Systems, First Report and Order, ET Docket 98–153, FCC 02–48,
Adopted: February 2002; Released: April 2002.
Figure 11 Simulated and measured (a) efficiencies and (b) realized
peak gains. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
of the radiated EM wave. A slight change in phase due to the
feeding cable could cause substantial change in the direction
and amplitude of the main lobe in the radiation pattern. At high
frequency, Figure 11(b) shows that the measured gain and simu-
lated gain with using the cable model agree very well.
5. CONCLUSION
The compact QSCA with a small size of 19.7 3 19 mm2 has
been proposed for UWB applications. The antenna consists of a
half-elliptical patch with two HCSs and a slot with the comple-
ment of the patch shape cut on an L-shaped ground plane. The
use of HCSs to improve the impedance bandwidth has been
studied using computer simulation. The simulated and measured
performances, in terms of impedance bandwidth, radiation pat-
tern, efficiency, and peak gain of the antenna, have been pre-
sented. Results have shown that the antenna has good
impedance matching throughout the entire UWB, making it a
good candidate for portable UWB applications.
REFERENCES
1. Y. Mushiake, The input impedance of a slit antenna, In: Joint Con-
vention Record of Tohoku Sections of IEE and IECE of Japan, June
1948, pp. 25–26.
2. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Revision of Part 15 of
the Commission’s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2014
3. Y. Mushiake, A report on Japanese development of antennas: From
the Yagi-Uda antenna to self-complementary antennas, IEEE Anten-
nas Propag Mag 46 (2004), 47–60.
4. L. Guo, S. Wang, Y. Gao, Z. Wang, X. Chen, and C.G. Parini,
Study of printed quasi-self-complementary antenna for ultra-
wideband systems, Electron Lett 44 (2008), 511–512.
5. C.C. Lin, Compact bow-tie quasi-self-complementary antenna for
UWB applications, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 11 (2012),
987–989.
6. L. Guo, S. Wang, X. Chen, and C. Parini, A small printed quasi-
self-complementary antenna for ultrawideband systems, IEEE Anten-
nas Wireless Propag Lett 8 (2009), 554–557.
7. C.Y. Huang and J.Y. Su, A printed band-notched UWB antenna
using quasi-self-complementary structure, IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag Lett 10 (2011), 1151–1153.
8. C.C. Lin, C.Y. Hunag, and J.Y. Su, A printed band-notched UWB
antenna using quasi-self-complementary structure, IET Microwave
Antennas Propag 5 (2011), 1613–1618.
9. L. Guo, X. Chen, and C.G. Parini, Miniature ultra-wideband antenna
for wireless universal serial bus dongle applications, IET Microwave
Antennas Propag 6 (2012), 113–119.
10. L. Liu, S.W. Cheung, Y.F. Weng, and T.I. Yuk, Cable effects on
measuring small planar UWB monopole antennas, In: M.A. Matin
(Ed.), Ultra wideband–current status and future trends, 2012.
C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
EIGHT-ELEMENT ANTENNA ARRAY FOR
DIVERSITY AND MIMO MOBILE TERMI-
NAL IN LTE 3500 MHz BAND
Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi,1,2 Janne Ilvonen,1 Risto Valkonen,1,3
and Ville Viikari1
1
Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University
School of Electrical Engineering, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
Corresponding author: abdullah.azremi@aalto.fi
2
School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti
Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
3
Institute of Electrical and Information Engineering, Christian-
Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24143 Kiel, Germany
Received 22 September 2013
ABSTRACT: A multiantenna system comprising of an eight-element
antenna array in mobile terminal is presented. In this work, two sets of
eight-element antenna structures based on capacitive coupling element
and inverted-F antennas operating at 3400–3600 MHz long-term evolu-
tion frequency band are designed. The structures are estimated to
achieve a good effective diversity gain in both uniform and nonuniform
environments. It is also shown that the proposed structures achieve an
ergodic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) capacity of only 1.2 bit/
(s Hz) lower than the capacity achieved by ideal uncorrelated antennas.
A prototype is fabricated to validate the simulation results. The result
shows that the structure exhibited the highest mutual coupling of 210
dB across the required frequency band. Therefore, the proposed struc-
ture is a good candidate for implementing diversity and MIMO in
mobile terminals. VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt
Technol Lett 56:1323–1327, 2014; View this article online at
wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.28316
Key words: antenna diversity; multiple-input multiple-output; mobile
terminal antenna; multielement antenna; mutual coupling
1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing the number of antennas and transceivers on compact
mobile terminals is widely known as an option to increase the
1323
Figure 1 (a) Eight multiantenna locations to meet the required 0.25k antenna separation [7], user’s, (b) one hand, (c) two hands, and (d) proposed
eight multiantenna locations. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
channel capacity by using multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) systems [1]. However, the space available for an
