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Project Report On Satellite Communication
Project Report On Satellite Communication
Project Report On Satellite Communication
UTTAR PRADESH
PROJECT REPORT
On
SEMESTER : SEVENTH
A2305119228
CERTIFICATE
Mr. DEVESH
KUMAR (guide)
Dept. of
Electronics &
Communication Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Setting an endeavor may not always be an easy task; obstacles are bound to come in its
way and when this happens, help is welcome and needless to say without help of those
people whom
whom I am mentioning
mentioning here,
here, this endeavor
endeavor would
would not have been
been successful.
successful.
The completion of any project brings with it a sense of satisfaction, but it is never
complete
complete without thanking those people who made it possible
possible and whose constant
support has crowned our efforts with success. I would like to express my gratitude
to Ms
Ms Meena agarwal, DGM( IT) at NTPC for encouraging and inspiring me to carry out
the project in the Central Satellite Earth Station, NTPC
Station, NTPC.. I would also like to thank all the
staff members of NTPC for providing me with the required facilities and support towards
the completion of the project .My sincere thanks to my faculty guide Mr. Devesh Kumar
for his constant support and guidance. Without his corporation the project would not have
been completed
completed successfully.
successfully. . I am extremely
extremely happy to acknowledge
acknowledge and express my
sincere gratitude to my parents for their constant support and encouragement.
ABSTRACT
The project basically deals with the study of satellite communication and how it works.
Organizations with many remote affiliates can create a private high-speed satellite intranet,
which links the main office reliably with all local sites. Within and amongst institutions
there is an ever-growing need to communicate and to enhance the existing networks. These
networks need high speed, reliable and cost-effective communications. This is especially
true when the locations are dispersed over remote regions , and barely connectable via a
terrestrial network infrastructure. In this case, satellite communications are an effective
way
way to provid
providee priva
private
te or secu
secure
re data
data netwo
network
rks.
s. There
Therefor
foree for
for comm
communi
unica
cati
tion
on and
exchange of data between various sites a central satellite earth station has been installed at
NTPC Noida since it is the hub station
station for communication
communication with its various other sites.
sites.
NTPC Satcom Network
Network is working in STAR Configuration
Configuration with this Hub Earth
Station .NTPC has been assigned transponder number 3 in the
recently launched satellite INSAT 3E.
The project covers detailed
detailed study of the ground segment of satellite
satellite communication.
communication. The
transm
transmiss
ission
ion and receive
receive path which
which include
include various
various sub compone
componentsnts like MODEM
MODEM,,
up/down Converters etc have been studied and how they are connected practically.
NTPC has a LAN for exchange of information
information within
within the building and a WAN for
communication with various other sites so the project also covers a brief study of LAN and
WAN networking techniques and basics of services like audio and video conferencing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 : NTPC COMPA
COMPANY
NY PROFILE
PROFILE
2.1 Overview of organization
Chapter 3 : INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Networking topologies
3.3 Types of network
3.4 Local area network
3.5 Wide area network
Chapter 4 : SATELLITE COMMUNICATION OVERVIEW
4.1 How it works
4.2 Types
Types of satellite
satellite
4.3 Types
Types of orbits
orbits
4.4 Frequency bands
Chapter 5 : VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL
5.1 VSAT system architecture
5.2 VSAT topologies
5.3 Hub station
Chapter 6 : CENTRAL SATELLITE EARTH STATION NTPC NOIDA
6.1 Specifications
6.2 CSES block diagram
6.3 Functioning of CSES
6.4 Various subsystems
6.5 Multiple access schemes
6.6 Implementing VSAT
Chapter 7 : NTPC NETWO
NETWORK
RK TODAY
TODAY
Chapter 8 : CONCLUSION
Chapter 9 : FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
Chapter 10: REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A satellite is an object that orbits or revolves around another object. Man-made satellites
placed around the earth for the purpose of communicatio
communication
n are called as communication
communication
satellites.
satellites. They are highly specialized wireless receiver/transm
receiver/transmitters
itters that are launched by a
rocket and placed in orbit around the Earth. There are hundreds of satellites currently in
operation. Satellite communication is one particular example of wireless communication
systems. Similar and maybe more familiar examples of wireless systems are radio and
television broadcasting and mobile and cordless telephones. Satellite communication is
very simply the communication of the satellite in space with large number of earth stations
on the ground. Users are the ones who generate baseband signals, which is processed at the
earth
earth statio
station
n and then transm
transmitt
itted
ed to the satell
satellite
ite throug
through
h dish
dish antennas
antennas.. The satell
satellite
ite
receives the uplink frequency and the transponder present inside the satellite does the
processing
processing function
function and frequency
frequency down conversion
conversion in order to transmit
transmit the downlink
signal at different frequency. The earth station then receives the signal from the satellite
through parabolic dish antenna and processes it to get back the baseband signal.
