1A present simple and continuous, action and non-action verbs ‘present simple: I live, he works, etc. present continuous: action and non-action verbs | bet verb + -ing “They work in a bank Where do you live? + He doesn't wear glasses. ‘She usually has cereal for breakfast Pm never late for work. + Use the present simple for things that are always true or happen regularly. + Remember the spelling rules, eg. lives, studies, watches. + Use ASI (auxiliary, subject, : infinitive) or QUASI (question ‘word, auxiliary, subject, infinitive) tohelp you with word order in questions. + Pat adverbs of frequency, eg. usualy, before the main verb and after be. “A Who are you waiting for? B Pm waiting for a friend. ‘A What are you doing after B Pm going to the café ‘A What are you cooking tonight? B [’m making pasta. A Great! I really like pasta. + Verbs which describe actions, e.g. make, cook, ‘an be used in the present simple or continuous + Verbs which describe states or felings (not actions), eg, like, want, b, are not normally used in the present continuous. actions in progress atthe |. Common non-action verbs are agree, be, iro tess bing of fr | believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, mes arrange | know, like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer, class? ‘Use the present continuous (ot present simple) for Remember the spelling i sidiceiea cae roles, eg. living, studying, fealizeFeoanizes eras rer setting ‘A. A few verbs have an action and a no meaning. The most common is have. Thave a big flat. = possession (non-action) Tean’t talk now. Pim having lunch. ‘an activity (action) 1B past tenses past simple: worked, stopped, went, had,etc. past perfect: had + past using narrative tenses together rticiple They got married last year. Eee ‘When John arrived, they had dinner. ‘| PwWieatcyrumevon Tl What time did you wake up this morning? ‘When they turnedon | | | (first John arrived, then they had 1 didn’t have time to do my homework. the TV, the match had dinner) finished. | | | When John arrived, they were having +_Use the past simple for finished past actions. || 1 fetnervous because! || | dinner Geant) aete sorb + i hadn't flown before. (when John arrived they were in the Beaten Liveneeaver EAS oe een || middle of diane) ‘A What were you doing at six oclock last ni you are talking about the | | When John arrived, they had had dinner. B Iwas watching TV. It was a cold night pastand you want totalk | | (they had dinner before John arrived). and it was raining, about an earlier past RSS aaa + Use the past continuous to describe an action a aoe “i aes Hae in progress ata specific time in the past. + 1C future forms be going to + infinitive present continuous: be+verb+-ing | will shall + infinitive future plans and intentions ~] | | future arrangements Thave the steak. (instant decision) ‘My sisier’s going to adopt a child ‘Were getting married in October| | | Twon'tell anybody where you are. Are you going to buy a new car? “They're meeting at 10.00 (promise) Y’m not going to go to New York She's leaving on Friday. {larry that bag for you. (ff) | | Shall [help you with your homework? next week |_predictions oe T think they're going to win. (Theyre playing very well.) Its going to rain. (The sky is very dark.) + Use going to NOT will/ worrtwhen you have already decided to do something. + With the verb goyou can leave out the infinitive Se neat fea ee + You can usually use present continuous or going to for future plans / arrangements, (offer) Shall we eat out tonight? (suggestion) You'l ove the film! (prediction) ~ going to shows that you have fade a decision. + Use will wor’? (NOT the present We're going to get married in the simple) for instant decisions, promises, summer. offers, and suggestions. — Present continuous emphasizes that | - Use shall (NOT will) with Iand we for ‘you have made the arrangements offers and suggestions when they are questions. Were getting married on July 12th Ts aia eect vs Ear ISL DRL aa ag rep!Grammar Bank 1A a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. 1b. Write questions in the present continuous or present simple. Ouch! You stand on my foot! _Youtre standing A What are yoienting? (you /eat) BA cheese sand 1 They have always breakfast in bed on a Sunday morning. 1 A Where _ lunch today? (you / have) 2 She can't come to the phone now. She has a shower. B At home. My mum's making pasta 3. Weare needing an answer from you before Wednesday. Banta 2 (he / do) 4. T’'m studing a lot now because I have exams next week. B' Hes anlactonntart, ‘ is (Siete seat etal 3 A ——___ this wecken® (you go awe) Jo, we're staying here. s — eioaar es 4a to eat out tonight? (you / want) 7 epee tonights B Yes, that would be nice. Where shall we go? 8 He never replys to my emails! 5 A What 2 (she / cook) 9 A Are you going to the park this afternoon? B I don’t know, but it smells good. B I don't know. It's depending on the weather. 1B a Combine the two sentences. Use the verb in bold in the past continuous or past perfect. Sarah had a siesta from 3,00 to 5.00, Peter picked up the tickets at 4.00. Peter picked up the tickets when Sarah _wwas having a siesta. 1 They watched TV from 7.00 until 9.00. I arrived at 7.30. When I arrived, they TV. 2 He left the office at 7.00. She phoned him at 8.00. When she phoned him, he the office, 3 I studied for the exam the night before. The exam didn’t go wel. The exam didn't go well although I the night before. 4 He cycled to work this morning. In the middle of his journey, he had an accident. When he to work this morning, he had an accident. 5 He only had five lessons. He passed his driving test, ‘When he passed his driving test, he — (only) five lessons. b Complete with the past simple, past continuous, or past perfect. that we had been there before. 2 (the accident / happen) back from Manchester when ___atree. (drive, hit) cooking the meal when they me to say they couldn't come. (already / start, call) 3 When I got home I was really tired, sof —____ a shower and __ to bed. (have, go) 4 Larrived too late. The concert and iy friends home. (finish, go) 5 The driver —_ — control of his car because he ‘on his mobile. (lose talk) 1c a Circle the correct form. Tick (W) the sentence if both are possible. Tim not going T won't go to work tomorrow because it’s Saturday. 