Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10 1016@j Jallcom 2016 06 122
10 1016@j Jallcom 2016 06 122
PII: S0925-8388(16)31845-X
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.122
Reference: JALCOM 37991
Please cite this article as: S. Acharya, M. Debata, T.S. Acharya, P.P. Acharya, S.K. Singh, Influence
of nickel boride addition on sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of TiC–Ni based cermets,
Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.122.
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all
legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
PT
Advanced Materials Technology Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials
Technology, Bhubaneswar-751013, Odisha, India
RI
Abstract
SC
TiC-Ni based cermets were prepared by vacuum sintering at 1200°C, 1300°C and 1400°C.
NiB (0, 10, 20 wt %) was added to improve sintering activity by creating a liquid phase and
U
enhance the densification. The effects of NiB content on density, microstructure, hardness,
AN
elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and thermal expansion were studied. Density, micro
hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness, of the composite were increased by the
M
addition of 10 wt% NiB. The 1400°C sintered sample with 10wt% NiB resulted in maximum
D
densification with 97% of theoretical density. The 1400°C sintered TiC-10Ni-10NiB showed
TE
better mechanical properties with elastic modulus of 470GPa , hardness of 2759 HV and fracture
toughness 8.98MPa.m1/2, all better than that of TiC-20Ni sintered at same condition.
EP
Keywords: TiC-Ni-NiB cermet; Powder metallurgy; CTE; FESEM; Elastic Modulus; Hardness.
C
+ Deceased
AC
1. Introduction
TiC-based cermets are commonly used as cutting tool material, especially in finishing
operations, due to their high hardness, strength, wear resistance and phase stability, which are
essential for high temperature applications [1-3]. Binders such as Fe, Cr, Co, Ni are added in
PT
TiC-based cermets to increase ductility and toughness. For the preparation of TiC-based cermets
RI
the solid state methods employed are: powder metallurgy, self-propagation high temperature
synthesis, mechanical alloying and carbon thermal reduction etc. As these cermets are very hard
SC
to machine, it is preferred to use powder metallurgy route to obtain near net shaped final
products. The two main operations of the powder metallurgy process are compacting and
U
sintering. Sintering can take place with a transient (temporary) or with a permanent liquid phase.
AN
In liquid phase sintering, wetting angle plays an important role. For a smaller value of wetting
angle, the driving force will be higher. However, due to the poor wettability between TiC and Ni
M
(wetting angle is 30° in vacuum and 17° in a hydrogen atmosphere [4], it is difficult to sinter
D
TiC-Ni compared to WC-Co [2, 5-7]. During vacuum sintering, the metal binder which has
TE
lower melting temperature, melts and dissolution and mass transport takes place in the liquid. To
improve the wettability of Ni with TiC/ TiCN composite, Mo2C was added [8, 9]. WC has been
EP
added to TiC/ TiCN composite for enhancing the TRS (Transverse Rupture Strength) and
fracture toughness [10]. Mo is also added in TiC/TiCN, not only to enhance the wettability
C
between grains, but also improve the densification and mechanical properties [11,12].
AC
Sinterability and thermal shock resistance were improved by addition of secondary carbides such
Worauaychai et al. [18] have reported that P addition increases mechanical properties in
terms of hardness and toughness in TiC-Ni composites. Cardinal et al. [19] found that TiN
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
additions improved both hardness and toughness. Addition of low melting point boride in the
form of nickel boride (NiB) having melting point of 1018°C [20] leads to densification of the
cermets by liquid phase sintering because the pseudo-binary eutectic reaction occurs at relatively
low temperature. Nickel boride is generally used as a sintering additive to increase the density at
PT
a lower temperature and for good mechanical properties, especially high-temperature strength.
RI
Gulsoy [21] conducted a set of sintering experiments on 17-4 PH stainless steel samples at
1280°C for 45min to study the effect of 0.25, 5, 0.75 and 1 wt % NiB additions on the final
SC
sintered density. An increase in relative density, as well as mechanical properties was observed
in the NiB containing samples. Near full density (7.8 g/cm3) was obtained with a 1 wt % NiB
U
addition. Debata and Upadhyaya [22] added NiB in tungsten-based alloys and achieved higher
AN
density, with increased hardness. Little experimental work on the effect of NiB on cermets has
been reported to date, and hence there is good potential for extensive investigation.