antenna is scarce and limits the number of antennas. In addition
to that, multiple antennas in a compact mobile terminal are
closely spaced and the resulting mutual coupling is relatively
strong. Mutual coupling causes interference in multiantenna sys-
tems and decreases the efficiency [2].
In MIMO systems, the number of available parallel inde-
pendent channels for spatial diversity or multiplexing varies for
different propagation environments. Ideal uniform environment
facilitates multiple independent channels, whereas dominant
line-of-sight environment provides only a few independent chan-
nels [3]. For a MIMO mobile antenna structure that can operate
in both the propagation environments, design strategy by imple-
menting as many antenna elements as possible in the array to
accommodate the maximum number of independent channels is
of interest. Therefore, an antenna array structure with large
number of antenna elements is considered.
In previous work, a number of MIMO antenna designs have
been proposed consisting of up to six antenna elements to
accommodate Universal Mobile Telecommunication System,
802.11a and wireless local area network frequency bands that
are below 3000 MHz [4–6]. Two planar inverted-F antennas
(IFAs) and four IFAs have been realized into small multistan-
dard handsets [4], whereas printed antenna array with four ele-
ments have been constructed and tested [5, 6]. In this work, two
eight-element antenna arrays for mobile terminal operating in
the 3400–3600 MHz long-term evolution (LTE) band are pro-
posed, and one of them is fabricated. To the best of the author’s
knowledge, design and realization of eight-element antenna
array on mobile terminal have not been reported before.
The proposed antennas are examined in both uniform and
nonuniform environments at different polarizations. Simulated
and measured results are addressed to demonstrate the perform-
ance of one of the proposed antennas.
2. MULTIELEMENT ANTENNA DESIGN
The design process started with a feasibility study on the amount of
antennas that can be incorporated on the chassis. The rectangular
chassis measuring 2.3k 3 1.2k (at 3500 MHz on substrate with
dielectric constant, er 5 3.38) was found to accommodate up to
eight elements at the edges of the chassis such that the edge-to-
edge separation between two elements is greater than the generally
required 0.25k [7]. Therefore, a structure with total of eight anten-
1324 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2014
nas is chosen for this purpose. Figure 1(a) shows the location where
the antennas can be placed to meet the mentioned requirement.
However, the mobile terminals are likely in data transfer sce-
narios where a user holds the terminal with data and browsing-
mode grips [8, 9]. The typical hand grips are shown in Figures
1(b) and 1(c), respectively. Based on these grips, the suitable
locations of the antenna elements are limited as shown by blue
dotted lines.
Therefore, to maximize the probability of having unob-
structed antennas to the user’s hand, multiple antennas are pro-
posed to be located at the top corner and center of the
terminal’s major edge [9]. Specifically, three antennas are
designed at the minor edges and two antennas are located at the
center of major edges. The proposed antenna locations for eight-
element antennas are shown in Figure 1(d). These locations are
selected to compensate the effect of the user’s hand for both
hand grips simultaneously. Miniaturized internal handset anten-
nas comprising of eight capacitive coupling element (CCEs)
only, or four CCEs with four IFAs are selected to meet the
required separation between elements.
Two sets of eight-element antenna array were designed. The
first design is based on CCEs mounted around the chassis,
referred to as “8-CCE.” In the second design, an eight-element
antenna array using four nonresonant-type CCEs at every chas-
sis corner, and four differently oriented self-resonant printed
IFAs around the chassis. The structure is referred to as “8-CF.”
Both designs are illustrated in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respec-
tively. The feeding locations of each antenna for both studied
structures were fixed. The antennas are mounted on a printed
circuit board (PCB) ground plane (Rogers RO4003C) of dimen-
sions 110 3 55 3 1.5 mm3, corresponding to the size of today’s
touch screen mobile phones.
A nonresonant-type CCE antenna was selected due to sim-
plicity of the coupling element geometry and flexibility offered
(by an external matching circuitry) to match at any frequency of
interest [10]. It is shown earlier that four characteristic modes of
a chassis having the size of 120 3 60 mm2 were found at 3500
MHz [11]. This phenomenon is applicable to the investigated
chassis size used in this work. The edges of the major and
minor axes of the chassis were found to be optimal for capaci-
tive couplers to excite the first three characteristic modes [11].
Hence, the CCEs are optimally located in this respect.
Corner-type geometry was chosen for CCEs. The corner
CCE is an off-ground structure having 2 mm ground clearance,
and it occupies 80 mm3 volume. They are connected to a
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 2 Studied antenna structures (a) 8-CCE, (b) 8-CF, (c) matching components used at the associated ports, and (d) the 8-CF prototype. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