1 Tim going to study / ll study English here next year. 2A Shall we Will we eat out tonight? B Good idea. 3 Well go/ We're going to Brazil next week. I can’t wait. 4 What are you going to wear / dre you wearing to the party? 5 Do you think it will rain | it’s going to rain tomorrow? 6A Thisisheavy. B T'llhelp/ Ihelp you. 7 I'm meeting /I meet a friend this evening 8 I'm really sorry. I promise I won't do/ I'm not going to doit again, 9 They're getting | They're going to get married in May. Complete B’s replies with a correct future form. A Sorry, Ann’s nat in. B OK. L'il call back_ tater. (call back) 1A There's no milk. B Don’t worry, 1 2. A Can we meet on Tuesday? B Sorry, I can't. I _ Tuesday. (go) 3A Can we have pizza for lunch? B No, we —___ chicken. I've already put it in the oven. (have) 4 Als that the phone? some. (get) _ to Brighton on B Yes, but don't get up.I___ it (answer) 5 A Jane's put on a lot of weight! B She's pregnant. She a baby in August. (have)2A present perfect and past simple present perfect simple: have / has + past participle (worked, seem etc.) past experiences ELE [recent past actions _| with yer and already (for emphasis) Pvebeen to London, but [haven't been to Oxford. | ve cut my finger! | I'vealreadly done my homework. Can I watch TV? She's never met his ex-wife. He's just arrived at | Have you finished yet Have you ever lost your credit card? the airport. | My brother hasn’t found a new job yet. We often use ever and never when ‘we ask or talk about past experiences. They go before the main verb. justand already go before the main ‘verb in [#] sentences, yet goes atthe end of the phrase in [=] sentences and [7 + For irregular past participles see Irregular verbs p.156. + Use How long...?+ present perfect toask about an unfinished period oftime (fom the past unt now) + Usefor+ a period of time, eg. for ‘vo weeks, OF since with a point of time, eg. since 1990, ‘unfinished states (non-action verbs) which] start in the past and are still true now ‘A They've known each other for 10 years. B How long have they been married? A Since 2004. present perfect or past simple? Pve been to Madrid twice. (= in my life up to now) T went therein 1998 and 2002. (= on two specific occasions) How long have you been married to Alan? How long were you married to Jake? (= you are married to Alan now) (= you are not married to Jake now) ve (ust) bought a new computer. (=I don't say exactly when) __I bought it on Saturday.(= I say when) 77 Uie the present perfect when there is a connection ~ Use the past simple to ask or talk about finished actions between the past and the present. in the past, when the time is mentioned or understood, We often use a pas time expression, eg January, last week ‘present perfect continuous 2B present perfect continuous 7A. With non-action verbs (¢., know, be | | ee een eee tions cemiewmtineee | G ee 5 NOT the present perfect continuous | | [A Your eves are red. Have you actions with forand since been crying? : Tow long have you been learning English? | | [ve nown her forages NOT Fvebeen | |B No, 'vebeen cutting onions. He's been working here since April. ae. “They'vebeen going out together for three year. Aoowinng her forages. With fiveand workyou can use the | * Use the present perfect eS | _present perfect simple or continuous continuous for actions which + have | has been + verb + -ing with for and since. have been going on very recently. + Use the present perfect continuous with for | ve been living here for sicrmontts, || They have usually just stopped. and since with action verbs (e.g. lear, go,etc)._ I've lived here for six months, 2C — comparatives and superlatives superlatives ‘comparing two things (or actions) e's the tallest player in the team, Oslo is the most expensive capital city in Europe. ‘My sister is a bit taller than me. This book is the least difficult to understand, London is more expensive than Edinburgh She's the best student in the la This testis less difficult than the last one. _| | |" Who drives the most carefully in your family? Olive oil is better for you than butter. That's the worst they've ever played. You drive more slowly than me. Liverpool played worse today than last week. + Form superlative like comparatives but use -est —| | instead or -erand mast | leastinstead of more/ less, + You normally use the before superlatives, but you can also use possessive adjectives, eg. my best friend, | their most famous song. | Flying isn’t as comfortable as going by train. He doesn't smoke as much as she does. Hr new car looks the same as the old one. + Regular comparative adjectives / adverbs: hhard> harder, big> bigger, ensy> easier, modern>more modern, diffcult> more difficult, carefully>more carefully + Irregular comparative adjectives / adverbs: good ! well>better, bad | badly> worse, far> further + After than or as we can use an object pronoun me, hint, her, et. or a subject pronoun (J, he, she) + aunliary verb, eg, She’ taller than me OR She’ taller than I am but NOT She's taller thar.2A a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. Tve never saw Star Wars. Live never seen He left quite early but he yet hasnt arrived ‘We don’t see each other since we left school Have you ever wrote a poem? She have never been to Istanbul. Pvelent him €50 last week, but he hasnt paid me back yet. I don't see them often but I've known them since ten years. ‘What year have you left school? We'e lost. We already have been down this road twice. I sent her an email last week, but she doesn’t reply yet ‘They live in that house since 1980. 10 Grammar BANK 'b Complete the dialogues with the past simple or present perfect. ve already seen that film twice. (already I see) 1 A How long at university? (you / be) BI two years ago. I'm in my third year now. (start) A Do you live with your parents? BI with them for the first two years but then | ___ into a student hostel last September and 1 there since then. (live, move, live) 2a 2a job yet? (your brother / find) B Yes, he work in a hotel. (just / start) 3A to Nobu ~ that new Japanese restaurant? (you / ever be) B Yes, we ‘A What was it like? B The food a fortune! (be, cost) there for my birthday. (go) — fantastic but it 2B a Make sentences with the present perfect continuous (and for / since if necessary). she / work there / 2003 [#] She's been working there since 2003. 