M
The objective of this work was to study the influence of NiB additions on sintered density,
D
used as a sintering additive to achieve higher sintered density in TiC-Ni based composites at
lower sintering temperatures. Milling time, milling speed, and ball-to-powder ratio were kept
EP
constant. Sintering time of 1h was kept constant. Sintered density, hardness, elastic modulus,
C
fracture toughness and thermal expansion of the sintered samples were evaluated. Detailed
AC
characterization, such as XRD, TG-DTA, SEM and FESEM of the sintered samples were carried
out.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
2. Experimental investigations
Titanium carbide powder (Alfa Aesar, 2 µm, and purity 99.9%) and nickel powder (Alfa
Aesar, 3-7µm, purity 99.7%) were used in the preparation of the cermets. Nickel boride (NiB,
Alfa Aesar, purity 99%) was added to the TiC-Ni mixed powders. Three different compositions
PT
were prepared as listed in Table 1. The powder mixtures were milled in a Pulverisette 7 vial
RI
using WC-Co balls (dia. =1.6mm) for 1h in isopropyl alcohol medium. The ball-to-powder ratio
was maintained at 20:1 and a speed of 300rpm was kept constant. The milled powders were
SC
compacted under a uniaxial load of 1.6 T to produce cylindrical shape samples of 10mm
diameter and 4mm height. Sintering was performed in a high temperature vacuum furnace
U
(Vicco, VF-2000 series) for 1h at 1200°, 1300° and 1400°C respectively.
AN
Phase analysis of the as-milled powders, as well as sintered samples, was done by XRD (X-
M
ray diffraction) using a PAN analytical X’Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation and
Ni filter for 2θ from 10° to 80° with a scanning rate of 2° per minute). The liquid formation
D
TOLEDO TGA/SDTA 851e) technique. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed
from 30°C to 1400°C at the rate of 10°C/min. The as-milled powders for DTA tests were loaded
EP
in to the crucible under nitrogen. Microstructures of the as-milled powders were observed under
C
a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL Model JSM-6510). Microstructures and chemical
AC
compositions of the as-sintered samples were studied by a Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope (FESEM, SUPRA GEMINI55, CARL ZEISS, and GERMANY) with an energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The samples were coated with gold for the FESEM and
EDS analysis, and five analyses in different places were taken on the dark and light regions. The
bulk density of the sintered samples was determined by Archimedes principle and compared with
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
the theoretical density, which was calculated using the “rule of mixtures”. The linear coefficient
of thermal expansion (CTE) was measured by using a horizontal dilatometer (Linseis, L75HS
1600) under the following conditions: temperature range 25°C to 600°C, heating rate 5°C/min,
and Ar atmosphere. The micro-hardness of the sintered samples was measured by Vickers
PT
hardness tester (Zwick/Roell ZHV), under a load of 5000g for a dwell time of 10s. The
RI
nanoindentation technique was used to determine elastic modulus. Fracture toughness (KIC) was
calculated using the indentation method under the load of 5000g using the equation derived by
SC
Shetty et al. [23]:
U
KIC=0.0889(Hv P/4l) 1/2 (1)
AN
where Hv is the Vicker’s hardness, l is the crack length in (mm), and P is the indentation load in
(MPa).
M
Table 1
D
C3 80 10 10 88 06 06
C
Fig. 1 shows the DTA of TiC-Ni/NiB phase transformations with different Ni/NiB contents
up to 1400°C. These DTA curves show that not much change occurred from 200ºC to 1000ºC,
showing no phase transition or chemical reaction took place in nitrogen during heating. Thus,
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
thermal stability of composite powders, as well as the stability of their phases, at 200-1000°C
was confirmed.
PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
Fig. 1. Differential thermal analysis of mixed powders: (a) as-milled TiC-20Ni (b) as-milled
TiC-20NiB and (c) as-milled TiC-10Ni-10NiB (all milled for 1 h each).
