European Coatings Journal

EUROPEAN
C OATINGS
www.european-coatings.com journal 04 — 2020
09
PROTECTIVE
COATINGS
This issue offers a full package on protective
coatings: a market report, a product over view, a
technical paper on corrosion under insulation as
well as exclusive expert voices.
22 POWDER COATINGS 40 LEGISLATION

Reduced curing temperatures Action plan for REACH compliance
PRA’s 12th International
Woodcoatings 20 – 21 October 2020

Congress Amsterdam City, The Netherlands
www.european-coatings.com/woodcoatings
Addressing the challenges of

modern wood coatings
Calling for your ideas Suggested Topics

Environmental
∙ Environmental impact analysis
∙ Biocidal products regulations
PRA’s 12th International Woodcoatings Congress is calling for your bright ideas ∙ Biocide-free formulations
and provides a unique opportunity for personal interaction with like-minded ∙ Bio-renewable raw materials
professionals - disseminating new technology, collaboration and networking. ∙ Indoor air emissions
∙ Energy reduction
∙ Recyclability
∙ Eco-labelling
Technology
∙ Nano-size materials
Submit your abstract online ∙ Radiation curing, waterborne,
high solids, powder
before 10 April 2020 at: ∙ Modified wood (chemical, heat, plasma)
∙ Wood composite materials
∙ Hybrid Systems
www.european-coatings.com/ ∙ Surface modification
∙ Application and equipment
woodcoatings
Performance
∙ UV-VIS transmission
∙ Mechanical properties
∙ Matting effects
∙ Lignin stabilizers
∙ Fire retardancy
∙ Anti-microbial protection
Best Paper Award ∙ Blocking
∙ Knot and tannin stain blocking
The most outstanding technical paper will be ∙ Adhesion
∙ Water permeability
honoured with the famous Holbrow Medal by
the Oil & Colour Chemists’ Association. Standards, Measurement
& Instrumentation
∙ CEN, ISO, ASTM initiatives
∙ Laboratory exposure
vs natural weathering
∙ Round Robin testing
Information about submission and registration: ∙ Service life prediction
∙ High Throughput Research
Moritz Schuermeyer ∙ Standards and tests reliability
Vincentz Network
T +49 511 9910-278
moritz.schuermeyer@vincentz.net
We can’t wait to
hear from you! The Congress is a collaboration between:
EDI T OR IAL 3
Join our Group

“European Coatings Industry”
zhengzaishanchu – stock.adobe.com
BEST PROTECTED?
Corrosion protection is and remains an important issue, whether for build-
ings, ships or pipelines. The coating used is decisive in determining whether,
for example, structures are reliably protected against corrosion. The market
report (page 10) shows that the demand for corrosion protection coatings is
heavily dependent on public funding for infrastructure. Although the outlook
Silke Karl for the near future is not very bright, the number of coating materials used is
Editor
expected to increase by 2023.
T +49 511 9910-218
silke.karl@vincentz.net The product overview (page 14) provides an overview of the raw materials
for epoxy resin – one of the main ingredients for protective coatings that are
currently available.
In the focus article (page 16) Andreas Hoyer takes a closer look at corrosion
under insulation. The author will give further details on the topic and answer
questions during our monthly webinar European Coatings Live on 28 April at
15.00 CET. Please register free of charge at www.european-coatings.com/live.
Enjoy reading! 
E U R OP E AN COAT I NGS JOU RN A L 04 – 2020

4 C ON T E N T S
Source: Ulia Koltyrina - stock.adobe.com

PROTECTIVE
COATINGS
Market report
10
Source: tomas - stock.adobe.com
PROTECTIVE
COATINGS
Corrosion
under
insulation
16 22
POLYESTER POWDER COATING
RESINS
Green powder
EUROPEAN COATINGS JOURNAL 04 – 2020
PROTECTIVE COATINGS
6 INDUSTRY NEWS 10 MARKET REPORT
The most important moves within the coatings A gloomy outlook
industry
12 EXPERT VOICES
Irmgard Winkels, Sika Deutschland, and Hong Xu,
Cardolite
14 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
Epoxy resins
16 TECHNICAL PAPER
An in-depth analysis of corrosion under insulation.
Andreas Hoyer, International Farbenwerk.
EUROPEAN COATINGS LIVE

Learn more about
Protective coatings
at European Coatings Live on 28 April 2020, 15.00 CET at
www.european-coatings.com/live
E U R O P E AN CO AT I NGS J O UR N AL 04 – 2020
C O NT E N T S 5
Source: PiyawatNandeenoparit - stock.adobe.com
Source. hayo - stock.adobe.com
Source: tarasov_vl - stock.adobe.com

WEATHERING
The lasting
impact of tita-
nium dioxide
30
Source: motortion - stock.adobe.com
LEGISLATION
REACH CORROSION PROTECTION
registration Direct-to-metal coatings
40 42
22 POLYESTER POWDER COATING RESINS 42 CORROSION PROTECTION

Polyester made from renewable and recycled raw A better understanding of how TiO2 affects powder-
materials reduce the CO2 footprint of powder coat- coat weathering. J. Rommens, and S. De Backer,
ing technology. Dietmar Fink, Allnex Germany, and Chemours Belgium; P. Gijsman and L. Molhoek, DSM
Alessandro Minesso, Allnex Italy Netherlands
28 WORLD OF COLOUR 48 SUPPLIERS INDEX

48 MASTHEAD
30 WEATHERING
Innovative polyamide-based polyurethane water- 50 ADVERTISERS INDEX
borne dispersions. Amanda Dechant, Joshua Hal-
stead, Ximing Li, Chris Swech, Naser Pourahmady,
Gabor Erdodi, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, USA
38 FACTS IN FIVE
39 CEPE CORNER
CEPE’s Managing Director for 15 years says farewell
40 LEGISLATION
The REACH registration dossier
Source cover: Yurii Andreichyn - stock.adobe.com

6 I ND U S T R Y N E W S
MARKET MOVES
A short over view on the most important moves within the European
coatings industry. You can find more news on markets and companies,
raw materials and technologies at www.european-coatings.com.
“The EU does not Akzo Nobel acquires full ownership of powder coatings joint venture
provide the same
Acquisition Akzo Nobel has completed the acquisi-
Source: cakeio - Fotolia.com

opportunities as the tion of the remaining 25 percent stake in Akzo Nobel
U.K. for our business.“ Boya Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S., a powder coatings joint
venture in Turkey. The company has now acquired
Abubaker Sheibani, Group Vice Chairman and full ownership, having previously held the majority
Managing Director, Sheibani Group share. The deal is supposed to help to consolidate
Akzo Nobel’s position in powder coatings in Turkey,
one of Europe’s largest powder coatings markets.
Why have you chosen to add Thomas
Howse to your portfolio? Thomas Howse akzonobel.com
was a perfect fit to our U.K. coatings business
as it strengthened the portfolio of industrial
products and added powder coatings to the
offer. We feel that powder coatings which are C&G Pigment establishes European subsidiary
to all intents and purposes VOC-free provide a
better solution to the environment than water- New Presence C&G Pigment has registered a sub-
Source: ryasick - Fotolia.com
based coatings. sidiary in Leverkusen, Germany. By etsablishing a

European presence, the marketing company for in-
Why is the U.K. such an interesting mar- organic pigments wants to market its product portfo-
ket for you? The U.K. is probably the best lio from well known Chinese pigment manufacturers
value for money currently for buying further throughout the continent. The C&G Pigment strategic
assets in the coatings industry and we have portfolio consists of iron oxide, titanium dioxide and
seen this over the last few years as other large carbon black pigments. The German subsidiary oper-
multinationals have also strengthened their ates under the name C&G Pigment Europe GmbH.
operations there. The UK has good supply
chain options for both raw materials and ex- www.cg-pigment.com
port outside the UK and the industrial custom-
ers are always interested in innovation whilst
retaining a practical common sense approach
on its implementation. There has been a lot
of comments about Brexit, both positive and “Automation and digitisation offer a lot
negative, but in terms of long term planning
for business the U.K. seems to be much bet- of opportunities for the ink industry.
ter positioned for the coming decade - whether
with or without any form of trade deal as most
For example, products can be developed
of our business is outside the EU. and brought to market more quickly.“
Do you also look for targets outside the Herbert Forker, CEO Siegwerk Druckfarben
U.K.? Currently we already have a large foot-
print in the Middle East and have some trac-
tion in Africa and Asia. However, the EU as
mentioned previously does not currently pro- Weilburger independent in China since March 2020
vide the same opportunities as the U.K. for de-
velopment of our existing business model. It is Subsidiary Grebe Holding GmbH, parent receives back the business based on its li-
possible once the current phase of our plans company of the Weilburger Group, has an- censed technology, as well as other assets,
are completed that Spain or Portugal may nounced that Weilburger has exited the and takes over from CMW Holding Ltd. the
be promising in the future, especially as we former joint venture CMW Holding Ltd. ownership of the newly erected 32,000
look towards North and West Africa. Currently (CMW = CashewManfieldWeilburger) as of square meter production facility in Tianjin,
however, most EU countries have more in the 25 February 2020, and is now active in the near Beijing.
way of barriers to extending our business than Chinese market as a 100% subsidiary, Weil-
opportunities due to their cost base and lan- burger China (Tianjin) Ltd. In exchange for www.weilburger.com/en
guage - real or perceived - barriers.  its shares in CMW Holding Ltd., Weilburger
ANZEIGE
Go beyond what you expect from a partner. With
advanced preservatives & additives backed by
expert technical service, regulatory guidance,
and reliable supply, Troy delivers
exceptional value.
Visit us at troycorp.com
info.europe@troycorp.com
+31-10-8990-142
Preservatives | Performance Additives | Driers