1) Sp
Spac
acee seg
segm
ment
ent
2) Gr
Grou
oun
nd segm
segment
ent
The space segment is primarily the satellite that is used for communication. The satellites
used are exclusively in the Geo-stationary orbit, located on an arc 36,000 km above the
equator.
equator. This
This segment
segment is availab
available
le from
from organiz
organizati
ations
ons that have procure
procured
d satell
satellites
ites,,
arranged launch and who operate these satellites on a commercial basis. In addition to
internat
international
ional agencies,
agencies, a number
number of private
private players
players have emerged
emerged who own or lease
lease
satellites which are used to carry their own or their customer’s data-traffic.
The ground segment is primarily called the Earth terminal segment or the earth station.
Earth stations are located either on the surface of the earth, or within earth’s atmosphere. It
maintains
maintains communication
communication link between
between earth and the satellite.
satellite. . Major components of a
earth station are generally grouped in two categories, ODU (outdoor unit) and IDU (indoor
unit). The indoor unit interfaces with the end user equipment like stand alone PCs, LANs,
Telephones.
CHAPTER 2
India’s largest
largest power company, NTPC was set up in 1975 to accelerate
accelerate power development
in India. NTPC is emerging as a diversified power major with presence in the entire value
chain of the power generation business. Apart from power generation, which is the mainstay
of the company, NTPC has already ventured into consultancy, power trading, ash utilization
and coal mining. NTPC ranked 317th in the ‘2009, Forbes Global 2000’ ranking of the
World’s biggest companies.
The total installed capacity of the company is 31,704 MW (including JVs) with 15 coal
based and 7 gas based stations,
stations, located across
across the country. In addition
addition under JVs, 3 stations
stations
are coal based & another station uses naphtha/LNG
naphtha/LNG as fuel. By 2017, the power generation
generation
portfolio
portfolio is expected
expected to have a diversified
diversified fuel mix with coal based capacity of around
53000 MW, 10000 MW through gas, 9000 MW through Hydro generation, about 2000 MW
from nuclear sources and around 1000 MW from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). NTPC
has adopted a multi-pronged growth strategy which includes capacity addition through
green field projects, expansion of existing stations, joint ventures, subsidiaries and takeover
of stations.
In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of 5.25% as
fresh issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by Government of India. NTPC thus became a listed
company in November 2004 with the government holding 89.5% of the equity share capital.
The rest is held by Institutional Investors and the Public. The issue was a resounding
succ
succes
ess.
s. NTPC
NTPC is amon
among
g the
the larg
larges
estt five
five comp
compan
anie
iess in Indi
Indiaa in term
termss of mark
market
et
capitalization.
At NTPC, People before Plant Load Factor is the mantra that guides all HR related
policies.
policies. NTPC has been awarded
awarded No.1, Best
Best Workplace
Workplace in India
India among large
large organizations
organizations
and the best PSU for the year 2009, by the Great Places to Work Institute,
Institute, India Chapter in
collaboration with The Economic Times.
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
NETWORKING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. A network of
computers is a group of interconnected systems sharing resources and interacting using a
shared communications
communications link. A network,
network, therefore,
therefore, is a set of interconnected
interconnected systems
systems with
something to share. The shared resource can be data, a printer, a fax modem, or a service
such as a database or an email system. The individual systems must be connected through a
pathway (called the transmissio
transmission
n medium)
medium) that is used to transmit
transmit the resource or service
between
between the computers.
computers. All systems
systems on the pathway must follow a set of common
common
communication rules for data to arrive at its intended destination and for the sending and
receiving systems to understand each other. The rules governing computer communication
are called protocols.