C
The onset points of DTA heating curves were used as a beginning of melting. Three peaks
AC
were observed at 1155°C, 1213°C and 1369°C from DTA for the TiC-20Ni cermet. The peak
at 1369°C corresponds to the appearance of liquid phase of the Ni binder (liquid phase
formation has an endothermic peak). Substituting Ni by NiB, the temperature at which liquid
1214°C, and 1359°C, which were lower than for TiC-20Ni. Thus, the addition of NiB
PT
Fig. 2 (a) shows XRD patterns of the as-milled TiC-20Ni, TiC-20NiB and TiC-10Ni-10NiB
powders, milled for 1 h, and Figs. 2 (b), (c) and (d) show the patterns of TiC-20Ni, TiC-20NiB
RI
and TiC-10Ni-10NiB sintered at 1200°C, 1300°C and 1400°C.
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of (a) TiC-Ni/NiB composite powders as-milled, (b) sintered at 1200°C, (c)
sintered at 1300°C, and (d) sintered at 1400°C.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
The XRD patterns had peak of the major phases TiC, Ni, and NiB. The patterns of TiC and
Ni were of the space group Fm-3m, 225, and the lattice parameters of TiC and Ni were 0.4311nm
PT
3.3. Powder morphology
RI
Fig. 3 (a) shows the SEM image of un-milled pure TiC powder, and Fig. 3 (b-d) show the
SC
powder, much finer particles were observed with some agglomerates. The milled powder became
agglomerated because of very fine size and also due to pick up of moisture from atmosphere.
U
a b
AN
M
D
TE
c d
C EP
AC
Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of powder; (a) un-milled TiC, (b) milled TiC-20Ni, (c)
TiC-20NiB and (d) TiC-10Ni-10NiB.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
3.4. Density
Fig. 4 shows the sintered density of all three cermets sintered at 1200°C-1400°C. The green
density was measured and found to be approximately 60-65% theoretical density. TiC-Ni with 10
wt% NiB additions produced a maximum sintered density of 97% theoretical density when
PT
sintered at 1400°C.
RI
C1: TiC-20Ni; C2: TiC-20NiB; C3: TiC-10Ni-10NiB
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
Fig. 4. Influence of NiB on sintered density of the cermets sintered at 1200°, 1300°, and
EP
1400°C.
It can be seen from Fig. 4 that among the three cermets sintered at three different
C
temperatures, maximum densification was observed in the case of cermet C3 sintered at 1400°C.
AC
Taking the effect of errors into account, the sintered density values of C1 and C2 for
temperatures 1300°C and 1400°C can be considered similar (~93 to 96 % of theoretical). The
densification mostly depends upon the amount of liquid phase formed [25]. As the melting point
of the binders was in the range of 1356-1369°C from the DTA curves (Fig. 1), sufficient liquid
formed at 1400°C which filled the pores around the TiC particles, and due to the rearrangement
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
of grains, the density increased as the porosity decreased. However, the reason for higher density
for cermet C3 at 1400°C may be attributed to the presence of NiB with Ni.
Figs. 5-7 show the microstructures of cermets sintered at 1200°C, 1300°C and 1400°C
PT
with different binder contents. The microstructure shows that TiC particles were homogeneously
RI
distributed in Ni/NiB matrix and also shows the core-rim structure embedded with Ni/NiB
matrix, which is common in TiC-based cermets produced by conventional technology [3, 18, 19,
SC
26, 27]. The dark-gray cores of un-dissolved TiC were precipitation sites for the Ni and (Ti,Ni)C
solid solutions. The gray rims were solid solutions of (Ti,Ni)C, and the bright regions were
U
a AN b
Pore
M
Pore
D
TE
c
EP
Binder
Core
Rim
C
AC
Fig. 5. Effect of NiB content on microstructure of: (a) TiC-20Ni, (b) TiC-20NiB, and (c) TiC-
10Ni-10NiB cermets sintered at 1200°C. The dark-gray phase/gray phases show the typical
core/rim structure and the bright phase is the binder. Some pores are also indicated.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
a b
PT
RI
SC
c
U
AN
M
D
Fig. 6. Effect of NiB content on microstructure of: (a) TiC-20Ni, (b) TiC-20NiB, and (c) TiC-
TE
10Ni-10NiB cermets sintered at 1300°C. The dark-gray phase/gray phases show the typical
core/rim structure and the bright phase is the binder.
C EP
AC
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
a b
Core
Rim
Pore
Binder
PT
RI
c
U SC
AN
M
Fig. 7. Effect of NiB content on microstructure of: (a) TiC-20Ni, (b) TiC-20NiB, and (c) TiC-
D
10Ni-10NiB cermets sintered at 1400°C. The dark-gray phase/gray phases show the typical
core/rim structure and the bright phase is the binder. Pores are also shown.