matching circuit on the top layer of the PCB. The corner CCEs
dimension and location are the same for both studied structures.
Center CCE with 50 mm3 volume is used to model CCE
antenna at the edges of the chassis. The dimensions of CCE for
corner and center type are shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), and
the IFA is shown in Figure 3(c), respectively.
IFA is a well-known classical form of internal handset anten-
nas [12]. Instead of having conductor wire type in conventional
IFA structure, IFAs are printed on the ground plane side of the
PCB with a length of 20 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. The feed-
ing location of each IFA is the same as that of the center-type
CCE. A 80 mm2 slot from the ground plane was dedicated for
each IFA. This is to confine and localize current distribution of
the IFAs, thus, reducing mutual coupling of the associated
antenna with other adjacent elements.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The target center frequency is 3500 MHz, with the matching cri-
terion |Sii|  26 dB (where i 5 1, 2, . . ., 8) across 3400–3600
MHz frequency band. The CCE structures are matched using
components from LQW15 and GQM18 Murata inductor and
Figure 3 Single element of (a) corner-type CCE, (b) center-type CCE,
and (c) IFA. All dimensions are in millimeter. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
capacitor series, respectively. The component values for each
associated ports are shown in Figure 2(c). To reduce the match-
ing circuit complexity, the matching procedure was tuned only
to meet the mentioned criterion.
3.1. Multielement Antenna Characteristics
Simulation results of total embedded efficiencies (multiport ver-
sion of classical single-port total efficiency, when nonexcited
ports were terminated with 50 X) for the studied structures are
listed in Table 1. The efficiencies of the structures are better
than 22.20 and 22.25 dB for the 8-CCE and 8-CF structures,
respectively. It is shown that all antennas achieved relatively
good efficiency due to the considerably low level of mutual
coupling. In general, the total embedded efficiency is affected
by conductor and substrate losses, mismatch losses, and losses
in the generators of other ports due to mutual coupling [2].
Cross Polar Discrimination (XPD) is used to analyze the
polarization state of each antenna element [1]. In this work, it is
defined as the ratio between the gains at vertical to horizontal
polarization. This is used as a figure-of-merit to study the
imperfections in the antenna design level related to polarization
diversity. The XPDs are presented in Table 1. For the 8-CCE
structure, the variation in XPD, that is the difference between
the maximum and minimum XPDs for the corner and center-
type CCEs is 1.3 and 19.2 dB, respectively. In contrast, the 8-
CF structure exhibited more dominant polarization states, with
variation in XPD for the corner CCEs and IFAs are 6.3 and
24.9 dB, respectively. It is noticed that the polarization states
alternate significantly between all antennas in the 8-CF struc-
ture. Having IFA as the center-located antenna, the corner-type
CCEs show an improvement in the polarization state variance as
compared to the use of center-type CCE. In the 8-CF structure,
the dedicated ground plane slot for the IFAs has reduced the
coupling effect from the chassis and other antenna elements.