'b Complete with a verb from thelist in the present perfect continuous. bark cry do eat play shop notsleep watch A Your sister's lost a lot of weight! B Yes. She heen eating a lot less recently. 1 how long / they / go out together [2 7 2-1/1 study English / two years [] eee eee eae 3 he / feel very well recently [=] eA ta Ge 5 you/wait/alongtime (7) Sik You'look trea. 6 we//spend much time together [=] Bier ‘wcll early 26 hewdone / she [ive there [2] | 4 A Wow! You've bought alot of things! 8 I/rent this flat / three years. [] iene ree 9) the lift / work / 10 o'clock I Stat vou sake MSIL sat 2 10shef-worlehere/ a long time (1 | oar in the garden with the children. 2c a Complete with one word. b Complete with the comparative or superlative of the bold word, She's much _ more. intelligent than her brother. Mexican food is much spicier than American food. spicy 1 He's not as clever __ he thinks he is. iis than it was this time last year. hot 2 Ws best book I've read for a long time. 2 Jan's of all my sisters. competitive 3 The journey took longer __ we expected. 3 He’ person in the office. lazy 4 I think it was the saddest film I've seen. 4 He looks much — with shorter hair. good 5. Is'Texas the biggest state the USA? 5 Isat next to ___ person at the party! boring 6 He'sthe selfish person I've ever met. 6 Could we meet a bit tomorrow? early 7 Your watch is the same mine. 7Itwas film I've seen this year. bad 8. My father speaks quickly than I do. 8 Sue is — member of my family. ambitious 9 Wedor't go swimming often as we did before. «9 The __ way to travel is by train. safe gs 10 Her brother's about 10 and she’s a year younger 10. Thebeach was______ from thehotelthan far than ‘we expected.3A must, have to, should (obligation) obligation / necessity: have to / must (+ infinitive) zo obligation / necessity: don't have to You have to wear a seatbelt in a car Do you have to work on Saturdays? Thad to wear a uniform at my primary school Til have to get up early tomorrow. My interview is at 9.00. Tmust remember to phone Emily tonight - its her birthday. You must be on time for class tomorrow ~ there's a test. You dor’t have to pay forthe tickets. They're Fee You don't have to goto the party if you don't want to. prohibition: mustn't (+ infinitive) ‘You mustn’t cat that cake — it’s for the party ‘+ Mustand have to have a very similar meaning, Have tois more common for general, external obligations, for example rules and laws. ‘Mustis more common for specific (ie. on one occasion) ‘or personal obligations. Compare: Thave io wear a shirt and tie at work Its the role inthis Trust buy a new shirt~ this one s too old now (It’s my own decision). Have t9isa normal verb and it exists in all tense. eg, You have to / must see that film — its fantastic. advice or opinion: should/ shouldn't (+ infinitive) You should take warm clothes with you to Dublin Itmight be cold at night. 1 think the government should do something about unemployment. ‘Mustis a modal verb. The only forms are must and mustn't, *+ You can also use have to or mustfor strong recommendations, ‘You mustn’t touch that. It’s dangerous. + Don’t have to and mustn't are completely different. Compare: You mustn't drive along this street. = Its prohibited, against the law. You don’t have to drive we can geta train. = You can drive if you want to but it’s not necessary / obligatory. + You can often use carit or not allowed to instead of must’ You mustn’t park here. You can't park here. You're not allowed to park here. A Have got tois often used instead of have to English, e.g. I've got 10.g0 now. Ie very late company). Should is not as strong as must/ have fo. We use it to say if we think something isthe right or wrong thing to do. Should is a modal verb. The only forms are should and shouldnt You can also use ought to and ought not to instead of should | should’. You should take an umbrella with you. You ought to take an wbella with you. 3B must, may, might, can’t (deduction) ‘when you are sure somethingis true: must ‘when you are sure something is impossible /not true: can’t They must be out. There aren't any lights on. ] He can't be ill. [saw him at the gym. She must have a lot of money. She drives a Porsche. | | ‘Theycanttbe Italian. They speaking to eachother in Spanish z ee. : + We often use must, may / might, and can’? to say how sure ‘when you think something is possibly true: may/ might or certain we are about something (based on the phone's switched off. He might be on the plane now. information we have). i : She might not like that skirt. It’s not her style. + In this context, the opposite of must is can't NOT musta’t. ‘She’s not at home. She may be working. He hasnt written, He may not have my addres. 3C can, could, be able to (ability and possibility) can/ could be able to + infinitive Tcan speak Spanish very well. She could play the violin when she was three. She can't come tonight. She's il. ‘They couldn't wait because they were in a hurry. Could you open that door, please? + Can is a modal verb. It only has a present, past, and conditional form (but can also be used with a future meaning), + For other tenses and forms use be able ro. Lam able to accept your invitation. ‘They weren't able to come. PIL be able to practise my English in London, She has been able to speak French since she was a child. like to be able to ski. love being able to slep late at weekends. + You can use be able to in the present, past, future, present perfect, and as a gerund or infinitive. sis Be able toss ese ooectiteaeaciooet aa crags factieal treet cont cost3A a Circle the correct form. You shouldn't I(nusin’? drink that water. It’s not safe. 1 We mustn't / don't have to hurry. We have plenty of time. 2 You must / should remember to write the report. The boss will be furious if you forget. ‘The exhibition was free so I hadn't to / didn’t have to pay. 4 Do you have to | Should you wear a uniform at your school? 