TE
rich in Ni with some dissolved TiC. This is in good agreement with literature [3, 26, 27] and was
EP
also shown by EDS. The core/rim structure observed in this work is similar to the structure
C
reported by Monteverde et al. [28]. The decrease of specific surface energy (ϒr) of the system is
AC
where ϒS, ϒL are the specific surface energies for solid and liquid respectively, and ϒSL is the
specific phase boundary energy for solid /liquid. Energy decreases when ϒSL≤ ϒS, ϒL.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
If the specific phase boundary energy is low, LPS (liquid phase sintering) will be more
successful. So, spherical and smaller particle sizes are desirable for LPS. The as-milled powders
used in this work were very fine, which possessed more surface area and high surface energy,
PT
3.5.1. Effect of sintering temperatures on the microstructures
RI
Cermets sintered at 1200°C (Fig. 5) had pores indicating that sintering was limited and
SC
incomplete. At lower temperatures, imperfect penetration of Ni/NiB binder phase, as well as
non-uniform distribution of TiC in the matrix occurred. Cermets sintered at 1300°C (Fig. 6)
U
showed that some Ni/NiB binder particles started melting and wetted the TiC particles. At
AN
1400°C, the sintered cermet had TiC grains well-surrounded by the Ni-NiB matrix as the
solubility was higher. DTA analyses showed endothermic peaks at 1356-1369°C (Fig. 1) which
M
is the melting point of the binder. At 1400°C, complete melting occurred, which helped to
remove pores, and produced dense microstructures. The primary purpose of liquid phase
D
sintering is to achieve highest possible densification, combined with high strength and high
TE
toughness. The liquid fills the gaps between the TiC particles and reduces pores. Steps in LPS
include liquid formation, solution re-precipitation and finally solid state sintering. Important
EP
concepts are grain shape accommodation and stable microstructure based on the liquid content
C
and dihedral angle between solid-solid grain boundary and liquid [25]. Since these processes are
AC
typically involved in liquid phase sintering for producing dense microstructures, the melting of
Addition of 10 wt% NiB enhanced the sintering rate, which may be due to the presence of
low melting point boride phase. The liquid phase provided large contact areas between the TiC
and matrix phase (Ni/NiB) and facilitated the process of solution-precipitation, which involved
PT
(i) diffusion of atoms along grain contacts and rapid mass transfer through the liquid and (ii)
RI
grain shape accommodation, leading to pore elimination.
Boron activates the sintering process by forming the liquid phase. Ni/NiB forms a liquid
SC
phase and this liquid remained almost continuous between the TiC grains, thus favoring liquid
phase sintering. When the amount of NiB was increased (20wt%), boron tended to segregate to
U
the surfaces and grain boundaries, and did not improve the density and microstructure. It may
AN
therefore be inferred that certain amount of B is required to form a layer at the grain boundaries,
which provides the path of high diffusivity and allows rapid densification.
M
The correct amount of liquid phase has significant impact on interfaces between the solid
D
grains, and improves wetting, accelerates diffusion according to interfacial energy and phase
TE
relations, which allows fast sintering or lower sintering temperatures [25]. Thus, it can be
surmised that if the amount of NiB and sintering temperature are optimized, full density and
EP
PT
RI
SC
Fig. 8. SEM-BSE micrograph of TiC-10Ni-10NiB cermet sintered at 1400°C, (a) Dark region
(TiC), and (b) bright region (binder).
U
In order to clarify the composition of the dark as well as bright regions, EDS analysis was
AN
conducted on the TiC-10Ni-10NiB cermet sintered at 1400°C, Fig. 8. As expected, the dark
M
region was TiC with a little Ni and NiB. The bright phase was the binder (Ni and NiB) with
some Ti and C. The Au peak was from the gold coating. In the cermet samples, five different
D
locations in dark phase, as well as bright phase, were selected and average values are reported in
TE
Table 2. For TiC, though one would expect the C content to be in the range of ~31 to 49 atomic
% [20], but ~59 to 67 atomic % C was observed. This could have arisen primarily due to the
EP
limitation of EDS for reporting carbon. The TiC phase was also confirmed by XRD (Fig. 2).
C
Table 2
Chemical composition obtained from EDS analysis.