In summary, all networks must have the following:
1. A resou
resource
rce to
to share
share (re
(reso
sour
urce
ce))
2. A pathway
pathway to
to transfe
transferr data (tran
(transmi
smissi
ssion
on medium
medium))
3. A set of rule
ruless governi
governing
ng how to commu
communica
nicate
te (protoc
(protocols
ols))
Cost Reduction
There are various aspects of technology that are likely to force the price of
term
termina
inall usage
usage dras
drasti
tica
call
lly
y lowe
lower.
r. This
This is impor
importa
tant
nt becau
because
se almo
almost
st all
all aspe
aspect
ctss of
telecommunications are characterized by high price elasticity. In other words, when the
price comes
comes down,
down, the usage
usage goes up.
up.
3.2 NETWORK
NETWORK TOPOLOGIE
TOPOLOGIES
S
The term topology refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or
logically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a topology. The
topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking
linking devices
devices (usuall
(usually
y called
called nodes)
nodes) to each
each other.
other. There
There are five
five basic
basic topolog
topologies
ies
possible:
possible: mesh,
mesh, star, tree,
tree, bus, and ring.
Figure(4) - Multipoint Line Configuration
These five labels describe how the devices in a network are interconnected rather
than their physical arrangement. For example, having a star topology does not mean that all
of the computers in the network must be placed physically around a hub in a star shape. A
consideration when choosing a topology is the relative status of the devices be linked. Two
relationships are possible: peer-to-peer, where the devices share the link equally, and
primary-second
primary-secondary,
ary, where one device controls traffic and the others must transmit through
through
it. Ring and mesh topologies are more convenient for peer-to-peer transmission, while star
and tree are more convenient for primary-secondary, bus topology is equally convenient for
either.
• Mesh
In a mesh topology,
topology, every device has a dedicated
dedicated point-to-point
point-to-point link to every other
device. The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices
it connects. A fully connected mesh network therefore has n*(n - l)/2 physical channels to
link n devices. To accommodate that many links, every device on the network must have 7
input/output (I/O) ports.
• Star
In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller,
controller, usually called a hub.
h ub. The devices are not directly
directly linked to each other. Unlike a
mesh topology, a star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices. The controller
acts as an exchange. If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the
controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device.
Hub
• Bus
The preceding examples all describe point-to-point configurations. A bus topology,
on the other hand, is multipoint. Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and
taps. A drop line is a connection running between
between the device and the main cable. A tap is a
connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable to
create a contact with the metallic core. As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its
energy is transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker the farther it has
to travel. For this reason there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the
distance between those taps.
Advantages of a bus topology include ease of installation. Backbone cable can be
laid along the most efficient path, then connected to the nodes by drop lines of various
lengths. In this way, a bus uses less cabling than mesh, star, or tree topologies. In a star, for
example,
example, four network devices in the same room require four lengths of cable reaching all
the way to the hub. In a bus, this redundancy is eliminated. Only the backbone cable
stretches through the entire facility. Each drop line has to reach only as far as the nearest
point on the
the backbone.
backbone.
• Ring
In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration
only with the two devices on either side of it. A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Each device in the ring
incorporates a repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its
repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along.
A ring is relatively easy to install and reconfigure. Each device is linked only to its
immediate neighbors (either physically or logically). To add or delete a device requires
moving only two connections. The only constraints are media and traffic considerations
(maximum ring length and number of devices). In addition, fault isolation is simplified.
Generally in a ring, a signal is circulating at all times. If one device does not receive a
signal
signal within a specif
specified
ied period,
period, it can issue
issue an alarm.
alarm. The alarm
alarm alerts
alerts the networ
network
k
operator to the problem and its location.
However, unidirectional traffic can be a disadvantage. In a simple ring, a break in
the ring (such as a disabled station) can disable the entire network. This weakness can be
solved by using a dual ring or a switch capable of closing off the break.
Figure (10) - Ring Topology
Figure(12) - LAN
LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal computers or
workstations. The resources to be shared can include hardware e.g., a printer, software e.g.,
an application program, or data. A common example of a LAN, found in many business
environm
environment
ents,
s, links
links a work
work group
group of task-r
task-relat
elated
ed compute
computers,
rs, for exampl
example,
e, enginee
engineering
ring
workstations
workstations or accounting PCs. One of the computers
computers may be given a large-capacity disk
drive and become a server to the other clients. Software can be stored on this central server
and used as needed by the whole group. In this example, the size of the LAN may be
determined by licensing restrictions on the number of users per copy of software, or by
restrictions on the number of users licensed to access the operating system.
