndrome. Transpl Int 17:549–552
69. Woodhouse CR, Snyder HM III (1985) Testicular and sexual 84. Kamel MH, Thomas AA, Al-Mufarrej FM, O’Kelly P, Hickey DP
function in adults with prune belly syndrome. J Urol 133:607–609 (2007) Deceased-donor kidney transplantation in prune belly
70. Elyas R, Guerra LA, Pike J, DeCarli C, Betolli M, Bass J, Chou syndrome. Urology 69:666–669
S, Sweeney B, Rubin S, Barrowman N, Moher D, Leonard M 85. Fontaine E, Salomon L, Gagnadoux MF, Niaudet P, Broyer M,
(2010) Is staging beneficial for Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy? A Beurton D (1997) Long-term results of renal transplantation in
systematic review. The Journal of urology 183:2012–2018 children with the prune-belly syndrome. J Urol 158:892–894
71. Baker LA, Docimo SG, Surer I, Peters C, Cisek L, Diamond DA,
Caldamone A, Koyle M, Strand W, Moore R, Mevorach R, Brady
123