AC
(Silicon drift detector) in not being able to detect elements with atomic numbers below carbon.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Fig. 9 shows the variation in micro-hardness with composition of the cermets sintered at
1200°C, 1300°C, and 1400°C, and the errors were small. For cermet C3, the maximum hardness
PT
of 2759±43 Hv was achieved with 10wt % NiB addition, while the maximum hardness of C1
RI
was 1862±27 Hv and C2 was 1833±18 Hv. The addition of 20 NiB (C2) reduced the hardness
which is attributed to the lower densification during liquid phase sintering. The high hardness of
SC
the cermet C3 was due to enhanced densification during sintering. Apart from higher density, the
high hardness obtained may be attributed to the strong interfacial bonding between TiC-TiC
U
grains due to presence of both Ni and NiB as binder [29], but this needs to be confirmed. Further
AN
detailed studies are required to confirm the finding, which is beyond the scope of current work.
M
C1: TiC-20Ni
C2: TiC-20NiB
D
C3: TiC-10Ni-10NiB
TE
C EP
AC
Fig. 10 shows the variation in elastic modulus with composition of the cermets sintered at
1200°C, 1300°C, and 1400°C for 1h. The sintered TiC-10Ni-10NiB cermet had significantly
higher elastic modulus compared to TiC-20NiB. An elastic modulus of 460±6 GPa was achieved
for TiC-Ni without NiB after sintering at 1400°C. The maximum elastic modulus of 470±4 GPa
PT
was attained with samples containing 10Ni-10NiB after sintering at 1400°C, whereas TiC-20NiB
RI
showed a maximum elastic modulus of 444±7 GPa.
SC
C1: TiC-20Ni
C2: TiC-20NiB
C3: TiC-10Ni-10NiB
U
AN
M
D
TE
EP
Fig. 10. Elastic modulus of TiC-Ni cermets with 0, 20 and 10 wt % NiB additions sintered at
1200°C, 1300°C and 1400°C for 1h.
C
AC
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
PT
Fig. 10 shows the variation in fracture toughness with composition of the cermets sintered at
RI
C1: TiC-20Ni
SC
C2: TiC-20NiB
C3: TiC-10Ni-10NiB
U
AN
M
D
TE
EP
Fig. 11. Fracture toughness of vacuum sintered TiC-Ni cermets with 0, 20 and 10 wt % NiB
additions sintered at 1200°C, 1300°C, and 1400°C.
C
AC
The fracture toughness was highest for C3 and the errors showed that there were similar
values for C1 and C2. The value of fracture toughness after the addition of 10NiB
(8.98MPa.m1/2) increased, which is comparable with WC-Co (10-12 MPa.m1/2) cermet [2, 30]
and suitable for commercial use. Previously reported values of fracture toughness for TiC-Ni
cermets are 6.8-7.4 MPa.m1/2 [31]. The improved toughness may be due to the dense
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
microstructure obtained in the TiC-10Ni-10NiB cermet as a result of the addition of NiB and the
PT
Fig. 12 shows the variation in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) with temperature for
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
Fig. 12. CTE of 1400°C vacuum sintered TiC-Ni cermets with different NiB additions.
EP
The CTE of the TiC-20Ni cermet (C1) calculated using the Kerner model [30] was
C
8.35×10-6/°C, which was in good agreement with the experimental value of CTE of 1400°C
AC
sintered TiC- 20Ni measured at 300°C (9.0×10-6/°C ) in the present study. According to the
(α r − α m )( K r − K m )
α c = α rVr + α mVm + VrVm
V r K r + V m K m + ( 3 K r K m / 4G m ) (3)
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
subscripts c, r and m represent composite, reinforcement and matrix respectively. The low CTE
presence of NiB in the binder, and also due to the strong interface bonding [29,32] by the
PT
addition NiB, which restrains the deformation of metal matrix.
RI
4. Conclusions
SC
a) Metal matrix composites of TiC–Ni with different amounts of NiB binder were
successfully prepared. The 1400°C sintered sample with 10 wt% NiB had the maximum
U
densification with 97±0.21% theoretical density, using pressureless liquid phase sintering.
b)
AN
In TiC-10Ni-10NiB cermet, a fine and dense microstructure was developed, which
Acknowledgements
C
This work was carried out in the Supra Institutional Project ESC 0401 titled “Centre for Special
AC
Materials” supported by CSIR, New Delhi, India. The authors would like express their deep
gratitude to the Director, CSIR-IMMT, for granting permission to publish this paper.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
References
PT
[1] K. Kobayashi, K. Ozaki, Mater. Trans. 47 (10) (2006) 2561–2565.