In addition to size, LANs are distinguished from other types of networks by their
transmission media and topology. In general, a given LAN will use only one type of
transmission medium. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring, and star.
Traditionally, LANs have data rates in the 4 to 16 Mbps range. Today, however speeds are
increasing and can reach 100 Mbps with gigabit systems in development.
)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is designed to extend over an entire city. It
may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a means of
connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that resources may be shared LAN-
to-LAN as well as device-to-device. For example, a company can use a MAN to connect
the LANs in all of its offices throughout a city.
Figure(13) - MAN
A MAN may be wholly owned and operated by a private company, or it may be a
service provided by a public company, such as a local telephone company. Many telephone
companies provide a popular MAN service called Switched Multi-megabit Data Services
(SMDS).
)
Wide Area Network (WAN
A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission of data, voice,
image, and video information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country, a
continent, or even the whole world.
Figure(14) - WAN
LANs are restricted in size, which means that the worst-case transmission time is bounded
and known in advance. Knowing this bound makes it possible to use certain kinds of
designs that would not otherwise be possible. It also simplifies network management.
LANs transmission technology consisting of a cable to which all the Desktops/Nodes are
connected, similar to like telephones connected to an EPABX Exchange, however here the
data and voice both are transmitted.
Various topologies are possible and are implemented for LANs such as; Star, Bus, or Ring
topology.
A wide
wide area
area netwo
network,
rk, or WAN,
WAN, spans
spans a larg
largee geog
geogra
raphi
phica
call area
area,, often
often a count
country
ry or
continent. It contains a collection of machines intended for running user (i.e., application)
programs.
programs. These machines are called hosts. The hosts are connected by a communication
communication
subnet. The hosts are owned by the customers (e.g., people's personal computers), whereas
the communication subnet is typically owned and operated by a telephone company or
Internet
Internet service provider. The job of the subnet is to carry messages from host to host, just
as the telephone system carries words from speaker to listener. Separation of the pure
communication aspects of the network (the subnet) from the application aspects (the hosts),
greatly simplifies the complete network design.
In most wide area networks, the subnet consists of two distinct components:
i. Transmission li
lines and
ii. Switching elements.
Transmission lines move bits between machines. They can be made of copper wire, optical
fibre, or even radio links whereas;
Switchi
Switching
ng elemen
elements
ts are special
specialized
ized compute
computers
rs that
that connect
connect three
three or more
more transm
transmiss
ission
ion
lines.
lines. When
When data
data arrive
arrive on an incomi
incoming
ng line,
line, the switching
switching element
element must
must choose
choose an
outgoing line on which to forward them.
Figure(15)- WAN
CHAPTER 4
• Active satellite
• Passive satellite
The major difference between these two is that weather the communication
communication relay involves
passive reflect
reflection
ion or active
active electronic
electronic system
system
Figure(16) -GEO
• Orbiting at the height of 22,282 miles above the equator (35,786 km), the satellite
travels in the same direction and at the same speed as the Earth's rotation on its axis,
taking 24 hours to complete a full trip around the globe. Thus, as long as a satellite is
positioned
positioned over the equator in an assigned
assigned orbital location, it will appear to be
"stationary" with respect to a specific location on the Earth.
• A single geostationary satellite can view approximately one third of the Earth's surface.
If three satellites are placed at the proper longitude, the height of this orbit allows
almost all of the Earth's surface to be covered by the satellites.
• These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the
North and
and South Pole
Pole
• Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary satellites, MEO's are placed in an
elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit
Figure(18) -LEO
• These orbits are much closer to the Earth, requiring satellites to travel at a very high
speed in order to avoid being pulled out of orbit by Earth's gravity
• At LEO, a satellite can circle the Earth in approximately one and a half hours
• One satellite can cover almost 1/3 of Earth's surface, offering a reach far more
extensive than what any terrestrial network can achieve
• Communications require the use of fixed antennas. Since geosynchronous satellites
remain
remain statio
stationary
nary over
over the same
same orbita
orbitall locatio
location,
n, users
users can point
point their
their satell
satellite
ite
dish
dishes
es in the
the righ
rightt dire
direct
ctio
ion,
n, with
withou
outt cost
costly
ly trac
tracki
king
ng acti
activi
viti
ties
es,, maki
making
ng
communications reliable and secure
• GEO satellites are proven, reliable and secure - with a lifespan of 10-15 years
Satellite communications, like any other means of communication (radio, TV, telephone,
etc)
etc),, use
use frequ
requeency
ncy band
bandss that
hat are
are par
part of the
the elect
lectro
roma
magn
gneetic
tic spe
spectru
ctrum.