5 We nnust/ had to wait two hours at security and nearly missed our flight. were at school? Had you to Did you have to do a lot of homework when you 7 [think people who live in flats mustn't shouldn't have dogs. 8 She’ allergic to dairy products so she mustn't | doesn’t have to eat anything made from milk, CAUCE he b Complete the second sentence with two or three ‘words so it means the same as the first. Smoking is prohibited here. You mustn't smoke here. 1 It isn’t a good idea to go swimming after a big meal. You swimming after a big meal. 2. Was it necessary for them to pay cash? Did —___ pay cash? 3 The meeting isn’t obligatory. You 0 to the meeting. 4 It’s bad manners to talk loudly on a mobile on a train. People quietly on their mobile on a train, 5 Lorries are not allowed to go on this road. Lorries ___ on this road. 3B a Match the sentences. 1 Hemustbe over 70. I He can't be at university. He may not remember me. He might like this book. He must be very shy. He can't be serious. C He mast be joking. ‘A He hasn't seen me for ages. B_Hesometimes sends me emails. D He’ interested in history. E He sometimes works late. F He gets up very early. b Complete with might (not), must, or can’t ‘This sauce is really spicy. It _must_ have chillin it 1 A What music is this? B I'm not sure but it _ be Mozart. 2 She looks very young, She be more than 16, 3 I'm not sure why she hasn't phoned. She He may be in bed already. G Hes only 16. have inyfnew damber He might not be at home yet. H He's not ft enough. 4 They lime aloteeneeeetTney live He must have a computer. 1, He retired 10 years ago. in an enormous house. 10 Hecan't bea good footballer. J. He never opens his mouth, 5 He be away. His car is outside his house. 61 _ bea size 44! Pm usually a 40 or 42. 7K be true! I saw it on the news. 3c a Complete with the correct form of be able to. P-ve_ never been able to_ learn to swim. 1 EJ] _____ send any emails since lunchtime. 2 She used to — speak German really well. 3 E11______ do my homework until tomorrow. 4 PA really like dance well. $ ]—____ you come to our wedding? I's on May 10th. 6 HIF spoke better English, I getajob ina hotel, 7 (| When I've saved another €1000, 1 buya new car. 8 El She hates do what she wants. b Complete with can / can’t, or could / couldn’t where possible. If not, use a form of be able to. 7, 8 ‘They told me that they couldn't do anything about the noise. 1 ______ talk to you now. I'm too busy. ‘When [lived in Rome I ___ speak Italian quite well. I would love play tennis very well. If we don’t hurry up, we catch the last train, My mother ____ see much better now with her new glasses, To do this job you need _ speak at least two languages. 1______ help you tonight if you want. They find a flat yet. They're still looking,4A first conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc. first conditional sentences: (or unless) + present simple, will wor’t+ infinitive fature time clauses if you don't do more work, you'll fail the exam, ‘As soon as you get your exam results, call me. He'll be late for work if he doesn’t hurry up. ‘We'll have dinner when your father gets home. She wor't get into university unless she gets good grades. I won't go to bed until you come home. REE Ens NOTE RE Tithave lunch before I leave. SE NC ae Afier [finish university, I'l probably take a year off and travel T won't go unless she invites me. = I wor't go if she doesn’t 1 Use the present simple (NOT the future) after when, invite me. 4s 3001 as, until, before, and after to talk about the future. + You can also use an imperative instead of the will clause, + assoon as= at the moment when, eg eg, Come and see us next week if you have time. Tl cal pata Sor ae Tore 4B second conditional second conditional sentences: if+ past simple, would | wouldn't + infinitive would / wouldn't + infinitive If T had more money, 'd buy a bigger house. ‘My ideal holiday would be a week in the Bahamas, fhe spoke English, he could get a job in a hotel T'd never buy a car as big as yours. I would get on better with my parents ifI didn’t live with them, —ew ee ee > You can also use would / wouldn't+ infinitive wouldn't do that job unless they paid me a really good salary. (oihou aati Seas when eM If I were you, I'd buy a new computer. pa gaiie etree + Use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical / + The contraction of would is’d. fear situation in the present or future and its consequence. he i ee sama second conditionals. Tdon't have much money, so can't buy a bigger house (real ey = pee If Thave time, F'1 help you. If 1 had more money, Pa buy a bigger house (hypothetical Ce ee ea \ imaginary situation). If Ihad time, Pd help you. + Use second conditionals beginning If I were you, I'd. to give | =an imaginary / hypothetical situation. advice. Here you can’t use If Iwas you. don’t won't have time. 2 4C usually and used to present habits and states, ppast habits and states ‘We used to be close friends but we don't see each other any more. used to go out with that girl when I was at school. Did you use to wear glasses? She didn’t use to have fair hair. She had dark hair before. usually get up at 8.00 on school days I don’t usually go out during the week. Houses in the suburbs usually have gardens. Do you usually walk to work? + For present habits use usually or normally + present simple. + For past habits use used 0 / didn't use to + infinitive. Used to does not exist in the present tense. + We use 1sed to for things that were true over a period of time in the past. It usually refers to something which is not true now. used to smoke. = I smoked for a period time in the past but now I don’t. + Used to | didn’t use to can be used with action verbs (e.g. wear, go out) and non-action verbs (eg be, have). + We often use not...any more ( any longer (= not now) with the present simple to contrast ith used to used to go to the gym but I don’t any more | any longer.4A a Complete with a word or expression from the list. after as soon as before if unless until when “Afier__ we have dinner, we could go fora drink. | must renew my passport, 1 you work harder, you wont pas the final 1 go to New York. Grammar BANK 1b Complete with the present simple or will. T'll give him your message when I Don't forget to turn off the lights before you (leave) see_ him. (see) 10. When she finds out what he's done, she furious. (be) 1 Tmust write the date in my diary —______I forget it. 2. Go to bed when the film . (finish) 2 Let's wait under the tree itstops raining, 3 They —__ married until they finda place to live. (not get) 3 This job is very urgent so please do it ____ you can. 4 If see Emma, | her you are looking for her. (tell) 4 Wewor'tgeta tabe in the restaurant wedor'tbook. 5. call you as soon as I at the hotel, (arrive) 5 Tillpay you back I get my first salary. 6 You won'tbe able to park unless you ____ there early. (get) 6 Tear’t go you pay for my ticket. 'm broke. 7 ha Be aad Raina cab) 7 ey bene Beer a 8. She won't like curry if she spicy food. (not like) 8 Iwo gpon working tim60.Then Tree. Sot rite anything until | you. (ell 0 exam. 4B a Write second conditional sentences. Ifyou / speak to your boss, I'm sure he / understand, If you spoke to your boss, Pmt sure he would understand. 1 It /be better for me if we / meet tomorrow. 2 She / not treat him like that if she really / love him. 3 IfT/can live anywhere in the world, I/ live in New Zealand. 4 The kitchen / look bigger if we / paint it white. 5 I/ not buy that house if Tbe you. 6 He / be more attractive if he / wear nicer clothes. 7 Ifwe / not have children, we / travel more. 8 What / you do in this situation if you / be me? b First or second conditional? Complete the sentences. Ifyou tell her anything, she'll tll_ everybody in the office. (tll) We'd have a dog if we _had_ a garden. (have) 1 Tell be quicker if we a taxi to the airport. (get) 2 If you stopped smoking, you ____ better. (feel) 3 What would you do if you your job? (lose) 4 Ifyou buy the food, I __ tonight. (cook) 5 I think he'd be happier if he alone. (not live) 6 Pll be very surprised if Marina coming here. (not get lost) 7 Where will he live if he ____ the job in Moscow? (get) 8 If she didn’ have to look after her mother, she —_ life more. (enjoy) ac a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. She wasn’t use to be so shy. She didn’t use to be Tuse to get up at 6.30, but I don’t any more. Did she always used to have long hair? Do you use to have breakfast before you go to work? ‘They didn't used to have a car; they used to cycle everywhere. He doesn't like coffee, so he use to drink tea in the morning. He used be a teacher, but now he works for Greenpeace. Do usually you wear trousers or skirts? Last year we used to go to Prague in August. Does she use to ive near you when you were children? At school we don't use to wear a uniform, We wore what we liked. b Complete with used to in [#!, =), or (2) and a verb from the ‘argue be (x2) go have(x2) like live play work didn’t useto go to the theatre much but now I go twice a month. 1 © Kirsty ____ in Bristol but she moved to London last year. 20 you a moustache? You look different. 3 my boss but now we get on quite well 4 We ___ really close but now we hardly ever meet. 5 7 Where you — before you started with this company? 6 She tennis professionally but she retired last year. 7 (#] When I lived in Paris, I always breakfast in a café 8a you ____ with your parents when you were teenager? 9 ElHe so slim. Infact, he was quite overweight before.5A 5B quantifiers large quantities small quantities | __2ero quantity [They have a lot of money. [ADo you want some ice cream? B Just alittle. ‘There isn’t any room in the car She has lots of friends. He eats alot. ‘There aren’t many cafés near here. ‘The town only has a few cinemas. Hurry up. We have very little time. have very few close friends. ‘There’s no room in the cat. A How much money do you have |_BNone. | Do you watch much TV? : Use litle + uncountable nouns, few + plural Dont run. We have plenty of time, i . yor countable nouns. + little and a few = some, but not‘ lot, tery little and very few = not much / many. Tess than yo + Use alot of ots oft) sentences. + Use a lor when there is no noun, eg, He talks alt. ‘more than you need or want ~ Use any for zero quantity with a fet verb. Use nowith a verb. + Use none (without a noun) in Short answers yu need + Much | many are normally used in E) sentences and [2), but a lot of can also be used. Tdan't like this city. Its too big. ‘There's too much traffic ‘There are too many tourist. ‘There aren't enough parks ‘The buses aren't frequent enough. + Use plenty ofin [2] sentences to mean as micas weer more) + Use enough before a noun but ater an adjective. ‘Use 100+ adjective, oo much + uncountable noun, too many + plural countable nouns. articles: a / an, the, no article ‘Use a / an with singular countable nouns A Don't use the the frst ime you mention a thing/ person. Isawan oldman with adog. | | — when you are speaking in general when you say what something is. Ita nice house. {with plural and uncountable nouns). when you say what somebody does. Sho a lawyer. Women talk more than men. = in exclamations with What...! What an awful day! Love is more important than money. = in expressions like three times a week = with some nouns (eg. home, work, school Usethe She's not at home today. ~ when aout meting Taya ld man iho, T get back from work 3 5.30 weve already mention dnd the dog was barking = eed Bee Cee ee carcesotionething.‘Themoea qos round thesom fener when it’s clear what you're referring to. He opened the door. cath pues in atovm.eg. chemo and thre. Pm going othe cinema. ~ before mex lasts days weeks et —with superlatives. Its the best restaurant in town. ‘See you next Friday. clsurch) after at! 10 from, 5c gerunds and infinitives ‘Use the gerund (verb + -ing) after prepositions and phrasal verbs. Tim very good at remembering names. She's given up smoking. 2. as the subject of a sentence. Eating out is quite cheap here, 3 after some verbs, eg, hate, spend, don't mind. I don’t mind getting up early. ‘Common verbs which take the gerund include: enjoy, hate, finish, like, love, mind, practise, spend, stop, suggest and phrasal verbs, eg. give up, go on, ec Use the infinitive (+ fo) T after adjectives. 2. to express a reason or purpose. 5. after some verbs, eg. want, need, learn. My flat is easy to find. He's saving money to buy a new car. She's never learnt to drive. | Try not to make a noise. ‘Common verbs which take the infinitive (with to) include: (can't) afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like Use the infinitive (without fo) 1 after most modal and auxiliary verbs, 2 after make and let Tean't drive. We must hurry. ‘My parents don't let me go out much. She always makes me laugh. Gerunds and infinitives form the negative with not, eg. not to be, not being. More verbs take the infinitive than the gerund. ‘These common verbs can take cither the gerund or infinitive ‘with no difference in meaning: begin, continue, prefer, start. A “These verbs can take a gerund or an infinitive but the meaning is different. Try to be on time. = make an effort to be on time. Try doing yoga. = do it to see if you like it. Remember fo phone him. = Don't forget to do it. remember meeting him years ago. = [have a memory of it.5A a Circle the correct answer. Tick (V) if both are possible. 1 think this restaurant is (o0)/ too much expensive. 1 There are foo much / too many people in my salsa class. 2 Nobody likes him. He has very little / very few friends. 3 We've had a lot of lots ofrain recently 4 There aren't enough car parks | car parks enough in the city centre. 5 Ihave no | I don't have any time. 6 He works a lot / much. At least ten hours a day. 7 A Doyou speak French? B Yes, a little / a few. 8 I don’t have no time / any time for myself. Grammar BANK b Right (7) or wrong (X). Correct the wrong sentences. She drives to0 much fast. t00 fast 1 Slow down! We have plenty time 2 Wehave too many work at the moment. 3 I think I made a few mistakes in the letter. 4 He isn't enough old to understand. 5 We can't go tomorrow. We're too busy 6 Wehave very litle time to do this. 7 A How many eggs are there? B Any. 18 He's retired so he has much free time 5B Circle the correct answer. Did you see news /@ie news) on TV last night? Did you lock door / the door when you left « house | the house? My brother is married to Russian / a Russian. She's lawyer / a lawyer. We go to theatre/ the theatre about once a month / the month. 4 What beautifl/ a Beautiful day! Let's have breakfast on a terrace the terrace. love classical music! the classical music and Italian food | the Italian food. Who is a girl/ the girl by a window the window? eave home/ the home at 8.00 and get to work | the workat 9.00. ‘Men | The men aren't normally as sensitive as women | the women. ‘We usually have dinner / the dinner at 8.00 and go to bed | the bed at about 11.30. She has a lovey facet the lovely face and the attractive eyes / attractive eyes. b Complete with a/ an, the, or— 10 article). Can you give me _a_ lift to _the_ station? Twant to catch _the 6.00 train. 1 We went to cinema _ last night. We saw great film. 2 A Doyou like __ sport? B It depends. Thate football. think —__ footballers earn too much money. 3 He always wears ___ expensive clothes and drives —__ expensive car 4 Jake's __ musician and ___ artist. 5 They've changed ___date of ___ meeting. It’s nest Tuesday now. 6 We walked to _ city centre but we got taxi back to hotel. 5c a Complete with the gerund or infinitive. —Smoking_ is banned in all public places. (smoke) It’s very expensive a flat in the centre. (rent) ‘Are you afraid of ___? (fly) called the restaurant table for tonight. (book Be careful ___ a noise when you come home tonight. (not make) She's worried about the exam. (fail) Everybody went on, until after midnight. (dance an only child is a bit boring, (be) Itseasy the way if you look at the map. (find) He’ terrible at languages. (lean) ‘A Why ate you learning Spanish? B talk to my in-laws. They're Argentinian, and they don’t speak English. (be able to) 10 Tused b Complete the sentences with work, to work, or working. Tregret not working harder when I was at school. I spent all weekend — Tve decided _ abroad next year. ‘You must harder if you want to get promoted. My boss often makes me —__ He isn’t very good at Tdon't mind off during the week. He’s gone to the UK — in his uncle's shop. _ with members of your family can be quite difficult 9 My husband promised not ____ on my birthday. in a restaurant when I was a student, on the computer late, ina team. ‘on Saturdays if I can have a day6A reported speech: statements and questions direct statements reported statements |_| AA + Mustchanges to had to BUT must’ stays the same. | “Tlike shopping? She sai (that) she liked shopping. “You mustn't touch it! She said I must toudh it “Pm going tomorrow? _| He told her he was going the next day. | + You usually have to change the pronouns. ‘Tl abvays love you’ _| He said he would always love me. ‘Tlike,..'>She said she liked... ‘passed the exam!” ‘She told him she had passed the exam. | + Using that after said and told is optional. ‘Tve forgotten my keys? _ | He said he had forgotten his keys. | + If you report what someone said on a different ‘Ican't come? ‘She said she couldn’t come. day or ina different place, some time and place “[ may be late? He said he might be late. ‘words can change, eg. tomorrow>the next day, ‘Lust go! She said she had to go. +here>there, this>that, etc. = Tl meet you here tomorrow/>He said held meet me + Tenses usually change like this: present>past; will>would; there hanes dey. past simple / present perfect>past perfect a + Some modal verbs change, e.g. can>could, may>might, must>had to. Other modal verbs stay the same, eg. could, might, | A After said don’t use a person or object pronoun. He said he was tred NOT He said-mes= ero ekes After fold you must use a person or pronoun. | He told me he was tired. NOT He-tele-he-we | [ direct questions __| reported questions ~_] + When you report question, the tenses change as in “Are you married?” She asked him if he was married. reported statements. ‘Did she phone?” He asked me whether she had phoned,| * When. question begins with a verb (nota question ‘What's your name?” | asked him what his name was. word), ada if(or whether). * “Where do you live?” "They asked me where Ilived. + You also have to change the word order to subject + verb, and not use do/ did. reported speech: commands {aedinectpecchis et reported speech A You can’t use said in these sentenc ‘Go away? She told him to go away. NOT Shesaid-him-to-go-away- “Don't worry: ‘The doctor told me not to worry. "i ‘Can / Could you help me” asked the shop assistant to help me. > ‘To report an imperative or request, use told or asked + person + the infinitive with to, + To reporta negative imperative, use a negative infinitive (e.g, not to do). 