[2] H. Kwon, S.-A. Jung, C.-Y. Suh, K.-M. Roh, W. Kim, J. Kim, Ceram. Int. 41(3) Part B
RI
(2015) 4656–4661.
[3] C.-J. Choi, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 104 (1–2) (2000) 127–132.
SC
[4] G. V. Samsonov, Handbook, High temperature Materials. Plenum Press, New York, 1964.
[5] P. Ettmayer, Hardmetals and cermets, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 19 (1989) 145–164.
U
[6] N.M. Parikh, M. Humenik, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 40 (9) (1957) 315–320.
[7] D.J. Miller, J.A. Pask, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 66 (12) (1983) 841–846.
AN
[8] S. Chao, N. Liu, Y.P. Yuan, C.L. Han, Y.D. Xu, M. Shi, J.P. Feng, Ceram. Inter. 31 (2005)
851–862.
M
[9] H. Suzuki, K. Hayashi, O. Terada, J. Jpn. Inst. Met. 35 (1971) 146–150.
[10] Hanjung Kwon, Chang-Yul Suh, Wonback Kim, J. Alloys Compd. 639 (2015) 21-26.
D
[11] J. Jung, S. Kang, Sintered (Ti, W) C carbides, Scripta Mater. 56 (2007) 561–564.
TE
[13] Z.M. Shi, D.Y. Zhang, S. Chen, T.L. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 568 (2013) 68-72.
EP
[14] B. Zou, H.J. Zhou, K.T. Xu, C.Z. Huang, J. Wang, S.S. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 611 (2014)
363-371.
C
[15] Q.Q. Yang, W.H. Xiong, S.Q. Li, J. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) 4828-4834.
AC
[17] Q.Q. Yang, W.H. Xiong, S.H. Li, H.X. Dai, J. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 506 (2010) 461- 467.
[19] S. Cardinal, A. Malchere, V. Garnier, G. Fantozzi, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 27
(2009) 521-527.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
[20] H. Baker (Ed.), ASM Handbook, Alloy Phase Diagrams, v.3, ASM Int. Mater Park, Ohio,
USA, 1992, pp.2-81.
PT
[23] D.K. Shetty, I.G. Wrigth, P.N. Mincer, A.H. Clauer, J. Mater. Sci. 20 (1985) 1873-1882.
[24] C. Suryanarayana, M.G. Norton, X-Ray Diffraction: A Practical Approach, Plenum Press,
New York, (1998) 153–166.
RI
[25] R.M. German, Liquid Phase Sintering, Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA, 1985.
SC
[26] M. Joeleht, J. Pirso, K. Juhani, M. Viljus, R. Traksmaa, J. Alloys Compd. 636 (2015) 381-
386.
[27] L. Chen, W. Lengauer, P. Ettmayer, K. Dreyer, H.W. Daub, D. Kassel, Int. J. Refract.
U
Metals Hard Mater. 18 (2000) 307–322.
AN
[28] F. Monteverde, V. Medri, A. Bellosi, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22 (14-15) (2002) 2587-2593.
[29] N. Liu, M. Chen, Y. Xu, J. Zhou, M. Shi, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 21 (2005) 53-59.
M
[30] S. Elomari, M.D. Skibo, A. Sundarrajan, H. Richards, Compos. Sci. Technol. 58 (1998)
369–376.
[31] X.-H. Zhang, J.-C. Han, S.-Y. Du, J. Wood, J. Mater. Sci. 35 (2000) 1925–1930.
D
[32] Y.L. Shen, A. Needleman, S. Suresh, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 25 (1994) 839–850.
TE
C EP
AC
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Highlights
• The optimal sintering temperature and composition were found to be 1400ºC and TiC-
PT
10Ni-10NiB.
• There was fine and uniform distribution of TiC in Ni/NiB matrix for 1400ºC sintered
RI
TiC-10Ni-10NiB.
SC
• Bulk density, micro hardness, Elastic modulus, fracture toughness and CTE of
U
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC