aT
INTRODUCTION TO
Sociology
Ce et araPast-d
Foundations of
Sociology
Part-tt
Basis
of
Society
Part-mt
Social
Institutions
Peta
Collective Behavior
& Social Change
Part-V
sutltione |
of Pakistan
BRIEF CONTENTS
(Chapter 1: Sociology ~ An Introduction
‘Chapter: Sociological Theory ~ An Introduction 27
(Chapter: Social Research - An loteoduetion 86
Chapter 4: Social Action and Social Interaction 113
Chapter 5: Social Groups 133,
Chapter 6: Community & Society 43
(Chapter: Social Status and Role 162
Chapter8: Culture 169
Chapter 9: Social Norms and Social Suncions 187
(Chapter 10: Deviance and Social Control 198
Chapter 11: Social Values and Hliefs 205,
‘Chapter 12: Socialization and Personality 213,
Chapter 13: Power and Authority 25
‘Chapter 14 Social Statfication & Social Mobility 238
(Chapter 15: Mass Comitnication 264
‘Chapter 16: Social System and Social Organization 248
(Chapter 17: Social institutions 264
(Chapter 18:Family and Kinship 252
‘Chapter 19: Educational Institution 300
Chapter 20: Religious Institution 308
‘Chapter 2: Beonomic institution 308
[Chapter 22 Political institutions 314
‘Chapter 28: Recreational Institutions 323,
(Chapter 24 Social Structure & Social Integration 326
(Chapter 25: Collective Behavior and Social Movement 345
‘Chapter 26 Socio-Cultural Change 264
(Chapter 27 Introduction to Socal Problem 386
(Chapter 28 Social Problems of Pakistan 391
Glossary of Key Sociological Terms 419
References 404CONTENTS
Part
=I
Founpations or Sociotocy
Chapter
Sociology ~ An Introduction
Introduction 1
Definitions 2
Origin and Development 2
Sociology before Auguste Comte
Early Sociologists 4
Nature of Sociology 5
Sociology is Knowledge 6
Sabject-mater or Branches of Sociology 7
Major Theoretical Perspectives 10
Evolutionary Perspective L1
Functionaist or Order Perspective 11
Conflict Perspective 12
Interactonist Perspective 12
Sociology As Science 13,
‘Typesof Science 14
Science as Knowledge 35
Science as Method 16
Sociology and other Social Sciences 17,
‘Sociology and Economics 17
Sociology an Political Science 18
Sociology and History 19
Sociology and Anthropology 20
Sociology and Psychology 21
Sociology and Statistics 22
‘Sociology, Criminology & Education 22
Application of Sociology 22?
Scope and Importance of Sociology 24
Chapter2
Sociological Theory — An Introduction
Socal Thougnt 27
Sociological Theory 28
Characteristics 28
Ditference: Social Thought ond Theory 28
‘TYPES OF THEORY 29)
Speculative Theory vs Grounded Theory 30
Grand Theory vs Miniature Theory 30,
“Macro Theories vs Micro Theories 30
Functions of Theories 31
MAJOR SOCIOLOGICAL THEORISTS 31
Evolutionary Theorists 31
Allama Tbn--Khaldoon 3t
Herbert Spencer 34
Ferdinand Tonnies 42
(Order Theorists 44
‘August Comte 44
Emile Durkhoim 48
Max Weber St
‘Conflict Theorists 55
George Withelm Friedrich Hogel 55
Karl Marx 60
Lawis A. Coser 72
C. Wright Mills 78
Chapters
‘Social Research ~ An Introduction
Introduction 86
Types87
Importance and Uses 89Salient Features of Good Research 90
Research Process 90
Methods & Techniques 92
(OBSERVATION 92
Types 93
Non-Controlled Participant
Observation 93
Non-Contolled Non-Participant
‘Observation 95
QUESTIONNAIRE 96
Questionnaire, Schedule and the Interview
Guide 97
‘Types of Questionnaire 97
Advantages & Limitation 98
INTERVIEW 99,
Types 99
Advantages and Limitations 101
‘THE SOCIAL SURVEYS 101
‘Some Main Forms of Social Surveys 102
OTHER TECHNIQUES 102
MCQ's OF PART-I 105-111
Part-II
Basis or Society
chapter “Aszommodation & Assimilation: Ditference 129
Social Action and Soct The Marginal Man 129
Socal Action 113 Acculturation 130
Elements 14 Amalgamation 131
Types 4
Social teraction 115 Chapters
Elements 16 Social Groups
Types 116 Introduction 155
Forms 117, Basi 134
Measurement 117 Importance 134
Difference between Social Action and Social
Interaction 118
SOCIAL PROCESSES 118
Co-operation 119
‘Types 120
Competition 121
Forms 122
Culture and Competition 122
Cooperation & Competition: Differences 123
Conflict 124
‘Types 125
Competition and Conflict: Differences 125
Accommodation 126
Forms 127
Assimilation 128
Essentials or Elements 194
Group Life Among Animals 135
“Types 135
Primary Group 135
Secondary Grovp 137
Primary and Secondary Relations in
Contemporary Societies 138
In-group and Out-group 138
Formal and Informal groups 139
Reference Group 139
Ethnic Group 139
Caste 139
Pressure-group 140,
Vested Interest Group 140,
Club 140Voluntary Association 140
Impermanent Forms of Association 140
‘Organization 141
Formal Organization 141
Chapters
‘Community & Society
Comaunity 143
Nature & Characteristics 144,
‘Association and Community 145,
‘Types 145,
Rural Community 145,
Urban Community 146
Difference between Rural and Urban
‘Commnities 197
Society 148
Society and Indvidual 149
Social Life of Human 149
Nature & Characteristics 150,
Elements of Society 151
Difference between Society & Community 152
‘The Evolution of Human Society 152
‘Types 153,
Nomadic Society 153
Sedentary Society 154
‘Traditional Society 155,
Modern Society 156,
Rural Society 157)
Urban Society 158
‘Social life among animals 159)
Difference between Human and Animal
Societies 160
Chapter?
Social Status and Role
‘Social Status 162
‘Types 163,
Ascribed Status 163
Determinants 163
Achieved Status 163
Determinants 164
Social Rote 166
Ascribed and Achieved Roles 165
Relationship of Status and Role 165
‘Social Action and Status, Role 165
Social System and Role Status 165
Role Conic 166
Causes 166
Consequences 165
Solution 167
Chapters
Culture
Introduction 19
Characteristics 170
Blements 171
Types 171
‘Real Culture 172
Ideal Gulture172
‘Material Culture 172,
‘Non-Material Culture 172
Functions 172
Organization 173
‘Cultural Pattern 172
(Cultural Trait 173
Cultural Complex 173
Cultural Area 174
‘Other Related Concepts 174
‘Cultural Universals 174,
‘Cultural Specialties 174
Cultural Alternatives 174
‘Core Culture 174
Sab-culture 174
Bases of Subculture 175
Coltural Uniformity 175,
(Cultural Variabilities 177
‘Causes of Cultural Variabiltice and
similarities 178
Some Cultural Relationships 179
Culture and Physical Environment 179
Cultural Relativisin 179
Bthnocentrism 180. *Ethnocentrism and Personality 180,
Technology and Culture 181,
Language and Culture 182
‘The Marginal Man 182
Cultural Refuge 183,
(Cultural Lag 183
Cultural Integration 184
Civilization 185,
Chapter 9
Social Norms and Social Sanctions
Social Norms 187,
Norms and Vales 188
Characteristics 188
Aspects 189
Functions 189
‘Types 190
Folkways 190
Mores 192
Differences: Folkways fe Mores 194
Law 195,
Violation of Law 195
Intertelationship of Social Norms 196
Social Sanctions 196
‘Types 196
Formal Sanctions 196
Informal Sanctions 197,
Chapter 10
Deviance and Social Control
Deviance 198
Deviation Varies from Person to Person 199)
Deviation and Culture 199
Deviation and Society 199
Deviation and Social Change 199
Deviation and Law 199
Causes 199
Social Control 201
‘Types or Agencies 201
Formal 201
Informal 202
‘Steps to Attain Social Conteol 202
Chapter 1
Social Values and Beliefs
Social Values 204
Functions of Values 205,
How Values Develop? 205
Values and Norms 206
Science and Values 205
Values and Social Change 207
‘Types 208
‘Cultural Values 208
‘Social Values 208
Difference: Cultural and Social Values 209
Value Conflict 208
Belief 209
Belief and Religion 209
Botiof System 210
Religion 210
‘Components of Religion 210
Living Religions of the World 210
Chapter12
Socialization and Person.
Socialization 213
Types 214
Methods 215
Individual as a Social Product 216
Sources/Agencies 216
‘The Family
Peers or Agemates
Social Insitutions
Mass Media
‘The Community
Punctions 217
‘The Self 218
Self and Personality 218
Socialization and Personality 218
‘Socialization and Culture 220
Personality 221,
Factors of personality development 222,Biological Foundation
Heredity and Personality
En
Culture and Personality
Bearing of Culture upon Personality 225
Basie Personality Type (BPT) 225,
‘Bearing of Personality on Culture 226
sament
Chapter 13
Power and Authority
Power 228
Social Power Models 228
‘Types229 *
The Power of Bite
‘The Organizational Power
‘The Power of Coercion and Disruption
Social Power of Unorganized Masses
The Povror of Law
Changes 238
‘Causes of Change 238,
Difference between Class and Caste 38
Biradsi 239,
Social Mobility 238
Types 240
Causes 241
Social Mobility in Pakistani Society 242
Chapter 15
ssnication
ress and the Newspapers 264
lectronic Media 244
‘Social Effect of Press and Newspapers 245
Radio and Television 245,
Social effects of Radio and TV. 265
Authority 251 Chapter 16
Types 21 Social System and Social Organization
Power an Authority are Relea 231 Social System 238
Concept of Bureaucracy 291 Hlements249|
Soria System and Society 50
Chapter 18 Social System and Commsity 250
Socal Straifiaton & Socal Mobility Social System and Group 250
Social Sratiication 29 Social syst and norms 250
Determinants 234 Socal Organization 250
Chas 236 Socal Organization and Inaction 25.