6B the passive: be + past participle A lot of films are shot on location, ‘My bike has been stolen, + We often use the passive when it’s not clear My car is being repaired today. Youll be picked up atthe airport. | Fmportant who does an actin, Death in Venice was directed by Visconti, This bill has tobe paid tomorrow.| vl ee Sole ee acy [_Shedied when thefilmwasbeingmade. | = tf you want to say who did the action, use by. 6C relative clauses + To give important information about a person, place, or thing use a relative clause (= a relative pronoun + subject + verb). + Use the relative pronouns who for people, which for things, and where for places. Use whose to mean ‘of who / of which’ + You can use that instead of who or which. + Who, which, and that can be omitted when the verbs in the main clause and the relative clause have a different subject, eg. He's the man I met on the plane. (The subject of metis I, so it’s not necessary to put who.) defining relative clauses Julia’s the woman who / that works with me It’s a book which / that tells you how to relax. That's the house where I was born. ‘Thats the boy whose father plays for Real Madrid He's the man (who / that) I met on the plane. non-defining relative clauses + Ifa relative clanse gives extra, non-essential information This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth £2 millon ] {cae pemtence mls sense arthond it pron eno put Sateen it between commas (or a comma and a full stop). Last recited my sunt whee neat 20 Fo Oe + In these clauses, you can’t leave out the relative Burford, where my mother was born, is a beautiful town. 5 z pronoun (who, which, et.) My neighbour, whose son goes to my son's school, has just re-married.| . PY thave clauses you carl use thatinstead of who / which.6A a Complete the sentences using reported speech. “The hotel is full’ The receptionist told me the hotel _was full Ceca b Complete the reported imperatives and requests, “Dont stop here? The traffic warden told us not to stop ther 1 ‘Be quiet!’ The teacher told us i 1 Til call the manager’ The waiter said 2. ‘Please don't smoke! I asked the taxi driver 2. ‘Tve passed all my exams’ Jack said 3. ‘Open your mouth’ The dentist told me 3 ‘You should get to the airport early’ They said that 4 ‘Don't tell anyone!” Melinda told us i we 5 ‘Could you show me your driving licence? The policeman 4 ‘Imay be late’ Jack said —__ asked me oo 5 ‘Ididn’t tell anybody! Mary said = 6 ‘Please switch off your mobiles’ The flight attendant 6 ‘Can you help me?” She asked us told us 7 ‘Do you want to dance? He asked me ee 7 ‘Dont eat with your mouth opent’I told my daughter 8 “Have you been here before? I asked her 8 ‘Can you bring me the bill, please?” He asked the waiter 9) ‘What music do you lke? She asked me : 9. ‘Get off at the next stop? The bus driver told me 10 ‘Where's the nearest bank?” I asked her 10. ‘Don't wait? Our friends told us See 6B a Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. Lada cars made in Russia . are made in Russia. b Rewrite the sentences with the passive ‘They sell cold drinks here. Cold drinks __are sold here 1 Anew motorway is being build at the moment. 1 They subtitle a lot of foreign films. 2 The film basedon a famous novel. Alot of foreign films 3. This programme were watched by millions of people. 2 Someone threw the letters away by mistake. 4 Mybag was stole when I was in Florida. ithe letets = 5 The Harry Potter books were written for JK Rowling, 9) Some people are Pair 2 ones Graco sed yom au cual because Garcons) 4. They have sold all the tickets for the concert. ‘was repairing. All the tickets for the concert i 7) MORSE GES to your hotel by tax 5 They will play the match tomorrow. ey will play orrow. 8. Ob no! Our flight has being cancelled. Thea on 9. English is spoke in this restaurant. 6 Somebody must pay this bill tomorrow. 10 Seat belts must wear at all times. This bill 6C a Complete with who, which, where, or whose. € Are the highlighted phrases right (W) or wrong (x)? ‘The man _whose_car I crashed into is taking me to court. Correct the wrong ones. 1 Wedrove past the house wwe used to live ‘Affer Rome we went to Venice, that we loved .X 2 Theil ‘was taking to you is the boss's daughter. ‘which. we loved 3. Look! Thats the man son plays for Chelsea. 1 Is that the girl you used to go out with? 4 The car was an invention ___ changed the worl. 2 My brother, that you met at my wedding, 5 That's the restaurant Ttold you about. is getting divorced. 6 Isthis the shop you bought your camera? 3 Isa machine that makes sweets. 7 What was the name of your friend Wife isan actress? 4 He lives in Valencia, that is on the east coast of Spain . 8. Thewoman ‘called this moming didn leave a message. 5 Our neighbour, who garden is smaller than ours , 9. Iesthe film ‘won all the Oscars last year. has an enormous dog, 10. This is the book ‘everybody is reading at the moment. _ Jerry, who I work with , is completely bilingual. b Tick (V) the sentences in a where you could leave out the relative pronoun, 7 The film I saw last night was fantastic 8 Imet some people who they come from the same village as meTA third conditional third conditional sentences: if+ had + past participle, would + have + past participle. IfPd known about the meeting, I would have gone. If] hadn't gone to that party, [ wouldn't have met my wife. You wouldn't have been late if you'd got up earlier, We would have arrived at 6.00 if we hadn't got lost. : +The contraction of had is + Use third conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical / imaginary situation in the past (which didn’t happen) and its consequence. Compare: Yesterday I got up late and missed my train (= the real situation). If Thadn't got up late yesterday, I wouldn't have missed my train ( the hypothetical / imaginary situation), To make a third conditional, use i+ past perfect and would have + past participle 7B question tags, indirect questions question tags ih ; f i ion tags are often used to [ positive verb, negative tag __| negative verb, positive tag ene erence I's cold today, isn’t it? ‘She isn’t here today, is she? Se ES Te You're Polish, aren't you? ‘You aren’t happy, are you? To form a question tag use ‘They live in Ankara, don't they? | They don't smoke, do they? the correct auxiliary verb, eg. do/ does for Thematch Gnishes a 800, ocsiti| She doesn’t eat meat, does she? the present, wil wor'for the future, ete ‘She worked in a bank, didn’t she? | You didn't like the film, did you? a pronoun, eg. he it, they, et. ‘We've met before, haven't we? ‘She hasn't been to Rome before, has she? | — a negative tag if the sentence is positive, You'll be OK, won't you? ‘You won't tell anyone, will you? ‘and a positive tag if the sentence is negative. indirect questions ion, indirect question + Ifthe question begins with an auxiliary verb, iret quest — 3 question __ af (or whether afer Col you tel me? ‘Where’s the bank? ‘Could you tell me where the bank is? Doyouknow...? What time do the shops close? Do you know what time the shops close? |. We also use this structure after Can you Isthere a bus stop near here? Do you know if there’s a bus stop near here? remember...2,¢-8, Can you remember where Does tis train go to Victoria? | Could you tell me if this train goes to Vietoria?|___ he ives? + To make a question more polite we often begin Could you tell me...? or Do you know...? The word order changes to subject + verb, e.g. Do you know ‘where the post office is? NOT De-you-know-where-is, the post-office? TC phrasal verbs + A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a | particle (=an adverb or preposition). + Sometimes the meaning of the phrasal verb is ‘obvious from the verb and the particle, eg. sit down, come back. + Sometimes the meaning is not obvious, eg. _give up smoking (= stop smoking), carry on talking continue talking). + Ingroup 3, where the verb and particle can be separated, ifthe object isa pronoun, it must go group 1: no object — verb and up, on ete. can't be separated. ‘Come on! Hurry up! Were late ‘The plane took off two houts late. Go away and never come back! sr0up 2: with abject — verb and wp, on et. cant be separated Tim looking for my keys. NOF Ewvlooking my-Keys for I asked for chicken, not steak. Please lookafter the baby. between the verb and parte Tdon’t get on with my sister. Switch it off NOT Switch off it Tm looking forward to the party. ‘Throw them away. NOT Throw.awny ther. [_ group 3: with object — verb and up, on, etc. can be separated, Please switch off your phone. _/ Please switch your phone off Can you fill in this form, please? /Can you fill this form in, please? ‘They've set up a new company. / They've set a new company up. Don't throw away those papers. /| Don’t throw those papers away. A. Sometimes a phrasal verb has more than one meaning, e.g. The plane took off. le took off his shoes. |7A 4 Match the phrases. 1 Ifyou hadn't reminded me, I A if you'd seen what happened. Grammar BANK © Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs. 2. This wouldn't have happened B we wouldrit have got lost Ifyou hadehelped me,1 wouldnt have finished 3 If they hadnt worn their seat bets, C ifithadnt rained on time. (not help, not finish) 4 We wouldn't have been late D you would have seen them. 1 We ifourbest player 5 Wewould have gone tothe beach —_E if 'd known you didn’t like it. Sia injured. (win, not be) 6 Ifyouhadrittold meitwashim, F ifwe’d bought tickets on the Intemet, 2 Hfshe _—o 7. You would have laughed G if youd been more careful a sient 8 wouldn't have bought it H they would have been killed. E ime, (lends) 9° Ifyoutd arrived two minutes earlier, 1 I would have forgotten 4 Ifwe more time, we 10 Ifyou hadn't forgotten the map, J I wouldn't have recognized him, another day Se (have, spend) 11. It would have been cheaper K if we hadn't mis Us. ears tohelp you if you “wo ee ete me about it earlier. (beable, tel) ) Cover A-K. Look at 1-9 and try to remember the end of the sentence. © Hou plan (ah cigs) ay plans (ask change 7 You the weekend ifyou with us. (enjoy, come) B Complete with a question tag (are yout, isn’t itt etc.) ‘Your name's Mark, ir it? b Make indirect questions. Where's the station? Could you tell me where the 1 You don’t take sugar in your coffee, 1 Where do they live? Do you know 2 2. They're on holiday this week, 2 Isthereabanknear here? Can you tell me 3. He can't be serious, 3. Where can I buy some stamps? Do you know 4 She eats meat, 4 Does this bus goto the caste? Could you tellme ____? 5 You wont be late, 2 5. What time do the shops open? Do you know? 6 She was married to Tom Cruise, _2 6 Where ae the toilets? Could you tellme 7 We've seen this film before, _? 7. IsSusan at work today? Doyouknow 8 You didn't tell anybody, 2 8 Did Milan win last night? Do you know 2 9 You would like to come,_? 9° Where did we park the car? Can you remember ____? 10 Itshot today, __? (0. What's the time? Could you tell me 2 C Complete with the right particle (in, on, etc). ‘What time did you get _up_ this morning? Could you turn ___ the radio? I can't hear it. Tm in a meeting. Could you call — Hurry __! We'll be late. ‘The match is __! Brazil have won, How long has she been going —_ with him? ‘Are we having dinner at home or are we eating _? Athletes always warm ___ before a race. 1 didn’t wake —__ until 8.30 this morning, Ifyou don't know the word, look it in a dictionary. went online to find ____ what time the trains were. 10 later, say in half'an hour? b Rewrite the sentences. Replace the object with a pronoun, Change the word order where necessary. ‘Tum on the TV. Turn it on. Take off your shoes. Could you look after the children? Do you get on with yours Switch off your mobiles. Pm looking for my glasses. Please pick up thar rowel ‘Tum down the musie Pm really looking forward to the trip. Can I try on this rest Don't throw away that letter! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0