TABLE 1 Simulated Multielement Antenna Characteristics at 3500 MHz

Antennas
Multielement Antenna
Characteristics (dB) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total embedded efficiency* 21.56 21.41 21.57 21.50 21.58 21.77 21.51 22.20
Total embedded efficiency† 21.79 21.89 21.73 21.89 21.39 22.15 21.38 22.25
XPD* 20.18 0.87 20.45 0.87 210.45 6.70 212.04 7.16
XPD† 23.10 2.90 23.20 3.10 19.50 22.70 20.20 24.70
Antennas 1–4 are corner-type elements and antennas 5–8 are center-type elements.
*8-CCE structure.
†
8-CF structure.

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2014 1325
TABLE 2 Effective Diversity Gain (1% CDF Level) at 3500 The estimated EDG performance at 1% CDF level for both
MHz structures is shown in Table 2. In isotropic uniform and nonuni-
XPR (dB) form environments, the envelope correlations are found to be
very small, meeting the MIMO LTE requirements for spatial
Structures 220 210 0 10 20 diversity (qe  0.3 in the band of interest) [16]. However, degra-
8-CCE* 19.5 20.3 20.1 20.3 20.3 dation in EDG mainly comes from the additive total embedded
8-CF* 19.1 19.3 20.1 20.6 20.7 efficiency losses that exhibited from the additive mutual cou-
8-CCE† 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.2 19.0 pling from all eight antennas. The MEG of both structures in
8-CF† 18.3 18.7 19.6 20.0 20.1 the studied environments ranges between 23.5 and 24.5 dB.
*Isotropic uniform in both azimuth and elevation planes: Ph(h, The degraded EDGs of both structures are listed in Table 2. As
/) 5 P/(h, /) 5 1/4p [1]. a reference, an eight-element ideal antenna achieves an EDG of
†
Isotropic uniform in azimuth and elevation plane follows Gaussian dis- 24.6 dB.
tribution: mv 5 mh 5 80 and rv 5 rh 5 15 .
When the XPR was varied from 220 to 20 dB, the 8-CCE
and 8-CF structures exhibited small EDG variance of only up to
3.2. Effective Diversity Gain 0.6 and 1.8 dB, respectively. The highest EDG between the two
The diversity performance of both structures is evaluated using structures in both investigated environments is highlighted. The
maximum ratio combining (MRC) by means of effective diver- 8-CCE structure achieved highest EDG in dominant horizontally
sity gain (EDG). The EDG is the output signal-to-noise ratio polarized environment, whereas the 8-CF structure achieved
(SNR) improvement of a diversity antenna relative to an ideal highest EDG in dominant vertically polarized environment. This
isotropic dual-polarized (reference) antenna [13]. In this work, is related to the presented XPDs in Table 1, where port 7 in the
the EDGs are investigated in uniform and nonuniform environ- 8-CCE and port 7 in the 8-CF structures exhibited the highest
ments with different values of cross polarization ratio (XPR), XPD among other antenna ports in the horizontal and vertical
that is, power ratio between vertical and horizontal polarized polarized states, respectively. To achieve high EDG in both
components of the environment. The results are expressed at the polarized environments, it is suggested to have a structure that
probability that the instantaneous resultant SNR, c is below a offers high polarization variance-based antennas, that is, having
predefined level, x, that is, P(c  x). Assuming a rich scattering antenna elements with high and low XPDs as much as possible.
Rayleigh fading environment, the cumulative distribution func- The performed investigations show that the XPD can be used as
tion (CDF) of the MRC output of the eight-element antenna a tool to estimate the EDG performance of different multiele-
array is calculated by [14]: ment antenna designs in polarization-imbalance environment
(XPR 6¼ 0 dB).
X 8
k7k exp ð2x=kj Þ
PMRC ;8 ðc  xÞ512 8
j51 Pk6¼j ðkj 2kk Þ 3.3. MIMO Channel Capacity
In this work, the MIMO channel capacity is calculated under an
where kj (j 5 1, 2, . . ., 8) is the jth eigenvalue of the signals assumption that the channel is unknown at the transmitter.
covariance matrix k. The elements of the 8 3 8 covariance Therefore, the transmitting antennas are equally powered. The
matrix are formulated by channel matrix H is calculated as
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Kjk 5C0 qe;jk MEG j MEG k ; 1=2
H5RR Hiid RT ;
1=2