Caste 257 Social Organization and Soil Sytem 251
Merits 238 Social Organization, Stats and Role 252
Dement 258 MCQ' of Parett 255-282
Part-111
Socuat Insrrrutions
Chapter 17 rypesae
Soci] Institutions Functions 287
Introduction 284
‘lomgats and Nature 285,
Cha: steeristies 286
Interelationship 289
Institutions and Asvociations 289
{As Agencies of Social Contr! 290Chapter 18
Family and Kinshj
Introduction 292
Structure 283
‘Types 293
By size and structure 295
By Marriage 294
By Residence 295
By Authority 295
By Clan or Ancestry 295
Other Related Concepts 295
Functions 296
Marriage 297
Types 298
Why Do We Marry? 298
Love and Marriage 208
Chapter19
Educational Institution
Introduction 300
‘Aims 300
‘Types 301
Functions 301
Problems 302
Interrelationship of Institutions 302
Chapter 20
Religious Institution
Introduction 308
Elements 304
Punctions 305
Relationship with other Institutions 207
Chapter 21
Economic Institution
Introduction 308
Economic Structure 308
Functions 309
Economic Activities 310
‘National Income 311
‘Rural Economic Organization 311
Urban Economic Organization 311
Relationship between Rural and Urban
Economies 312
(Chapter 22
Folltical institutions
Introduction 314
‘The State 314
Elements 314
Functions 315, \
State and the Government 315,
State and Citizen Relationship 316
Functions of Political Insitutions 316
Law as a Part of Political Institutions 318
The Emergence 318
Law and Culture 318
Functions 318
Law and Crime 318
Legal and Other Insitutions 318
Political Activities and Events of Pakistan 319
Chapter 23
Recreational Institutions
Introduction 323
Rural Recreations 323
Urban Recreations 324
Chapter 24
Social Structure & Social Integration
Introduction 326
Social Structure among Institutions 327
Social Integration 330
What is Integration? 390
Criteria of integration 330
MCQ’s of Part-IIT 333-343Part
-1Vv wu
Coutecrive Benavior anp Soctat Cuance
Chapter 25
Collective Behavior and Social Movement
‘COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR MS
‘Characteristics 336
FORMS M6
(CROWD BEHAVIOR M6
‘Theories 47
The Contagion Theory 347
The “Emergent Norms” Theory 388
Forms 348
Crowd 348,
CCharacteristies 349
Types 350
Audience 350
‘Types 351
lots 351
Panic 351
Mobs 352
Types 352
MASS BEHAVIOR 352
Forms 353
Rumours 353
Fashions and Fads 353
Mass Hysteria 354
The Craze 354
Difference: Crowd Behavior and Mass
Behavior 385
PUBLIC AND PUBLIC OPINION 355
Propaganda 356
The Techniques 356
Difference betwen the Public and Crowd 357
SOCIAL MOVEMENT 358
(Characteristics 358
Types 359
Theories 359
Conditions 361
Formation 362
Chapter 2
Socio-Cultoral Ch
CULTURAL CHANGE 367
Sources 365
Discovery 365
Invention 365
Ditfsion 266
Acculturation 367
‘Assimilation 367
[Nature of Cltre and the Change 367
Resistance to Culture Change 28
SOCAL CHANGE 368
Nature & Characteristics 369
Theories 370
Evolationary Theories 370
‘igust Comte ~ Social Progress
LH. Morgan Primitive Origin
CGhares Darwin = Organic Evolution
Herbert Spencer ~ Socal Evolution
Emule Dabeim ~ Mechanical & Organic
(Cyc Theorie 371
Spengler: The Destiny of Civilizations
Toynbee: ‘Challenge and Response’
Sorkin: Sensate an destona Clore
Functional or Dynamic Theories of
Equilibrium Theories 372
Parsons’ Theory of Socal Change
Conte Tories 972
Karl Marc Change through Cass Conflict.
Sequence Processes of change 379
atoms of Change 375
Relationship between Social and Cultural
hinge 373
Elements of Sociocultural Changes 376
actors promoting acceptance of change 277
Factors Hampering Soil Change 378
Socio-cultural Changes of Pakistan 378
MCO's of Pa-IV 361-355-v
Sociat Prosiems or Pakistan
(Chapter27
Introduction to Social Problem
‘Social disorganization 386
al Problem 387
‘Components of Sacial Problems 387,
‘Theoretical Perspectives 387
‘The Functionalist Perspective
‘The Conflict Perspective
‘The Interactionist Perspective
Chapter 28
‘Social Problems of Pakistan
eracy 391,
Population Expansion 395
Poverty 400
Drug Addiction 405
Environmental Pll
Divorce 407
Poor Standard of Edueation 409
‘Human Migration 411
Feudalism 413
Smuggling 414
Aging 415
MCQ% of Fart-V 416-419
406
Glossary of Key Sociological Terms 419
References 434
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