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Infrared Analysis Spectroscopic: The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Infrared Analysis Spectroscopic: The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Spectroscopic
Analysis
Gamma
Radio waves Mcrowaves Infared Visible UV X rays
rays
Decreasing wavelength
Increasing frequency
Increasing energy
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The Infrared
800nm – 2500nm
2.5 µm 25 µm
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Spectroscopy
study of spectra
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Spectroscopic Techniques
Visible
γ - rays X - rays UV Infrared Microwaves Radio Waves Long Radio
Waves
FM AM
Nuclear
transformations
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Spectroscopic Techniques
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Theory of Infrared Spectroscopy
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WAVELENGTH, λ
nanometer (nm) = 10-9
micrometer (µm) = 10-6
WAVENUMBER, ν 1
ν (in cm-1) = x 104
wavelength in µm
TRANSMITTANCE
Iout
%T= x 100
Iin
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IR Spectrum
plot of wave number vs % transmittance
2.5 Micrometers 16
Transmittance (%)
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IR Spectrum
2.5 Micrometers 16
Transmittance (%)
N H C O
C C Other stretchings,
O H C C bendings and
C N combination bands
C H C N
stretchings
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IR Spectrum
Strong (s)
Medium (m)
Weak (w)
Variable (v)
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IR Spectrum
Broad
Sharp
Multiplet
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IR Correlation Table
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
Carbon-Hydrogen Stretching
Bonds with more s character absorb at a higher
frequency.
– sp3 C-H, just below 3000 cm-1 (to the right)
– sp2 C-H, just above 3000 cm-1 (to the left)
– sp C-H, at 3300 cm-1
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
Carbonyl Stretching
• The C=O bond of simple ketones, aldehydes, and
carboxylic acids absorb around 1710 cm-1.
• Usually, it’s the strongest IR signal.
• Carboxylic acids will have O-H also.
• Aldehydes have two C-H signals around 2700 and
2800 cm-1.
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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IR Spectra Analysis
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Comparison
of
IR Spectra
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Hexane
1-Hexene
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1-Hexene
1-Hexyne
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Cyclohexane
Cyclohexene
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Ethanol
Phenol
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Acetic Acid
Benzoic Acid
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Benzene
Toluene
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Ethyl Acetate
Ethylamine
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Molecular Modes of Vibration
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Transmittance
SAMPLE
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