where qe,jk is the envelope correlation between the jth and kth
elements (j, k 5 1, 2, . . ., 8), and the MEG is the mean received
power of the associated antenna element [15]. C0 5 0 dB is the
average MEG of the reference antenna.
where Hiid is a 2 3 8 matrix whose entries are independent and
identically distributed complex Gaussian random variables. RR
and RT are the receive and transmit antenna envelope correla-
tion matrices, respectively. The ergodic MIMO capacity, C is
defined as [17]:
  

SNR
C5E log 2 det I1 HHH ;
nT

where E denotes expectation with respect to different channel

Figure 4 Ergodic MIMO capacity over 10,000 channel realizations as
a function of SNR. Number of transmitting antennas, nT 5 2. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com]
realizations, I is an identity matrix, SNR is the mean SNR at
the mobile terminal, nT is the number of transmitting antennas,
and (.)H denotes the Hermitian transpose. In this work, nT is
fixed to two ideal uncorrelated antennas. The results of ergodic
MIMO capacity is presented in Figure 4. The ergodic MIMO
capacity of both structures are compared with two ideal trans-
mitters and eight ideal receivers, whose correlation matrix is the
identity matrix. It is shown that both proposed structures
achieved capacity lower than the ideal uncorrelated receiver and
transmitter case by only about 1.2 bit/(s Hz) in the uniform
environment.
The studied structures have been evaluated empirically in a
real-life propagation environment also with user in Ref. 8. The
diversity and MIMO performance were shown to degrade due to

1326 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2014 DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 5 Input reflection coefficients of the 8-CF for (a) CCEs and
(b) IFAs. “Sim.” and “Meas.” refer to simulation and measurement
results, respectively. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
power absorbed by the hand thus reducing the MEG of the mul-
tiantenna system [8, 9].
3.4. Measurement Results
The 8-CF structure shown in Figure 2(d) was fabricated and
tested to validate the simulation results. The IFAs are fed from
their inductive stub by a plated through-hole vias which are con-
nected to microcoaxial connector at the top side of the PCB.
The same connector type is used for all antenna ports.
Comparison of |Sii| simulation and experimental results is
illustrated in Figure 5. All other nonexcited ports were termi-
nated to 50 X. It is shown that there is a good agreement
between the simulated and measured results, where all antenna
elements achieved relatively good impedance matching,
|Sii|  28 dB. The discrepancies between them were mainly due
to the effect of the measurement cables, and the inaccuracies in
the manufacturing of the prototype. In the presence of hand,
loss due to frequency detuning is expected to be less significant
as the impedance match of the 8-CF structure is broadband [18].
Table 2 presents the mutual coupling achieved at 3500 MHz.
It can clearly be observed that there is a good agreement between
the simulated and measured results. The nominal mutual coupling
becomes better when the impedance matching of the two antennas
are worsened, offering a performance trade-off between the
impedance matching and the mutual coupling level [19]. On aver-
age, the mutual coupling is 219.7 dB (from simulated results)
and 221.1 dB (from measured results) over all combinations. The
measured total embedded efficiencies at the 3400–3600 MHz fre-
quency band are between 22.6 and 22.3 dB.
4. CONCLUSION
In this work, an eight-element antenna array on mobile terminal
for the future diversity/MIMO LTE application is presented. The
estimated diversity performance is good even in strong
polarization-imbalance environments. The proposed structures
achieve ergodic MIMO capacity of only 1.2 bit/(s Hz) lower than
the MIMO channel capacity achieved by ideal uncorrelated anten-
nas. The selection of antenna type and location on the terminal
chassis plays a significant role to achieve desired polarization
characteristics. A prototype to validate the antenna design was
constructed and measured. The measurement results show that all
eight antennas achieved the highest mutual coupling of 210 dB
and the total embedded efficiencies are better than 22.6 dB in
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2014
the required band. The proposed antenna is shown to be feasible
for diversity and MIMO operation in mobile terminals.
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V
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