m. The
electromagnetic radiation spectrum starts with the longest waves (including those in the
audible range) and extends through radio waves and the visible light, which is effectively a
very small part of the spectrum, all the way to the extremely short wavelengths such as
radi
radioa
oact
ctiv
ivee radi
radiat
atio
ion.
n. With
Within
in this
this broa
broad
d rang
rangee of freq
freque
uenc
ncie
ies,
s, the
the Inte
Intern
rnat
atio
iona
nall
Telecommunications Union (the United Nations institution that regulates worldwide use of
airwa
airwave
ves)
s) has allo
allocat
cated
ed parts
parts of the spect
spectru
rum
m that
that are
are suit
suitabl
ablee for and
and dedicat
dedicated
ed to
transm
transmiss
ission
ion via satell
satellite
ite.. Some
Some of these
these bands
bands are exclus
exclusivel
ively
y dedicat
dedicated
ed to satell
satellite
ite
transmission.
Figure (19) Spectrum
The satellite transmission bands that are of interest to us are the C-, Ku- and Ka-bands.
C-band is the oldest allocation and operates in the frequency range around 6 GHz for
tran
transm
smis
issi
sion
on (upl
(uplin
ink)
k) and
and betw
betwee
een
n 3.7
3.7 and
and 4.2
4.2 GHz
GHz for
for rece
recept
ptio
ion
n (dow
(downl
nlin
ink)
k)..
Ku-band is the most common transmission format in Europe for satellite TV and uses
aro
around
und 14 GHz for upl
uplink and
and between 10.9 and 12.75
2.75 GHz for dow
downli
nlink.
nk.
Ka-band uses around 30 GHz up- and between 18 and 20 GHz downlink frequency.
C-band and Ku-band are becoming congested by an increasing amount of users, so satellite
service operators are more and more turning to the use of Ka-band.
The selection of the band is not something that individual service providers decide, but is
rather chosen by large satellite operators based on different factors:
• Availa
Availabili
bility:
ty: C-band
C-band is still
still the most
most widely
widely availab
available
le worldw
worldwide.
ide. Ku-band
Ku-band is
becoming more available
available recently
recently in regions which were less covered in the past
(South America, Asia, Africa)
• C-band is more prone to interference from other transmission services that share the
same frequencies (adjacent satellites or terrestrial transmissions) than the higher
bands
• While the C-band technology is cheaper in itself, it requires larger dishes (1 to 3 m)
than
than Ku- and Ka-band
Ka-band (0.6 to 1.8 m) and therefore
therefore impose
imposess relati
relatively
vely higher
(installation) costs on the end-user
• Ku- and especially Ka-band make better use of satellite capacity
• Higher frequency bands (Ku- and especially Ka-) suffer significantly more from
signal
signal deteri
deteriorat
oration
ion caused
caused by rainfal
rainfall:
l: to ensure
ensure availab
availabilit
ility
y in bad weather
weather
conditions, the signal has to be much stronger. 0.1% of unavailability means in fact
that the service will be interrupted for almost 9 hours over a 1-year period. 1%
unavailability represents 90 hours or almost 4 full days
CHAPTER 5
(VSAT)
A VSAT system consists of a satellite transponder, central hub or a master earth station,
and remote VSATs. The VSAT terminal has the capability to receive as well as transmit
signal
signalss via
via the
the sate
satell
llite
ite to other
other VSAT
VSATss in the
the netw
networ
ork.
k. Depen
Dependi
ding
ng on the
the acces
accesss
technology used the signals are either sent via satellite to a central hub, which is also a
monitoring centre, or the signals are sent directly to VSATs with the hub being used for
monitoring
monitoring and control.
control. In addi
additio
tion,
n, the star topo
topolog
logy
y all
allows
ows VSATs to use smaller
smaller
antennas and lower power transmitters, since they’re communicating only with the large
hub antenna.
• Star
The hub station controls and monitors can communicate with a large number of dispersed
VSATs. Generally, the Data Terminal Equipment and 3 hub antenna is in the range of 6-
11m in diameter. Since all VSATs communicate with the central hub station only, this
network is more suitable for centralized data applications.
• Mesh
A group of VSATs communicate directly with any other VSAT in the network without
going through a central hub. A hub station in a mesh network performs only the monitoring
and control functions. These networks are more suitable for telephony applications.
• Hybrid Network
In practice usually using hybrid networks, where a part of the network operates on a star
topology while some sites operate on a mesh topology, thereby accruing benefits of both
topologies.
topologies.
The hub station is usually a relatively large, high performance earth station with an antenna
diameter of anything between 6 and 9m or 11. The hub consists of a control centre
which
which manage networ k, includi
managess the networ including
ng an outdoor
outdoor antenna,
antenna, for the transmi
transmissi
ssion
on and
rece
recepti
ption
on of signa
signals
ls.. Hub
Hub stat
station
ionss are
are quite
quite expen
expensiv
sivee and
and consi
consist
st of sever
several
al main
main
subsyst
subsystems
ems;; except
except for the antenna
antenna these
these are usually
usually fully
fully redunda
redundant
nt with
with automat
automatic
ic
switchover in the event of failure.
Hub stations can be shared between several networks, resulting in a sharing of costs. Two
principal options for network
network implementati
implementation
on can be adopted.
adopted. Firstly,
Firstly, some very large
users will wish to purchase their own dedicated VSAT networks including a hub. Other
users will choose to buy or lease the user terminals and to lease access to a hub which will
be owned by the system operator.
operator. In contrast
contrast to the hub station,
station, the remote terminals
terminals are
much simpler. To minimise total system costs, VSAT networks are designed to have a
single expensive hub and a large number of much smaller remote terminals.
The actual communication between remote sites is through hub and happens in two steps
because, of which there is a time delay of approximately
approximately 0.5 seconds and makes the
technology highly synchronized.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 SPECIFICATIONS
1) NTPC has
has been assigned
assigned transponde
transponderr number 3 in ISRO's
ISRO's communicat
communication
ion satellite
satellite
INSAT 3E.
2) INSAT-3E, was successfully launched on September 28, 2003 by the Ariane-5
launch vehicle of Arianespace.
3) INSAT-3E is positioned at 55 deg East longitude in the geosynchronous orbit.
4) INSAT-3E is being tracked, monitored and controlled from the Master Control
Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka
5) The INSAT series of satellites have typically 12/18 transponders in various
frequency bands; the bandwidth of each transponder is typically 40 MHz but
the usable bandwidth is only 36 MHz. Out of this 36 MHz bandwidth NTPC is
allott
allotted
ed only
only 27 MHz
MHz bandw
bandwidth. The Ku-Ban
idth. Ku-Band
d is interna
internatio
tionall
nally
y popular
popular
frequency band. This Ku-Band because of its higher frequency can support traffic
with smaller antenna sizes in comparison to C/Ext – C band. However it can be
affected by rain which makes it unsuitable for use in Southern regions.
6) Presently,
Presently, Indian
Indian service provider
providerss hire a space
space segment
segment only on the INSAT
INSAT series
series
and operate in C band only.
CSE
SES
S NOIDA is the hub stati
tation
on for
for NTP
NTPC Satc
Satcom
om netw
etwork provi
rovidi
din
ng
facilities to:-
• 28 power stations.
• 5 regional offices & NCPS, DADRI.
• Telephone & fax services among all sites & with CC.
• Generat
Generation
ion data
data from power
power proje
projects
cts to CC contro
controll room
room on high speed
speed data
data
(WAN)
• Online
Online packag
packages
es of stor
stores
es,, finan
finance
ce,, contr
contrac
acts
ts & gener
generat
ation
ion throug
through
h WAN
WAN
connectivity (256 -512 kbps) provided by multiport router at SCN, Noida .
• Up converters
• Antenna
• Down converters
• Modem
The modem
modem interf
interface
acess with
with vario
various
us end user
user equip
equipme
ment,
nt, rangi
ranging
ng from
from stan
stand
d alone
alone
computers, LAN's, routers, multiplexes, telephone instruments as per the requirement.
• The output of modem is given to the up converter which translates or converts this
IF frequency to RF (radio frequency) – 6GHz.
Finally the up converter output is given to HPA for amplification the output of
which is transmitted
transmitted to the antenna which transmits
transmits the data out to the satellite
satellite and
eventually to other ground stations.
• The receive subsystem consisting of a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) which removes
the noise present in the signal. The frequency of the signal received is 4 GHz.
• The LNA output is given to the down converter which converts this RF frequency
to IF frequency i.e. 70 MHz
• The output of down converter is given to the modem for the demodulation process
in order to extract the baseband signal. And finally the modem interfaces with the
router and the information or data reaches the user.
6.4.1 MODEM
The modulation techniques used at NTPC are mainly QPSK and 16QAM.
NTPC is currently
currently using four types
types of modems:
modems:--
a) UMOD
b) SSE
c) Datum
d) DMD 20
DMD 20 is the latest modem used here. The main features of this modem are:-
• Modulation
At NTPC QPSK, 16QAM
• Monitor
• Modulation
• Demodulation
• Test
• Interface etc
• Frequency
• Modulation
• Data rate
An up converter works in the transmitting side whereas the down converter functions in the
receive path. The main function of the up converter is that it converts or translates the
intermediate frequency (which is the output of the modem) to the radio frequency (RF)
which is 6GHz. The up converter used at NTPC is a block up converter which converts a
band (or "block") of frequencies
frequencies from a lower frequency
frequency to a higher frequency.
frequency. Just the
opposite work is done by the down converter that is it takes the radio frequency and
converts it to an intermediate frequency before giving to the modem.
6.4.3
6.4.3 HIGH
HIGH POWE
POWER
R AMPL
AMPLIFI
IFIER
ER (H
(HPA
PA))
The high power amplifier (HPA) is an earth station facility that provides the RF carrier
power to the input terminals
terminals of the antenna.
antenna. The output power typically
typically may few watts
watts for
a single data channel, around a hundred watts or less for a low capacity system, or several
kilowatts
kilowatts for high capacity traffic. An RF power amplifier
amplifier is a type of electronic
electronic amplifier
used to convert a low power radio frequency signal into a larger signal of significant
power, typically
typically for driving the antenna of a transmitter.
transmitter. It is usually
usually optimized
optimized to have
high efficiency, high output power compression, good return loss on the input and output,
good gain, and optimum heat dissipation.
C-band high power amplifiers offer output powers of 50, 100, 150 or 200 watts
Built for reliable, trouble-free service, the amplifiers incorporate microprocessor-
based monitor
monitor and
and control
control systems.
systems.
6.4.
6.4.4
4 LOW
LOW NO
NOISE
ISE AMP
AMPLI
LIFI
FIE
ER
6.4.
6.4.5
5 ANTEN
NTENNA
NA SU
SUBS
BSY
YST
STEM
EM
The primary objective of the VSAT networks is to maximize the use of common satellite
and other
other resour
resources
ces amongs
amongstt all VSAT sites.
sites. The methods
methods by which
which these
these networ
networks
ks
optimize the use of satellite capacity, and spectrum utilization in a flexible and cost-
effective manner are referred to as satellite access schemes. . Good network efficiency
depends very much on the multiple accessing schemes. There are many different access
techniques tailored to match customer applications.
In a TDMA network, all VSATs share satellite resource on a time-slot basis. Remote
VSATs use TDMA channels or inroutes for communicating with the hub. There could be
several inroutes associated with one outroute. Several VSATs share one inroute hence
sharing the bandwidth. Typical inroutes operate at 64 or 128 Kbit/s.
It is the oldest and still one of the most common methods for channel allocation. In this
scheme,
scheme, the availabl
availablee satell
satellite
ite channel
channel bandwid
bandwidth
th is broken
broken into
into freque
frequency
ncy bands
bands for
different earth stations. This means that guard bands are needed to provide separation
between
between the bands.
It implies that the VSATs are pre-allocated a designated frequency. Equivalent of the
terrestrial leased line solutions, PAMA solutions use the satellite resources constantly.
Consequently, there is no call-up delay what makes them most suited for interactive data
applications or high traffic volumes. As such, PAMA connects high data traffic sites within
an organization.
SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier) refers to the usage of a single satellite carrier for
carrying a single channel of user traffic. The frequency is allocated on a pre-assigned basis
in case of SCPC VSAT which is also synonymously known as PAMA VSAT.
ii. DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access)
The network uses a pool of satellite channels, which are available for use by any station in
that network. On demand, a pair of available channels is assigned so that a call can be
established. Once the call is completed, the channels are returned to the pool for an
assignment to another call. . DAMA systems allow the number of channels at any time be
less than the number of potential users. Satellite connections are established and dropped
only when traffic demands them.
Under this, a central network monitoring system allocates a unique code to each of the
VSATs
VSATs enab
enablin
ling
g multi
multiple
ple VSAT
VSATs
s to trans
transmit
mit simul
simultan
taneou
eously
sly and
and share
share a commo
common
n
frequency band. Although this is best applicable for very large networks with low data
requir
requirem
emen
ents
ts,, ther
there
e are prac
practic
tical
al restr
restrict
iction
ions
s in the
the use
use of sprea
spread
d spec
spectru
trum.
m. It is
employed mainly for interference rejection or for security reasons in military systems.
VSAT Accessing Schemes
The Pros:
• Maintenance - A single point contact with the service provider – lesser elements
involved and hence easy fault finding.
• Better Network Management.
CHAPTER 7
NTPC Communication
Communication Network
Network connects all its Projects,
Projects, Regional
Regional HQ’s, and Regional
Regional
Inspection
Inspection Offices
Offices & Commercial
Commercial Offices to Corporate
Corporate Centers
Centers at SCOPE and at EOC
NOIDA
NOIDA for Voice
Voice and Data
Data Communicati
Communication
on via Satellite
Satellite,, MPLS & Leased
Leased Lines.
Lines. The data
network supports all applications like Internet, Email, etc.
Phase I: 5 NOS. INSAT TYPE ‘B’ WITH 7.5 m Ø ANTENNA WITH MCPC 512 Kbps
DATA RATE
Phase II: 6 NOS. 3.8 m Ø ANTENNA WITH MCPC 512 Kbps DATA RATE.
Phase III: 8 NOS. 3.8 m Ø ANTENNA WITH 256 Kbps DATA RATE
Phase IV: 3 NOS. 3.8 m Ø ANTENNA WITH 256 Kbps DATA RATE
TANDA NR / NCR
RAMAGUNDAM, SIMHADRI SR
KAWAS, GANDHAR WR
KAYAMKULAM SR
HYDRO
KOLDAM
NEW DELHI
Noida
F a r id a b ad D ad ri
B ad ar p u r LUCKNOW
T an d a
A ura iyaU nc hBa arh
ha Pr A T N A
S ing rau li K a h a lg a o n
A nt a R ih a nd
V i n d h y a c h al F ara k k a
K o rb a
G an d h ar S ip a t T a lc h Se ru p e r
K aw as T alc h Te rhe rm a l
MUM BAI
R a m a g u nd a m
H y d e ra b adS im h a d ri
K a y a m k u la m
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Hence we have seen the NTPC’s communication network and learnt about the satellite link,
satellite bandwidth what we are using, and about the main equipments and their technical
specifications. I have also learnt the basics of networking and the LAN/WAN networking
techniques. Since the central satellite earth station that has been installed at NTPC Noida is
the hub station for various other sites therefore it needs a continuous supervision so that the
requests
requests and the traffic from various other sites is efficiently handled and managed. I have
learnt how satellite communication practically works and the functioning of a VSAT hub
station. Latest technologies keep coming in the market and NTPC also tries to update itself
so that it is able to manage the increasing traffic and utilize the bandwidth allotted to it
efficiently.
CHAPTER 9
FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
In future if I get an opportunity to work on the same project then I would like to learn more
about the networking in NTPC. Now in the new era of ERP the communication facilities
have to very rugged and they should provide communication with zero down time. NTPC
has introduced new services like ERP. Due to time limitation our main focus was on the
satellite
satellite communication
communication but in future I would like to research
research and study further about how
the video conferencing works in NTPC and the latest services that are being introduced in
its IT department. I would also like to understand how link budget calculations are done.
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite
• http://www.tutorialsweb.com/satcom/fundamentals-of-satellite-
communications.htm
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-
communication
• http://www.gatewayforindia.com/technology/satellite.htm
• http://www.wtec.org/loyola/satcom/toc.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_station
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_small_aperture_terminal
• http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/vikram/tech/vsattut.html
• http://hubpages.com/hub/How-the-VSAT-Technology-Works
• http://www.crystalcommunications.net/satellite/vsat/about_vsat.htm
• http://www.gilat.com/Content.aspx?
Page=how_to_communicate_across_satellite_networks