HOW TO MAKE COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
MORE SUSTAINABLE
www.european-coatings.com/sustainability-dossier
EUROPEAN
C OATINGsieSr
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EC DOSSIER SUSTAINABILITY
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BY
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Limited and dwindling resources: A topic

that nowadays is more important than ever
before. Making coatings more sustainable and
building an eco-friendly future are key issues.
Discover different approaches and expert
voices on a sustainable coating technology:
Access the new EC Dossier, bun-
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www.european-coatings.com/sustainability-dossier
Source: syharel - stock.adobe.com C O N T EN T S P R O T E C T I V E C O AT I N G S 9
PROTECTIVE
COATINGS
10 MARKET REPORT
Urgently needed but faltering infrastructure projects are having a negative
impact on the market for corrosion protection coating materials in Europe
12 EXPERT VOICES
Irmgard Winkels, Sika Deutschland, and Hong Xu, Cardolite
14 PRODUCT OVERVIEW
Epoxy resins
16 TECHNICAL PAPER
An in-depth analysis of corrosion under insulation.
Andreas Hoyer, International Farbenwerke

10 P R O T E C T I V E C OAT I NG S MARKE T R EP O R T
Source: Ulia Koltyrina - stock.adobe.com

A GLOOMY
OUTLOOK
Urgently needed but faltering infrastructure projects are
having a negative impact on the market for corrosion pro-
tection coating materials in Europe. By Damir Gagro.
The demand for corrosion protection coatings is strongly influ- expected in the next three years. By then, consumption is expected
enced by the public expenditure on infrastructure. Currently, to rise to 0.33 million tonnes. Of the twelve companies that hold the
many projects are stalling and therefore current consumption largest market share in the segment of corrosion protection coatings,
does not reflect demand. In the next few years, however, the only three are European (Akzo Nobel, Jotun and Hempel). The group
market should develop more positively, as predicted by the of the remaining nine paint manufacturers have their headquarters in
market research company IRL. the USA (PPG, Sherwin-Williams and RPM), China (Dowill and Chugoku),
Japan (Nippon Paint) and South Korea (KCC).
T he market for corrosion protection coatings in 2018 is estimated

by the market research company IRL at 74 million tons in volume
and EUR 26.5 billion in value. However, the data only refers to 21 coun-
DECLINING TREND IN EUROPE
tries. Grand View Research is also in a similar corridor with its forecasts The current evaluations show a very differentiated picture of the market
and estimated the market at a value of EUR 27.1 billion. The expecta- situation for corrosion protection coating materials. Predictions show
tions for the coming years also look positive. IRL forecasts growth of a declining trend in both the quantities and the value of these coating
more than 2 million tonnes by 2023, which would bring the volume up materials in Europe. The reasons for this are to be found in faltering but
to just under 9.5 million tonnes. urgently needed infrastructure projects, such as the renovation of road
and rail bridges, railway stations and other infrastructure projects. The
LION’S SHARE WAS CONSUMED IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION situation is further aggravated by the increasingly reluctant willingness
of industry to invest and the drastically reduced production figures for
The market value would rise by more than EUR 7 billion to EUR 33,6 wind turbines. All in all, a gloomy picture, although many of the urgently
billion. The largest consumption of these coating systems in 2018 was needed projects have been approved and cannot be carried out due
in Asia-Pacific, about 84 % (6.2 million metric tons) of the total global to bottlenecks. However, the implementation of such projects will again
volume (Fig. 1). According to the IRL, this region will also be responsible contribute to the positive market development in the coming years.
for the major part of the volume increase. Market researchers expect A higher performance of the coating materials or coating systems leads
consumption in the region to reach almost 8.1 million tonnes in 2023. to a longer protection period of the corrosion protection coatings on
IRL identified a significantly lower consumption in volume for the entire the objects. With the publication of the revised basic standard DIN EN
American continent. Not quite 7 % of the total volume of corrosion ISO 12944, the new protection duration “very high” (protection duration
protection coating materials was consumed in this region last year. greater than 25 years) was also introduced on the basis of many years
Nevertheless, the almost 0.5 million tons are the second highest con- of experience. It goes even further: the corrosion protection of a bridge
sumption globally. However, this volume is expected to rise to over 0.6 designed for a service life of 100 years is to be renewed at most twice
million tonnes by 2023. In third place, in terms of consumption volume, instead of three times. A study by CEPE has clearly shown that the great-
is Europe. According to IRL, consumption in this region last year was est environmental impact of renewing the corrosion protection of traffic
0.4 million tonnes. A slight growth is also expected here. Market re- bridges is caused by traffic diversion.
searchers forecast a volume of 0.45 million tons in 2023. The Europe-
an umbrella organization of paint and coatings manufacturers, CEPE, INVESTMENT BACKLOG CLOUDS FORECAST FOR GERMANY
also agrees with a slight growth trend. Since 2014, domestic sales have
risen steadily year-on-year, albeit only slightly. Only from 2015 to 2017 From the point of view of market researchers, producers of corrosion
was there a slight decline of 0.7 %. However, the association expects coating materials should look forward to further growth, albeit low in
domestic sales to be just over 0.2 million tonnes. However, the sta- Europe. In Germany, however, the industry is less optimistic. In 2018,
tistics only include figures reported by the companies organised in the VdL announced that the sales volume of 45,000 tonnes was worth
the association. The Middle East and Africa region recorded the low- EUR 180 million. The figures for 2019 will only be available in the coming
est consumption of 0.29 million tonnes. Only slight increases are also weeks, but a slight decline can nevertheless be expected. One reason
MARKE T REP OR T 11
Figure 1: Nearly 84% of the 7.4 million tonness of corrosion

protection coating materials consumed in 2018 were used in
the Asia-Pacific region. Source: IRL
2018 2023
Europe 396,700 451,760
Middle East and

291,280 334,340
Africa
Asia-Pacific 6,211,410 8,094,760
North and South

499,970 610,880
America
Total 7,399,360 9,491,740
Figure 3: Epoxy resin systems were the most commonly

used in 2018. Source: IRL
2,5
2
Million tonnes
1,5
0,5
0
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ds
ne
te
ox
he
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ha
es
ac
Ep
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Al
ly
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re
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Pu
ly
Po
could be the investment backlog in cities and municipalities, which

has reached a record level. In 2018, overdue investments totalled
EUR 159 billion - of course this figure does not only include projects
directly related to corrosion protection. The fact that the investment
backlog in Germany is dissolving only slowly is no longer due first
and foremost to lack of money. There is often simply a lack of pro-
jects that can be implemented quickly. There are many reasons for
this inertia. The construction industry is currently working at full ca-
pacity anyway, so that not only are prices rising, but public clients are
finding it difficult to find companies. After all, the state with its bu-
reaucratic processes is not always a popular builder-owner. Another
major problem is that the federal, state and local governments do
not have enough planning capacity to move projects forward. The
Handelsblatt cited the following example: The Directorate General
of Waterways and Shipping alone estimates that it lacks at least 500
engineers to rehabilitate the hundreds of locks and 7,300 kilometres
of rivers and canals. Things are not looking any better in the munici-
palities that are planning roads or schools. In many offices there is
an acute shortage of staff, which cannot be remedied in a hurry. The
austerity measures of the past are likely to take their revenge now.
Experts estimate the economic damage caused by omitted or im-
proper corrosion protection measures in Germany only at a volume
of around EUR 90 billion per year. 
E UR OP E AN COAT I N GS JOUR N AL 04 – 2020

12 P R O T E C T I V E C OAT I NG S E X P E R T V O I CE S
Source: sakarin14 - stock.adobe.com

Two questions, two answers:
1 How difficult is it to replace raw ma-

terials for protective coatings without
losing performance?
2 What trends do you expect to influence

protective coatings in the next years?
And why?
1 Generally the performance of a corro-

sion or fire protection coating is the re-
sult of a complex composition of various raw
ity renewable raw material are available that
can be used for high performance coatings,
but not all products on the market can of-
materials. If one raw material needs to be fer comparable performance to mineral oil
exchanged due to legislative or sustainability based ones.
issues, most of the time the whole formula-
tion needs to be redesigned, because the “A replacement Sustainability can also be improved by in-
creasing the durability of protective coatings.
chemistry of the new raw material will be Corrosion protection coating systems for
different. In order to come to a solution with can take up bridges are designed now for a life time of
the same or preferably better performance a 50 years. It can be demonstrated by life cycle
wide variety of formulations and alternative to five years analysis, that this is the best way to reduce
raw materials need to be tested. carbon footprint.
Due to the fact that protective coatings pro-
vide performance for decades, test proce-
and several Further aspects will come into our focus, not
only life cycle analysis of the product and its
dures are extensive and time consuming.
Additionally external certificates and approv-
thousands of raw material, also degradability and recycla-
bility need to be considered (circular econo-
als are necessary, which can take further
months or even years. For example coatings
working hours.“ my action plan). This is a certain contradic-
tion for protective coatings to provide a long
for drinking water or food contact or for fire term durability on the one hand and easy
protection need to be externally approved demolition at the end of life. Basic research
before any field test can be started. Especial- is necessary to provide solutions.
ly for food and drinking water contact the raw The combination of functionalities, for ex-
material choice is limited due to positive lists. ample fire and corrosion protection in one
After successful internal performance and product or integration of self-healing proper-
application tests, as well as external approval ties will go on. For workshop applications the
– if necessary - the new product needs to be reduction of application costs per m² is an
tested in the field. For corrosion protection ongoing trend, that requires further reduc-
coatings, that could be used outside, we have tion of waiting times, short curing times and
to consider a long field test period, because reduction of number of layers.
we need to test the application in all seasons. In the next years a lot of REACH registered
Depending on the complexity of the project chemicals will be re-evaluated, currently all
and the application field (e.g. coating for off- dossiers are checked and ECHA found, that
shore foundation structures) such a replace- a lot of toxicological data is missing. We ex-
ment can take up to five years and several pect further changes in labelling, that require
thousands of working hours.  reformulation of coatings. Upcoming REACH
requirements for polymers and new regula-
tions (e.g. Brazil and Argentina) concerning
2 The current trend concerning sustain-

ability is going to gain increased impor-
use and import of chemicals will require at-
tention in the next years.
tance. The amount of renewable raw materi-
als in protective coatings is going to increase,
in order to reduce the carbon foot print. Not
Irmgard Winkels
Head of Coating Standards

to get in conflict with food production is a Sika Deutschland

challenge. In the meantime some high qual- winkels.irmgard@de.sika.com
E XP ER T V OIC E S 13
Source: bannafarsai - stock.adobe.com

1 Replacing raw materials in protective
coatings is not an easy task. The major
challenge is usually cost. Currently, there are
2 The leading trends we see are the move
to lower VOC coatings and the replace-
ment of hazardous materials classified as
raw materials available that achieve good or “substances of high concern”. That is a result
even better performance than incumbent
technologies while meeting regulatory re- “Most times, of more stringent regulations and the in-
creasing desire of the industry to adopt safer
quirements. However, most times, formula-
tions based on those new raw materials are formulations and environmentally-friendly coatings. As the
coatings industry develops expertise in new
not cost effective. In part, that is due to the low VOC technologies in one market seg-
higher costs of the new raw materials them- based on those ment (as seen, for example, with waterborne
selves, but the other components in the for- container coatings), that technology may be
mulation also play a role. For instance, the new raw transferred to protective coatings with the
two components used to lower costs in tra- necessary adjustments. With increased de-
ditional protective coatings are solvents and
fillers. Since solvents need to be reduced or
materials are mand for such formulations, prices should
also become more competitive due to econ-
eliminated to lower VOC, more expensive fill-
ers with specific particle sizes, particle size
not cost omies of scale.
Furthermore, asset owners are always look-
distributions and surface treatments may be
needed to lower viscosity in high solids and
effective.“ ing for more durable, high performance
protective coatings that can reduce material
solvent free coatings. and labor costs, and inspection and mainte-
Moreover, the second challenge comes from nance expenses. For those coating systems
variations in performance. Any new raw ma- designed for very aggressive environments,
terial introduced for protective coatings will such as found in off-shore constructions,
behave differently from existing materials, ship building and pipeline applications, ap-
and therefore, re-formulation becomes inevi- plying multiple functional coating layers is
table. Even with the help of accelerating tests preferred to achieve long-term protection
and some established performance simu- synergy and longevity for overall cost effec-
lation models, it is still hard to truly predict tiveness. On the other hand, we have ob-
long-term performance in the field. served more emphasis on the development
Lastly, changes take time. Often, success- of direct-to-metal or hybrid coatings that use
ful raw material replacements are better fewer layers (that means fewer labour hours
achieved through collaboration between the and lower material cost) to meet good per-
raw materials and coatings suppliers. formance standards.
With ongoing changes in hazards classifica- Another trend that continues to influence
tion of key polymer building blocks, with the protective coatings is the need to reduce as-
high costs to register new substances in set downtime. Suppliers are asked to provide
many countries, and with increasing VOC reg- coatings with very fast cure and long pot life.
ulations, designing a new material requires Another way to shorten operation shutdown
forward-thinking from all players in the value is by minimizing substrate preparation or
chain. Partnerships between those players cleaning. That requires the design of surface
can help justify cost and time investment and Hong Xu tolerant coatings that are capable of adher-
ensure the right material is developed. Technical Ser vice Manager ing to damp or wet surfaces, or surfaces with
Cardolite small contamination or even rust. 
hxu@cardolite.com

14 P R O T E C T I V E C OAT I NG S P R ODUC T O V ER V I E W
EPOXY FOR PROTECTION

When talking about protective coatings, there is no get-
Source: pichitstocker - stock.adobe.com
ting around epoxy resin coatings. For almost 100 years,

epoxy resin paints have been the measure of all things for
the protection of metallic and other heavy duty surfaces
against weather, water and corrosion. Current raw materi-
als can be found in the table. By Nina Musche.
E poxy resins were patented even twice in the 1930s: in Switzer-

land and a few years earlier in Germany. These polyethers are
usually used with two terminal epoxy groups and cross-linked with
amines. Their good mechanical properties and extremely good re-
sistance to high temperatures and chemicals quickly made this group
of resins a frequently used raw material.
Still about 75 % of all epoxy resins are based on bisphenol-A and
epichlorhydrin. Low molecular weight resins can be liquid, but most
of them are available as solid resins, which are then often dissolved
Viscosity
Company Product name Type Epoxy equivalent Solvent Solids content
in mPas at 25 °C
Ciech Medium-molecular
Epidian 115 2100 mmol/kg Xylene 75 % 7-14000
Resins weight epoxy resin
High-molecular
Epidian 1X70 2125 mmol/kg Xylene 70 % N/A
weight epoxy resin
Epidian 4X80 BPA epoxy resin 4025 mmol/kg Xylene 80 % 500-900
Epiclon Novolac, non-ionic

DIC 400 g/eq. Water 50 % 50-700
EM-NO1 50W emulsifiers
Epiclon EXA- BPA epoxy resin
490 g/eq. Water 60 % 500
8420-60W (#1 type)
Epiclon No epoxy Water/Butyl cello-
Modified epoxy resin 41 % 3000
H-502-42W groups left solve/ IPA/ DMEA
Epikote Resin
Hexion Modifiend BPA resin 3800 mmol/kg Xylene 90 % 2-4000
874-X90
Modified, high
Epikure Curing Amin value
molecular weight Water 53 % 1-11000
Agent 6870-W-53 250 mg/g
polyamine adduct
Epi-Rez Resin
Two-pack resin 2015 mmol/kg Water 54 % 300-5000
7723-W-53
DLVE 18
Olin Modified epoxy resin 167 g/eq -- 100 % 400-1000
Epoxy Resin
Novolac epoxy resin,

DLVNE-61 modified with cyclosali- 162 g/eq -- 100 % 4500-6000
phatic polyglycidyl ether
Modified polyamine Amin value

D.E.H. 4914 -- 100 % 9000
adduct 108 g/eq
P R O DU C T O V ER VIE W 15
“Fixing pipes with

in organic solvents. If halogenated, these types of resins can be used
in flame retardant coatings. epoxy resin costs
In addition, the reaction of phenols with formaldehyde forms the ba-
sis for novolak epoxy resins. These are characterized by their high
functionality. This result in highly cross-linked and thus highly chemi-
50-60 % less than
cal-resistant coatings. Unfortunately, flexibility also suffers as a result.
Both types can be crosslinked with amines at room temperature.
The group of aliphatic epoxy resins is somewhat less reactive and
installing new ones“
has to be crosslinked at elevated temperatures or via UV activation.
However, the aliphatic resins have advantages, for example in the
lower yellowing tendency.
Furthermore, the hardeners determine the processing conditions.
Aliphatic amines can be used at room temperature in so-called cold
curing. Aromatic or also acidic hardeners require higher tempera-

tures. BOOK TIP: EPOXY RESINS
Restrictions in the VOC content of the finished coatings have led to
the development of high-solids and aqueous systems. Today there Thanks to their excellent characteristics, epoxy resins
are aqueous systems for most quality levels. A few examples of the belong to the most established binders within the coat-
great variety of epoxy resins are shown in the table.  ings industry. This book explains the basic principles of
the chemistry of the epoxy group and imparts the use of
epoxy and phenoxy resins in industrial coatings, such as
anti-corrosive coatings, floor coatings, powder coatings
Application Properties
and can coatings, with the help of concrete formulations.
Intermediate product for
"cold-cured" anti-corrosion -- Michael Dornbusch et. al, 2016 ISBN: 9783866308879
coatings
Intermediate product for
"cold-cured" anti-corrosion --
coatings AUTONOMOUS SELF-HEALING IN EPOXY
Semi-finished product for
--
COATINGS PROVIDED BY IPDI MICROCAPSULES
protective coatings
Anti corrosion coatings,
binders for glass fibers
High-solid, low viscosity, solvent-free This work investigates the self-healing ability of epoxy coatings,
modified with microcapsules containing highly reactive isocy-
Anti-corrosion coatings, Good pigment dispersibility, high-solid, anate in their core. The capsules were incorporated into an
marine coatings good storage stability
epoxy coating to protect carbon steel. Electrochemical Imped-
Anti-corrosion coatings, Good pigment dispersibility, ance Spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to evaluate the protec-
marine coatings good storage stability tive performance of coated samples and results confirmed that
the barrier properties of modified coatings increased over time.
High-solid
Highly flexible, water resistance This comprehensive study confirmed the ability of the capsules
protective coatings
to heal damaged areas in the coating and to mitigate corrosion
Low-odour, solvent-free, shear stable, thanks to the formation of a protective polymeric barrier layer.
Water-borne
visible end of pot life, high gloss,
epoxy coatings
corrosion and water resistance
Mahboobeh Attaei et. al.
Low-VOC coatings, self-coalescence and Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol 139, Feb 2020
Anti corrosive primers, ACE, film formation without co-solvent, adhesion,
auto parts and accessories fast drying, early hardness, corrosion
and humidity resistance, shear stable
Low viscosity, no need for diluent modification,

High-solids marine and
corrosion resistance, hardness and fast
protective coatings, building
drying, high filler loading and PVC,
and civil engineering
solids content greater 85 % possible
High-solid marine and Low VOC, good application properties,

protective coatings strong chemical and thermal resistance
VOC-free, low level of free amine,

Ultra-high-solid and solvent-
high impact resistance, low
free corrosion protection
temperature application performance

16 P R O T E C T I V E C OAT I NG S TE CH N I C A L PAP ER
Source: tomas - stock.adobe.com
CORROSION UNDER
INSULATION
An in-depth analysis of CUI (Corrosion under isolation). by Andreas Hoyer, International Farbenwerke.
Figure 1: Through-wall corrosion under insulation of a large CUI is well understood, yet pervasive. Despite long-established
coated carbon-steel storage tank. mitigation methods, it costs the process industry millions of
euros annually. Effective prevention based on life-cycle costs
can slash the cost of downtime, maintenance repair, and in-
spection.
C arbon steel under wet insulation undergoes nonuniform gen-

eral corrosion and/or highly localised pitting. Austenitic stainless
steels mainly suffer pitting and CSCC.
CUI OF CARBON STEEL
The mechanism: Figure 1 shows through-wall corrosion under insula-

tion in a carbon-steel storage tank. It occurred near the tank bottom
where the coating failed, exposing the carbon steel to wet corrosive
conditions under the insulation. Carbon steel does not corrode simply
because it is covered with insulation, but because it is contacted by
aerated water. In a corroded system, insulation can provide an an-
nular space or crevice for retaining water with full access to oxygen
(air) and other corrosive media. If care is not taken, it can act as a wick
or absorbent material and contribute contaminants that boost the
corrosion rate. In carbon steel, the latter is mainly controlled by the
temperature of the steel surface, availability of oxygen and water, and
corrosive water-contaminants.
Contaminants: Two primary water sources are involved in CUI of
T E CHN I C A L PA P E R 17
Figure 2: Effect of temperature on corrosion of steel in water. Figure 3: Photograph showing ESCC of a 04 stainless steel
(This is Figure 12 in ASM Vol 13. Footnote 3 and 4: Corrosion evaporator flash tank. The tank was insulated with calcium sili-
rate unit should be mm/yr.) cate insulation and operated at temperatures up to 100°C.
1.0
Corrosion Rate in mm/y
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in °C
Closed system (oxygen held in system) 3

Open system (oxygen free to escape) 3
Chemical plant measurements of corrosion under insulation 4
carbon steel. The first is breaks in the weatherproofing that lead to with the rate depending on the properties of the insulation materials.
infiltration of external water sources to the metal surface, e.g. rainfall, Some contain water-leachable salts that may contribute to corrosion,
drift from cooling towers, condensate from cold service equipment, and some foams contain residual compounds that react with water to
steam discharge, process liquid spillage, spray from fire sprinklers, form an acidic environment. Water retention, permeability, and wet-
deluge systems, washrooms, and condensation on cold surfaces af- tability of the insulation also affect corrosion of carbon steel. Figure 5
ter vapour-barrier damage. The second is major corrosion wherever shows corrosion of carbon steel where wet insulation was in contact
temperatures cycle from below the dew point to above-ambient tem- with the surface.
peratures. Here, the classic wet/dry cycle occurs when the cold metal
develops water condensation that is then baked off during the hot/dry CUI OF STAINLESS STEEL
cycle. The transition from one to the other includes a period of damp/
warm conditions with attendant high corrosion rates. Chlorides and CUI in austenitic stainless steel is manifested by chloride-induced
sulfates are the main contaminants under insulation and can leach stress corrosion cracking (CISCC), also known as external stress
from the insulation or from external waterborne or airborne sources. corrosion cracking (ESCC) because the chloride source is external
They are particularly detrimental because their metal salts readily to the process environment. Figure 3 shows ESCC of a 04 stainless
dissolve in water to yield highly conductive solutions. Furthermore, steel evaporator flash tank..Figure 4 shows the typical transgranular
hydrolysis of the metal salts can create acidic conditions that lead to lightning-strike appearance of ESCC in the pipe. ESCC of austenitic
localised corrosion. stainless steel can occur in tensile-stressed equipment contacted by
Temperature: It is generally accepted that carbon steel at -4 to 149 aerated water, chlorides, or contaminants at 50 - 150 °C.
°C is most at risk from CUI. Equipment operating continuously below The mechanism: The mechanism of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is
-4 °C usually stays corrosion-free. Corrosion is reduced above 149 °C discussed in several publications [3, 4]. The mode of cracking is nor-
because the surface essentially stays dry. It tends to occur wherever mally transgranular. The propensity for ESCC is known to be greatest
water enters the insulation system when the temperature is below when the following are present:
149 °C and equipment is idle. Figure 2 shows the corrosiveness of wa-  A susceptible 300 series austenitic stainless steel
ter with change in temperature. Steel CUI is like corrosion in a closed  Residual or applied surface tensile stresses
hot-water system. In an open system, the oxygen level drops as the  Chlorides, bromide, and possibly fluoride ions
temperature keeps rising, and corrosion eventually declines [1]. In a  Metal in the range 50 to 150 °C
closed system, the rate continues to rise with rise in water tempera-  Electrolyte (water)
ture. Estimated and field data for the corrosion rate of carbon steel Alloys: The stainless steels commonly affected by ESCC in the chemi-
under insulation (Figure 2) confirm that it rises with the temperature, cal process industries are the 300 series, 304 type (UNS S30400 and
in a manner like that of a closed system [2]. The inference is that the S30403), 316 type (UNS S31600 and S31603), 317L (UNS S31700), 321
same oxygen cell corrosion mechanism occurs as in a closed system. (UNS S32100), and 347 (UNS S34700). Other types can also undergo
Due to the presence of salts in the field, corrosion rates there are ESCC in certain conditions.
higher than in the laboratory. The salts raise the conductivity of the Stress: For ESCC to develop, enough tensile stress must be present
water film and so affect the corrosion rate. in the material. If this is eliminated or greatly reduced, cracking will
Insulation: Carbon steel can corrode under all types of insulation, not occur. The threshold stress depends somewhat on the severity of 

 the cracking medium. Most mill products, such as sheet, plate, pipe, evated temperatures cause evaporation from the surface and thus
and tubing, contain enough residual tensile stress to crack without chloride concentration; and 2) as the temperature rises, susceptibility
external stress. When austenitic stainless steels are cold formed and to ESCC initiation and propagation increases. ESCC occurs more often
welded, additional stresses are imposed. ESCC is more prevalent in at 50 - 150 °C. Below 50 °C, chlorides do not concentrate to levels
process piping due to the high hoop stresses normally found there. that cause ESCC. Above 150 °C, surface water is usually absent, and
As the total stress rises, the potential for ESCC rises too. failures are rare. Equipment cycling through the water dew point is
Chloride: Chloride damages the passive protective layer on 18-8 particularly susceptible because during each cycle the chloride salts
stainless steels. Once the layer is penetrated, localised corrosion cells in the water concentrate on the surface.
become active. In the right circumstances, SCC can cause failure in Electrolyte: Water is the fifth necessary condition for ESCC. Since SCC
a few days or weeks. Sodium chloride, due to its high solubility and involves an electrochemical reaction, an electrolyte is needed. As wa-
ubiquity, is the most common corrosive species [3]. While this neu-
tral salt is the most common, it is not the most aggressive. Chloride
salts of the weak bases and light metals, such as lithium, magnesium, Table 1: Typical ser vice temperatures for thermal insulation
and aluminium, can crack the 18-8 stainless steels even more rapidly materials.
in the right temperature and moisture conditions. Chloride in ESCC
comes from insulating materials and external sources. The former
Recommended service temperature
include insulation, mastics, sealants, adhesives, and cements. From Thermal insulation material
(°C)
experience, insulating materials containing just 350 ppm chloride can
contribute to ESCC. Typically, if the insulating material is the source of Polystyrene foam -71 to 60
leachable chlorides, failure occurs only after a few years of operation.
Most ESCC failures, however, stem from external chloride sources. Polyurethane foam – rigid -73 to 82
These include rain, coastal fog, wash water, fire- and deluge-system
testing, and process leaks or spills. Other aggressive sources are chlo- Polyisocyanurate foam – rigid -73 to 120*
rine, hydrogen chloride gas, hydrochloric acid, and hydrolysed organic
Flexible foamed elastomer -40 to 104
chlorides. Clearly, chlorides are more aggressive in acidic than neutral
or basic conditions. Failures due to external chloride sources tend to Cellular glass -240 to 121
occur after 5 or more service years.
The concentration of chlorides necessary to initiate SCC is difficult to glass fiber 27 to 343
ascertain. Researchers have induced cracking in solutions containing
remarkably low chloride levels — less than 10 ppm. The situation of Mineral wool 27 to 982
chlorides under insulation is unique and ultimately depends on the
Calcium silicate 27 to 649
chloride concentration deposited on the metal’s external surface. De-
posits near ESCC failures have been found to contain as little as 1,000
Pearlite-Silicate 27 to 593
ppm. If chlorides are detected, there will probably be some localised
sites of high concentration. *Altough some manufacturers’ literature shows upper temperature limits approaching 149°C, ex-
Temperature: The chief factor governing chloride concentration is perience indicates that polyisocyanurate foam begins to degrade at about 93°C in the presence
the temperature of the metal surface. Heat has a dual effect: 1) el- of moisture. A suggested practical upper limit ist 66°C.
Figure 4: Analysis of 304 stainless steel pipe showing trans- Figure 5: Corrosion of carbon steel where wet insulation was in
granular ESCC. contact with the surface.
TE CH N IC AL PAP ER 19
ter penetrates the insulation system, it can play a key role at the
metal surface in the right equipment operating conditions. A bet-
ter appreciation of the widespread intrusion of water is afforded
by examining steel CUI [5, 6, 7]. Water tends to enter the metal
and insulation annulus at joints or breaks in the insulation and
protective coating. It then condenses or wets the metal surface,
or if this is too hot, is vapourised [5]. The steam penetrates the
entire system, settling into places where it can recondense. As the
insulation’s outer surface is designed to keep water out, it will also
keep water in. Thermal insulation does not have to be in poor
condition or constantly soaked. A common practice in chemical
plants is to regularly turn on the fire-protection water systems,
which drench the equipment. Some coastal locations use seawa-
ter for this purpose. Hot food-processing equipment is regularly
washed with tap water, which contains chlorides. All insulation-
system water barriers will eventually develop defects. As the ves-
sel and insulation system breathe, moist air makes contact the
metal surface. From an insulation standpoint, the purpose of the
outer covering is to act as a weather barrier to protect the physical
integrity of the insulation material, not to maintain an airtight and
watertight system.
PREVENTING CUI
.
The goal of designing an insulation system is to prevent moisture
ingress. Poorly designed or applied insulation and protrusions O N
through thermal insulation permit water to bypass the insulation
C TI
O
and corrode the substrate. References [8] and [9] provide details
R U
.
on the mechanical design of insulation systems. Attachments to
S T
N
vessels and piping stems are common locations where water
N
CO .

S
Figure 6: Typical vessel attachments where water may By-
R ED CE
pass insulation. (Footnote 9)
A I AN
P T
IM U B S
E
S E .
Nozzle
U R
CT
Y
Davit
TE
Platform support
Lifting lugs
H I
Platform
R C
bracket
A
I FE
Pipe
L
G-
bracket
Insulation
N
LO
support ring
Nozzle or
Support ring or manway
stiffener ring
The CHT Group’s innovative solutions make buildings

Insulation
support ring look attractive and protect them in the long term.
Our broad range of rheology additives, defoaming
Skirt
access
agents, hydrophobings and specialities provide facades
opening with a durable protection and perfectly shows off modern
design. Our high-quality functional components can
be optimally processed and offer highest performance.
More about us at www.cht.com
E UR OP E AN COAT I N GS JOUR N AL 04 – 2020

 bypasses the insulation and concentrates at the attachment point. protect personnel from hot surfaces. This is unnecessary and creates
Examples are shown in Figure 6. Attention to such details is key to a a location for potential corrosion. Wire “standoff” cages are preferable
high-quality insulation system. Prevention methodologies based on because their simple design and low cost eliminate concerns with CUI.
the design of the insulation system alone are not advisable or practi- Thermal spray aluminium (TSA): For services too severe for organic
cal in a chemical plant. The physical properties of thermal insulation coatings, such as temperature cycling above and below 149 °C, TSA
materials can vary widely. Some contain a leachable inhibitor to neu- offers the best protection against CUI. It acts as a barrier coating and
tralise the pH of the water contacting the metal surface. The degree sacrificial anode, protecting the substrate at the sites of any chips or
of water absorbency can also vary. In some systems, the coefficient breaks in the coating. The U.S. Navy has shown that TSA slashes the
of thermal expansion influences the design: cellular glass expands al- cost of corrosion control aboard ships. A large petrochemical com-
most as much as carbon steel, whereas cellular foam expands nine pany has made large savings, based on life-cycle cost, by boosting
times as much and so requires expansion joints. General industry ex- use of TSA in its plant [10]. Over a 20-year period, replacing existing
perience over the last 20 years suggests that corrosion can occur un- carbon-steel pipe with TSA-coated carbon-steel pipe, as opposed to
der all types of insulation. Common types of insulation materials and carbon steel that must be painted at least once during this period,
recommended service temperatures are listed in Table 1. Selecting yielded savings of over 100 % [10]. The development of more-mobile
and specifying the correct insulation material can reduce corrosion of thermal spray equipment with high deposition efficiency is likely to
both carbon and stainless steels. Further examples of limiting the risk increase the use of TSA in the chemical process industry.
and occurrence of CUI are listed in Figure 7.
Organic coating system: Organic coatings on both carbon and stain- INSPECTION OF CUI
less-steel equipment under insulation are an effective physical barrier
to corrosive electrolytes but only if a holiday-free surface is obtained. Inspection of insulated piping, vessels, and other components is a ma-
In the chemical plant environment, the average life cycle of a coating jor challenge and can be both costly and time-consuming. The goal for
system is 5 - 13 years [10]. In some cases, a correctly selected and ap- the process industries should be to move towards an inspection- and
plied coating system can last 20 years. Parameters to consider when maintenance-free philosophy by using appropriate corrosion-preven-
selecting a coating system are: coating choice, surface preparation, tion methods, described above, that focus on life-cycle cost. API 570
environmental requirements, compatibility with insulating material, “Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Re-rating of In-service Piping Sys-
coating tests, coating vendor selection, specifications, inspection, and tems” (12) identifies CUI as a special concern and requires that an
coating applicator. Coating systems used successfully in the process appropriate amount of external visual inspection be conducted on
industries include epoxies, epoxy phenolics, and multipolymer matrix piping systems within susceptible temperature ranges. Risk-based
coatings. More information is available from coating manufacturers’ inspection (RBI) under API RP 580 [12] provides a methodology for
literature. prioritising CUI-related maintenance and inspection activities. RBI
Personnel protection cages: Thermal insulation is widely used to seeks to manage the probability of failure in piping and vessels while
establishing an optimum inspection programme. At the same time, a
significant portion of the risk in the plant can be addressed by focus-
Figure 7: How to limit the occurrence of CUI. ing on a relatively few items in the unit. Factors usually considered in
an RBI analysis include: equipment location, temperature, materials
of construction, equipment age, type and condition of the coating sys-
For an insulation system to be considered reliable tem, insulation type and risk potential in terms of process, business,
the maintenance cost and inspection costs should be environment, and safety.
eliminated. This is done by using life cycle cost analy- Quantifying CUI in piping in most cases requires insulation removal
sis and the use of good CUI prevention tools. and surface preparation prior to inspection. Removal, inspection,
and reinstallation can be very costly. A few nondestructive evalua-
ąą Thermal spray aluminium coating (TSA) of carbon steel (espec-
cially 4 inches and above).
ąą High performance coating of carbon steel
ąą Replace personnel protection insulation with wire cages
ąą Stainless steel for small diameter pipe instead of carbon steel
ąą Elektrochemical protection using aluminium foil as a sacrificial
Find out more!
anode in a galvanic reaction on stainless steel.
Insulation properties important to reduce CUI
ąą Low permeability Protective coatings

ąą Protection against water intrusion and retention
ąą Thermal expansion properties should be similar to carbon
steel and stainless steel to reduce seal breakage.
ąą Consistent thermal properties – avoid products whose insula-
tion values change with age; this ca lead to dew point issues
and therefor CUI
ąą Producat should be benign – no acidic species leaching
515 search results for protective coatings!
Find out more: www.european-coatings.com/360
T E CHN I C A L PAP E R 21
“Corrosion under insulation

is a serious issue within the
oil and gas industry.“
2 questions to Andreas Hoyer Andreas Hoyer

Akzo Nobel
Can you differentiate the occurence of CUI a little more – in which segments of the indus- andreas.hoyer@akzonobel.com
try, in which geographical areas is it the most significant and harmful? Corrosion under
insulation is a serious issue within the oil and gas industry, with failures often occurring without
warning and having devastating effect. CUI will occur due to different reasons but damages in the
insulation has a significant impact, as water and chlorides will get in contact with the steel. So it is
more a questions about the corrosive atmosphere of the industries but oil and gas assets are being
classified as a C5 atmosphere according to ISO 12-944, which represent the most corrosive condi-
tions onshore.
Do you think it’s possible in the near future to virtually dispense with inspection and
maintenance of insulated components? An effective corrosion protection consider all aspects
from the planning, installation, quality assurance but also serious maintenance programs. If these
steps are done properly, the need for intensive and expensive maintenance programs is less required.
However, failures in the insulation and/or changed process temperatures incl. thermal shocks will
result in on-going engineering work. Modern inspection programs, such as asset integrity programs,
can help to manage maintenance needs and budgets more effectively.
tion (NDE) methods that do not require insulation removal have been [3] S tress-Corrosion Cracking – Materials Performance and Evaluation, Rus-
developed for CUI. The Materials Technology Institute sponsored a sel H. Jones Ed. ASM International 1992
project to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of several NDE meth- [4] A SM Handbook Volume 13A, ASM International, Ohio
ods [13], namely neutron backscatter, tangential radioscopy, through- [5] P . Lazar, Factors Affecting Corrosion of Carbon Steel Under Insulation, in
transmission radioscopy, pulsed eddy current, electromagnetic encir- STP 880, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1980
cling coils, and three types of ultrasonic guided wave methods. The [6] T . Sandberg, Experience With Corrosion Beneath Thermal Insulation in a
study concluded that the NDE methods could detect CUI; however, Petrochemical Plant, STP 880, American Society for Testing and Materials,
no technique was suitable for every application. The techniques vary 1980
widely in several ways, including speed, ease of inspecting piping, de- [7] V .C. Long and P.G. Crawley, Recent Experiences With Corrosion Beneath
tectability of defects, and safety. Factors governing the ease of pip- Thermal Insulation in a Chemical Plant, STP 880, American Society for Test-
ing inspection include pipe orientation, number of obstacles such as ing and Materials, 1980
hangers and valves tees, proximity to large metal masses, insulation [8] N ACE standard RP 0198-98, “The Control of Corrosion Under Thermal
tie wires, and jacket straps. Detectability of defects is influenced by the Insulation and Fireproofing Materials—A Systems Approach,” NACE Inter-
orientation, size, and type of defects. It should be noted that the CUI national, Houston, Texas
pattern may be nonuniform, and spot nondestructive evaluation may [9] J .B. Bhavsar, Insulation Design Practices for Mitigation of Pipe and Equip-
be misleading.  ment Corrosion, Corrosion Under Wet Thermal Insulation, CORROSION
1989 Symposium, p 15-32, NACE Publication, Houston, Texas, 1990
[10] B .J. Fitzgerald, et al CORROSION 2003, paper No 03029, NACE, Hou-
REFERENCES ston, Texas
[11] A PI 570, Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Re-rating of In-service Piping
[1] F. N. Speller, Corrosion – Causes and Prevention, 2nd ed. [New York, N.Y., Systems, Washington, D.C., API
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1935, p 153 and Fig.25] [12] A PI 580, Risk Based Inspection. Washington, D.C., API
[2] W. G. Ashbaugh, “Corrosion of Steel and Stainless Steel Under Thermal [13] M TI project 118, Detection of Corrosion Through Insulation, 1998, MTI,
Insulation,” Process Industries Corrosion, eds. B.J. Moniz, W.I. Pollock [Hou- St. Louis, Mo.
ston, Texas: NACE, 1986], p 761

22 P OLY E S T E R P O W DER C OAT I NG RE S I N S
GREENER POWDER
Polyester made from renewable and recycled raw materials reduce the CO 2 footprint of powder coating technology.
Reduced curing temperatures further improve the environmental friendliness of this coating technology.
By Dietmar Fink, Allnex Germany, and Alessandro Minesso, Allnex Italy.
Powder coatings can become more environmentally friendly if

raw materials and production processes for the polyester are
formulated without substances of very high concern (SVHC) in
N ew polyesters have also been developed that can enable lower
curing temperatures or permit the powder-coated objects to run
faster through the ovens. In addition, the novel polyester resins can im-
accordance with EU legislation (Reach Chemicals Ordinance). prove the quality of applied powder coating films and can also help open
In addition, the content of monomers in resins and harden- new areas of application for powder coatings, such as for heat-sensitive
ers can be reduced through optimised production processes. substrates or for coating of large and heavy parts which are slow to heat.
With improved polyester resins, the powder coating manufac-
turer can formulate powder coatings that enable paint shops POWDER OR WET PAINTS
to handle powder coatings more safely.
Powder paint coatings have advantages over liquid paint coatings. This
includes almost no emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from
powder coatings during the curing process. This is based on the use of
Figure 1: Combination of bio-based raw materials to produce non-volatile organic compounds and the possibility of applying thicker lay-
suitable polyester for powder coatings. ers without sagging. In addition, there is a higher transmission efficiency
and the reuse of the over spray (almost 100 % use). In addition, powder
coating creates less hazardous waste.To reduce the carbon footprint,
renewable bio-based monomers (Figure 1) are used in combination with
CO2
certain recycled plastics. This creates suitable solid polyester resins via
the polycondensation process, which can then be used for powder coat-
ings. This process from allnex can be used to produce polyesters for both
C5 or C6 Bio-bases
sugar monomeres indoor and outdoor industrial applications.
Patented
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR
Polyester No. 1 is a hybrid 70/30 COOH polyester for use with epoxy
sustainable polyester
resins, having a glass transition temperature of 60°C, a viscosity at
200°C of 6,000 mPa.s and an acid number according to ASTM D 1613
P O LYE S T ER P O WDER C O AT I N G R E S I N S 23
tion temperature of 59°C, a viscosity at 200°C of 4,000 mPa.s and an

acid number according to ASTM D 1613 of 33. It has acceptable film
properties compared to conventional outdoor resistant COOH polyes-
ters 95/5 HAA. Such properties include good mechanicals, high gloss,
acceptable smoothness and good adhesion to metal substrates. In
white and light shades, the new resin technology has so far delivered
less colour-stable powder coating films, however additional antioxi-
RESULTS AT A GLANCE dants can reduce this problem.
The lower UV resistance of polyester No. 2 only allows industrial out-
űű New polyester powder coating resins are based on renew- door applications (Table 1). To achieve a higher UV resistance, certain
able and recycled building blocks. raw materials in the polyester matrix would have to be removed or
reduced, since only other glycols and acids offer better weathering
űű With new polyester resins, curing temperatures can be properties.
reduced, thus improving the efficiency of polyester production
and energy consumption. TIN-FREE POLYESTER
űű They do not contain substances of very high concern (SVHC). Tin-free polyesters are resins that are manufactured in compliance
with EN 71 [1] and Ikea’s IOS MAT 0066 [2]. Only catalysts that con-
tain neither tributyltin oxide (TBTO) nor dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) may
be used for this purpose (Figure 3). TBTO and DBTO are organotin
substances that are introduced as impurities from the catalyst used in
polyester production. TBTO is today classified as a strong marine pol-
lutant and a substance of very high concern (SVHC) by the EU [3]. Ikea’s
requirements for tin-free and organotin-free powder coating films are
below 1 ppm for TBTO and below 2.5 ppm for TBTO + DBTO. Table 2
shows a selection of tin-free Polyesters for combination with epoxy
resins in various ratios, with HAA for standard and super durable quali-
ties and for combination with Isocyanate for direct food contact. The
of 35. It has better overall film properties than a conventional 70/30 tin-free pair of COOH polyesters for dry matting technology (matte dry-
hybrid polyester (Figure 2). The most important advantage is the non- blend, MDB) offer the same film properties as conventional organotin
blooming effect of the resin. Even if the film is exposed to a tempera- polyester for dry matting technology. The matting effect achieved is at
ture of 120°C for more than a week, the gloss reduction of the loaded a similar level (Table 3).
paint film is small (delta of 1 unit). Another difference is the better
resistance to solvents. At 100 double rubs with methyl-ethyl-ketone TIN-FREE UNSATURATED RESINS
(MEK), the film remains intact, whereas the film of conventional quality
is completely dissolved. Polyester No. 1 is also flexible, and even after Unsaturated resins can be used for UV curing. The advantage is that
six months of aging, the paint film on a 0.8 mm steel sheet is elastic they react in a short time (within seconds) and are therefore suit-
with a T-bend of 0. able for heat-sensitive substrates. The UV-cured powder films offer
Polyester No. 2 is a 95/5 COOH polyester for use hydroxyalkyl amide, excellent hardness and chemical resistance. For applications with di-
HAA, resistant for industrial outdoor applications, with a glass transi- rect food contact and requirements according to EN 71 and IOS MAT 
Table 1: Technical properties of a white high-gloss formulation with a sustainable, exterior-resistant COOH polyester 95/5 HAA for
industrial applications.
Test description Test method 95/5 HAAPE Nr 2industrial 95/5 HAAreference PE B architecture
Gel time at 200°C in (sec) PCI #6 150 200
Pill Flow at 180°C in (mm) PCI #7 45 45
Impact resistance 10 Min 200°C in

ASTM D2794 70/70 70/70
(inch/pound) at 70 µm (F/R) on AL-36
Gloss (G 60°/G 20°) in units ASTM D523 92/78 95/85
Smoothness (PCI) PCI #20 5 6-7
QUV B 313 (0,75) RAL 6005 gloss

23% 80%
retention after 150 hrs
Florida, 5°South RAL 8014 gloss

4,5% 62%
retention after 12 months
Adhesion (Cross-cut 2 mm) ASTM D3359 GT0 GT0
Initial b-value (yellowing)

ASTM D2244-16 5,8 3,4
10 Min 180ºC (white)

 Table 2: Tin-free polyester. 0066 from Ikea, special unsaturated resins have been developed that
contain neither organotin catalysts nor acrylic monomers. (Table 4).
Glas Viscosity
Polyester transition at 200°C
AV ASTM D
Characteristics NPG-FREE HYDROXYL POLYESTER
1613
T (°C) (mPa.s)
The polyester raw material Neopentyl glycol (NPG) is not suitable for
50/50 Hybrid powder coating applications with direct food contact, including alcohol
No. 7 66 8,200 72
10 Min 130°C high TG (Table 5). Also, no organotin catalysts nor other raw materials that are
unsuitable for direct food contact may be used for these applications.
50/50 Hybrid
No. 8 50 5,200 72 The hydroxylated polyesters described offer the possibility of formulat-
10 Min 130°C excellent flow
ing suitable powder coating qualities with different chemical resistance.
50/50 Hybrid
No. 9 62 10,000 73
10 Min 130°C for textures LOW BAKING TEMPERATURE POLYESTER
No. 10 62 4,000 62 60/40 Hybrid 10 Min 200°C
The hyphened number 6 in “Crylcoat XXXX-6” indicates a suitable pol-
No. 11 59 5,100 36 70/30 Hybrid 10 Min 180°C yester which allows low baking temperature for a ten-minute curing
time. These types of polyester can save energy during application,
No. 12 58 5,500 28 95/5 HAA 15 Min 160°C
increase productivity and / or expand powder application options.
97/3 HAA The following types of polyester are possible:
No. 13 59 8,000 23
10 Min 180°C for MDB COOH polyester for epoxy (hybrid) at curing temperatures below
140°C are suitable for
93/7 HAA
No. 14 59 5,800 48 ąą heat-sensitive non-metallic substrates such as MDF, HDF, plaster-
10 Min 180°C for MDB
board, plastics, paper labels
No. 15 59 3,700 33 95/5 HAA SD 10 Min 190°C ąą pre-assembled goods with temperature-sensitive parts such as
electric motors and
NPG-free OH-PE
No. 16 52 2,600 OHV 180 ąą products with limited temperature acceptance such as aluminum-
for direct food-contact
magnesium car rims
NPG-free OH-PE COOH polyesters for hydroxyalkyl amide (HAA) at curing tempera-
No. 17 46 3,300 OHV 240
for direct food-contact tures from 160°C are suitable for
ąą heavy substrates with very long heating times such as steel beams and
Figure 2: Results with renewable polyester No. 1 compared to a conventional 70/30 hybrid polyester.
Polyester No. 1 - 100 double rubs MEK Blooming resistance
95
Polyester No. 1
90
Gloss at 60°
85
T = 120°C
Reference 80
75
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Blooming test/time in days
Reference Polyester No. 1

Mechanical properties
6 months ageing Curing schedule

of cured film 10 min at 180°C
Improvements:
DI/RI T-bend
- T-bend
Conventional 70/30 PE
white formulation
120/120 1-T - Ageing of cured film (6 months)
- Solvent resistance
Polyester No. 1
white formulation
160/160 0-T - Non-blooming (120°C, 7 days)
- Boiling water resistance (2 hrs)
ąą heat-sensitive products such as metal profiles combined with Table 3: Technical properties of a white semi-matt formula-
plastic, such as aluminum windows with insulating properties. tion with polyester No. 13 and polyester No. 14, tin-free HAA
Other types of polyester are COOH-polyester for glycidyl esters at resins for semi-matt dry blends.
curing temperatures of up to 160°C and COOH-polyester for triglyci-
dyl-isocyanurate (TGIC) at curing temperatures of up to 160°C.
Tin-free
MDB Reference
INDOOR APPLICATIONS Test description Test method PE Nr 13/PE
PE 1/PE 2 PE D/PE E
No. 14
For indoor applications without or with low UV exposure, polyesters
(“Crylcoat 15XX-6”, 50/50 hybrid) were developed, for application onto
metal substrates or heat-sensitive goods. More than eight different PE1 at 200C/
Gel time in (sec) PCI #6 185/130 243/94
polyesters with acid numbers of approx. 70 mg KOH / g offer a few PE2 at 180C
properties, including:
ąą glass transition temperatures (TG’s) between 50°C and 66°C
Pill flow 180°C x
ąą viscosities (at 175°C) between 4,000 and 10,000 mPa.s 20 min in (mm)
PCI #7 PE 1 / PE 2 51 / 28 47 / 31
ąą type and amount of catalyst
ąą reactivity for curing within 10 minutes at low temperatures from
125°C. to 160°C or for very rapid Smoothness (PCI) PCI #20 MDB 4 4
ąą curing at 180°C from 1 minute to 5 minutes
ąą application features such as smoothness, textures or improved
scratch resistance and degassing. Impact resistance
10 Min 200°C at
ASTM D2794 MDB 70/70 70/70
70 µm (F/R) in
OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS (inch/pound)
For the industrial exterior coating, for architecture and for class 2
of the association for quality control in the painting and coating in-
Gloss G 60°/
dustry (Qualicoat) or the master quality of the quality association for ASTM D523 MDB 34/9 37/10
G 20° PE 1/PE 2
the piece coating of components (GSB), polyesters (resin “26XX-6” or
“46XX-6 “, HAA polyester) were developed to coat massive substrates
OUR PASSION
FOR COATING ADDITIVES
MAKES US REACH FOR THE SKY.
Our can-do attitude fuels our ambition to forge new frontiers in delivering
excellence. We are committed to boosting our comprehensive portfolio
of coating stabilizers and photoinitiators, always anticipating what
you and the market need tomorrow.
SONGWON supplies solutions: let’s explore
new ways of doing business together.
www.songwon.com
It’s all about the chemistry™

 Figure 3: Tin-free, 50/50 hybrid polyester for low baking tem- or heat sensitive goods.
peratures. There are more than ten reactive polyesters to combine with HAA with
properties like:
ąą acid numbers between 18 and 90 mg KOH / g
ąą TGs between 52°C and 66°C
68 Polyester No. 7
ąą viscosities at 200°C. between 2,000 and 8,000 mPa.s
66
ąą reactivity for slow curing at 20 min. 150°C to 10 min. 160°C or for
64
quick curing at 180°C with 3 to 5 minutes in the oven
62 Polyester No. 9
ąą application features for smoothness, textures, matting (MDB),
Resin TG in °C
60
Tin-free and organo tin free powder coatings Tribo, non-blooming optimised, easy to degas, water stain resistant,
58
IKEA requirements: TBTO* < 1 ppm gas-oven and overbaking resistant.
56 TBTO + DBTO** < 2,5 ppm
54 Standard resin: Total tin content approx. 350 ppm
POLYESTER SERIES FOR OTHER
52
OUTDOOR RESISTANT HARDENERS
50 Polyester No. 8
48
4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 The following reactive, exterior-resistant polyesters enable shorter
dwell times in the curing oven or an efficient curing of the paint films
Viscosity at 175°C in mPa.s
on solid substrates or heat-sensitive goods. In total, more than eight
* TBTO = Tributyltin oxide reactive COOH polyesters have been developed for various outdoor-
** DBTO = Dibutyltin oxide resistant hardeners.
The reactive polyesters of the “25XX-6” or “ 45XX-6” resin series for cure
with aromatic glycidyl esters, such as “Araldite PT 910” from Huntsman,
are designed for three quality levels in combination with glycidyl esters
Table 4: Tin-free series of unsaturated resins according to EN 71 for outdoor use. These include: industrial qualities, Qualicoat class 1
and IOS MAT 0066 from Ikea. and Qualicoat class 2 or GSB standard and GSB master qualities.
The reactive polyesters “24XX-6” or “44XX-6” with Triglycidyl-Isocyanurate
(TGIC) are also designed for three quality levels in combination with
Viscosity at TGIC for outdoor use. These include: industrial qualities, Qualicoat
Unsaturated Glass transition
200°C Characteristics
resins T in [°C] class 1 and Qualicoat class 2 or GSB standard and GSB master quali-
in [mPa.s]
ties. These reactive polyesters offer properties that are cured at low
temperatures for 10 minutes from 130°C to 10 minutes at 160°C or for
Amorphous unsaturated
F 48 4000 rapid curing at 180°C with 1 minute to 5 minutes in the oven, depend-
polyester resin
ing on the binder system used. 
Nr 15 48 3700 Tin-free version of resin F
Tin-free, higher TG version REFERENCES

Nr 16 56 4200
of resin F
[1] European standard EN 71: standard for toy safety.
55000 at Aliphatic unsaturated acrylic [2] Ikea of Sweden AB, IOS MAT 0066: General requirements for surface coat-
G 55
140°C urethane polymer ings and coatings.
[3] European Chemicals Agency (Echa): substance of very high concern
Tin-free, acrylic monomer-free (SVHC).
Nr 17 50 5500 at 140°C
version of polymer G
Table 5: NPG-free hydroxyl polyester series for direct food

Find out more!
contact including alcohol with aromatic anhydride or isocyanate
hardeners.
Glass OHV
Viscosity
Polyester transition ASTM Characteristics
at 200°C in
T in [°C] E 1899 Powder coating
NPG – free OH-PE with basic
Nr 18 58 5500 50
chemical resistance
NPG – free OH-PE with good

Nr 19 51 3600 120
chemical resistance
NPG - free, tin – free OH-PE with

Nr 20 52 2600 180
excellent chemical resistance
NPG - free, tin – free OH-PE with

574 search results for powder coating!
Nr 21 46 3300 240
best chemical resistance Find out more: www.european-coatings.com/360
* Reference: https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/food_contact_materials_en
“The new polyesters are totally

based on renewable monomers
and recycled materials.“
2 questions to Dietmar Fink
Are the new polyester powder coatings 100 % renewable and recycled building blocks?
The new polyesters are promoted as 100 % sustainable resins because they are totally based on
renewable monomers and recycled materials, with no uses of traditional oil-based monomers. This
patented platform was developed in order to fulfil the increased need for environmentally friendly
and sustainable technologies, with coating producers more and more looking for alternative sources
for the chemical ingredients derived from petroleum or other fossil sources. During the last years
the renewable feedstocks availability has grown and become more and more important also in the Dietmar Fink
paint and coating areas, while the price of recycled polymers has become competitive towards that Allnex Germany
of virgin resins. Dietmar.fink@allnex.com
For which applications are the new resins better, for which less suitable? Based on this
technology, we have already developed different polyester resins targeting all necessary finishing
effects (glossy & matte) with all key technical performances required for being used in the different
market segments of powder coatings, covering indoor and outdoor applications by thermosetting
or radiation curing. Interesting to notice that some coating performances of the new polyesters are
even exceeding the expectation and this will give possible technical advantages in comparison with
conventional resins (coating flexibility for instance), which should permit to penetrate alternative
coating segments where today the powder coating technology is not fitting so well because of some
technical limitations.
Visionaries have no rivals.

Look into these eyes. Can you see it?
Trace the purple paint with your ﬁnger.
Can you feel it? It’s the motivation
to discover superior solutions for the
challenges of tomorrow in our ever-
changing world.
It’s the passion exuding from our

global network of employees. It’s the
conﬁdence that we can deliver true
value for your coating formulations.
Now, look into these eyes. Join us in
shaping the world of coatings.
www.coating-additives.com

288
2 W OR L D O F C OL OUR
Source: serg_dibrova - adobe.stock.com
STICKY ISSUE
Fu et al. developed a mus-
sel-inspired network hydro-
gel for continuous adhesion
in water. The catechin-based
approach is widely used in
the development of adhe-
sives.
CLEANER WATER
Mussels have an important
function in marine ecosys-
tems. A mussel can filter
five litres of water per hour,
an oyster even up to 25 li-
tres. Today there are about
10.000 species of mussels.
30 W E AT H E R I N G
Source. hayo - stock.adobe.com
THE LASTING IMPACT

OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE
A better understanding of how TiO 2 affects powder-coat weathering. By J. Rommens, and S. De Backer, Chemours
Belgium; P. Gijsman and L. Molhoek, DSM Netherlands.
Choosing the right method to evaluate weathering is important
Find out more! for the development of durable, high-quality coatings. Acceler-
ated test methods often lead to the wrong conclusions.
T itanium dioxide pigments play an important role in protecting white

and lightly coloured paints against weathering. Careful design of the
pigment enables optimal protection and guarantees maximum lifetime
of the coating. Results from our most recent exposure study underline
the importance of choosing the right measurement technique to study
weathering weathering influences for the reliable development of durable, high-qual-
ity coatings, because accelerated weathering methods often lead to the
wrong conclusions. This study is a collaboration of a global resin supplier
and a global titanium dioxide supplier. It evaluates in detail the different
mechanisms behind paint (specifically powder coat) degradation in order
to better understand the mechanisms leading to these differences.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE FOR DURABILITY

356 search results for weathering!
Titanium dioxide is a well-known white pigment but, aside from its
exceptional whitening power, it can also increase the durability of a
paint. TiO2 has a positive effect on a coating’s weathering resistance
WE AT HER I N G 31
Table 1: Weathering requirements according to GSB.
Quality Standard Master Premium
Accelerated
UV-B (313 nm) UV-B (313 nm) UV-B (313 nm)
RESULTS AT A GLANCE weathering
űű The wrong conclusions can be drawn from accelerated arti- Test duration 300 h 600 h 1000 h
ficial weathering methods.
Residual gloss Min. 50 % Min. 50 % Min. 50 %
űű Paint producers must be wary of basing performance war- Florida weathering
ranties for customers solely on the results of accelerated test-
ing. Months 12 36 60
UV energy
űű Accelerated testing under artificial light is difficult and can Max. 300 Max. 840 Max. 1400
in MJ/m²
be inaccurate, especially in the case of long-lasting systems.
Residual gloss Min. 50 % Min. 50 % Min. 50 %
űű TiO2 plays a role in enhancing the durability of white paints.
űű Super-durable TiO2 grades afford optimal protection against Table 2: Weathering requirements according to Qualicoat.
UV light.
Quality Class 1 Class 1.5 Class 2 Class 3
űű Paint studies show that Florida exposure is the most realis-
tic and reliable test method. Gloss(60) Gloss(60) Gloss(60) Gloss(60)
űű A detailed analysis of degradation mechanisms, based on a 1000 h WOM

Min. 50 % Min. 75 % Min. 90 %
semi-empirical model, suggests that differences in water pres- (ISO 16474-2)
ence and duration of contact explain some of the differences 1 y Florida Min. 50 % Min. 65 % Min. 75 %
between accelerated and Florida testing.
2 y Florida Min. 50 % Min. 65 %
űű The same model also confirms the reduced photo-catalysis
3 y Florida Min. 50 % Min. 80 %
of super-durable TiO2 grades.
7 y Florida Min. 55 %
10 y Florida Min. 50 %
due to its UV-absorbing capacity. The pigment absorbs UV light, thus WEATHERING TESTS INDISPENSABLE
protecting the underlying resin molecules against UV degradation. Af-
ter UV absorption, however, the energy of the UV photon needs to be Formulators have to choose their ingredients carefully when develop-
transformed into another energy form. In the vast majority of UV-light ing a new super-durable paint or modifying an old one. The first choice
absorption events, the energy absorbed by the TiO2 is changed into concerns the correct resin, and super-durable paints must use highly
heat, without damage to the paint film. However, the UV-light energy is durable resins. Since these tend to be quite costly compared to their
sometimes changed into chemical energy in the guise of free radicals. low-durability counterparts, it is essential that the other ingredients
These radicals form on the TiO2 surface in the presence of water and be selected to maximise durability performance and the value of the
oxygen and are mobile enough to reach resin molecules, where they resin. Using the right super-durable TiO2 grade is a critical aspect of
initiate a series of degradation reactions that ultimately lead to film this. Weathering tests are indispensable for developing and selecting
failure. This process is called photo-catalysis and proper treatment of the most durable paint.
TiO2 pigments can reduce it to a great extent, turning the pigments
into an efficient UV-protection ingredient, without the negative photo- ACCELERATED MEASUREMENT OF WEATHERING
catalysis. Such TiO2 grades are said to be “durable”. The efficacy of this RESISTANCE IN PAINTS
treatment can vary among different TiO2 pigment types and may lead
to important differences in the weatherability of the end coating in Studying the weathering resistance of a coating system can be a com-
which the pigments are used. plex affair. The best and most reliable way to do it is to expose it out-
Super-durable grades have a layer of silica, alone or in combination doors for a number of years. However, when a paint system is being
with other materials, on their surface that prevents these radicals from developed, its weathering resistance often needs to be assessed in
forming. This silica layer is applied by the TiO2 manufacturer during pig- a much shorter time-frame. Therefore, different accelerated weath-
ment production. The fact that TiO2 grades differ in their radical-forma- ering techniques have been developed. Before we compare some
tion rates is reflected in their being labelled “non-durable”, “durable” or of these, it is important to understand the complexity of the weath-
“super-durable”. Note that these labels apply not to the pigment itself ering process. There are different pathways by which a coating can
– TiO2 is titanium metal rust and as such is thermodynamically stable – degrade during weathering. In this study, we will limit the discussion
but rather to the effect that the TiO2 grade has on film durability. to white paints. 

 Figure 1: Gloss retention of powder coat after 1000 h Q-UVB PATHWAYS TO DEGRADATION
exposure.
One pathway is direct degradation of the resin arising from the effect
of direct UV light. This degradation mainly occurs on the surface of a
1000 hours QUV-B - super-durable PE powder coat pigmented system.
Another is photo-catalytic degradation related to the photo-catalytic
100 activity of TiO2. Reactions with free radicals produced on the surface of
the TiO2 occur in the vicinity of the TiO2 because of its photo-catalytic
90
activity. Degradation mainly occurs on, or close to, the surface here as
80 well, because UV light is absorbed and cannot penetrate beyond the
surface of the coating.
% Gloss 60° Retention
70
The final degradation pathway involves temperature changes. The result-
60 ing damage varies with the paint system. It can take the form of colour
changes, adhesion failure, and cracks. High temperatures will also accel-
50
erate many chemical reactions. We will not discuss thermal degradation
40 because its rate is independent of the grade of TiO2.
30
OUTDOORS IS BEST
20
The only way to get a realistic idea about the actual weatherability of a
10
paint is to conduct a lengthy outdoor weathering study. Over the years,
0 various accelerated degradation methods have been developed. As deg-
C1 C2 C3 C0 C8 C7 S2 C9 C10 C6 S4 S5
radation is caused by UV light (energy), it can be accelerated in different
ways by increasing the rate of energy addition. This can be done in three
TiO 2 pigments
ways. The first consists in raising the temperature, but, as stated above,
this does not affect TiO2. The second increases the amount of energy per
 300 hours  600 hours  1000 hours photon by using more-energetic light, such as UV-B. The third method
involves increasing the number of photons, or light intensity. This is done
 G
SB % Gloss 60° ret. needed for with weatherometers fitted with Xenon lamps (WOMs).
Standard (300 h), Master (600 h), Premium (1000 h),
Quality class ACCELERATION IS RISKY
However, any attempt to accelerate degradation is risky, because the

degradation reactions differ with the light intensity. Photo-catalysis
Figure 2: Gloss retention of powder coat after 1000 h WOM varies with the square root of the light intensity, whereas direct deg-
(Xenon) exposure. radation of the resin is directly proportional to it. This suggests that
high-intensity UV light will give rise to more direct resin degradation
1000 hours Xenon - super-durable PE powder coat

Figure 3: Gloss retention of powder coat after 5 years’ Florida
exposure.
100
90
Florida exposure - super-durable PE powder coat
80
100
70
% Gloss retention
90
60
80
50
% Gloss 60° retention
70
40
60
30
50
20
40
10
30
0
C1 C2 C3 C0 C8 C7 S2 C9 C10 C6 S4 S5 20
Grades
10
0
 Q
ualicoat Class 2 required performance
C1 C2 C3 C0 C8 C7 S2 C9 C10 C6 S4 S5
 Q
ualicoat Class 1.5 required performance
 Q
ualicoat Class 1 required performance  12 months  36 months
 24 months  60 months
WE AT HER I N G 33
than photo-catalytic degradation. So, even at this stage, we can as- not available for every paint application. This study looks at two inter-
sume that accelerated methods do not necessarily correlate well with nationally recognized standards within the construction industry. The
actual weathering. first is GSB AL 631, which uses QUV-B for acceleration (ISO 16474-3).
The best accelerated weathering method is that of natural accelerated The second is the Qualicoat standard, which uses exposure to Xenon
exposure (EMMAQUA). In a typical outdoor test, painted panels are light (ISO 16474-2). Requirements for both standards are shown in Ta-
attached to racks facing the sun. In the natural accelerated test, the bles 1 and 2 and only for gloss retention (residual gloss). As we are
panels are mounted facing away from the sun and towards a bank of focusing on white panels, we will ignore discolouration.
mirrors, which reflect the sunlight onto the panels. This arrangement
concentrates the sunlight, increasing its intensity by a factor of 10 or INFLUENCE OF TIO2 ON WEATHERING RESISTANCE
more. The advantage of this type of exposure is that the balance of
the different types of UV light is maintained at the same level as in From the various designs of TiO2 pigments available for suppressing
sunlight, and so there is no need to be concerned with unnatural reac- photo-catalysis, there should reasonably be one that might be expect-
tion pathways that are initiated by UV-B or UV-C light. This accelerated ed to exert a positive influence on the weathering resistance of a coat-
test, however, is not yet well established in international standards and ing. We therefore studied different TiO2 pigments in one powder coat
will not be discussed further in this study. Now that we understand system under different weathering conditions.
the different influences at play when trying to accelerate weathering, A Primid XL552-crosslinked polyester (Uralac P800) powder coat with
let us look at some examples of weatherability testing, and how TiO2 a 33 % TiO2 loading was evaluated with 12 different types of TiO2 (chlo-
plays a role. ride (C) and sulfate (S)) (Figures 1–3). All coatings were exposed in dupli-
cate to QUV-B, Xenon and Florida conditions and their GSB and Quali-
EXPERIMENTAL coat ratings were determined. Although the same resin was used in all
coatings, a difference in performance was observed after Florida expo-
Having a standard method for measuring/assessing durability is one sure. The most durable coats were obtained with “super-durable” TiO2
of the challenges in the coating industry. Weathering standards are grades (C2, C3 and C10) while the least durable coats were obtained
Figure 4a: Correlation bet ween QUV-B exposure and Florida Figure 4b: Scatterplot of QUV GR 600 hours vs Florida GR three
exposure (GSB “standard class”). GR = Gloss Retention. years.
Scatterplot of QUV GR 300 hours vs Florida GR one year Scatterplot of QUV GR 600 hours vs Florida GR three years
140 140
120 120
100 100
QUV GR 300 hours
QUV GR 600 hours
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Florida GR one year Florida GR three years

 Coil  Powder  Coil  Powder
Figure 5a: Correlation bet ween WOM and Florida testing Figure 5b: Scatterplot of Xenon GR 1000 hours vs Florida
(Class 1 Qualicoat). GR three yrs.
Scatterplot of Xenon GR 1000 hours vs Florida GR one year Scatterplot of Xenon GR 1000 hours vs Florida GR three years
140 140
120 120
Xenon GR 1000 hours
Xenon GR 1000 hours
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Florida GR one year Florida GR three years
 Coil  Powder  OEM  Coil  Powder  OEM


with less durable TiO2 grades (C0, S2, S4 and S5). This difference is sonably good correlation is obtained in the case of the former but, even
quite obvious after 5 years’ Florida exposure but scarcely noticeable, if so, some TiO2 pigment responses show no correlation (Figure 4a). Long-
at all, after WOM or QUV-B exposure. er exposure leads to much less correlation (Figure 4b). Figure 5 shows
the correlation between WOM and Florida testing, under the Qualicoat
COMPARISON OF ACCELERATED WEATHERING METHODS standard. Again, the correlation gets worse with longer exposure.
The study above suggests that conclusions from accelerated tests can DON’T JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS
contradict those for outdoor exposure. Over the last decade, our com-
pany evaluated 10 different industrial coating systems formulated with This general overview suggests a need for caution with accelerated
over 20 different TiO2 types. These were seven polyester coil coating sys- weathering. Under both QUV-B and Florida testing, 70 % of the coat-
tems, a Primid-crosslinked polyester powder coating system, a refinish ings would qualify for the GSB “Standard” rating while only 50 % under
polyurethane coating and a high-bake melamine polyester automotive QUV-B testing and only 23 % under Florida testing would qualify for the
topcoat system. All these were subjected to QUV-B, Xenon and Florida “Master”. Almost all systems would qualify for Qualicoat Class 1 under
exposure, and thus form an ideal basis for a comparative study accord- WOM and Florida testing, with just 40 % qualifying for Class 2 under
ing to both standards. WOM, and much fewer (27 %) qualifying under Florida testing. These
Figure 4 shows the correlation between QUV-B exposure and Florida ex- figures reveal that not only does the number of qualifications decrease
posure. According to GSB (Table 1), 300 h should equate to one year of after Florida testing, but the types of paint that qualify under Florida
Florida testing (“Standard”) and 600 h to three such years (“Master”). Rea- conditions may differ from those that qualify under accelerated meth-
Figure 6: Measured (points) and calculated (lines) loss of gloss as a function of time in TiO 2-pigmented, Primid-445 crosslinked
polyester powder coatings of variable isophthalic-terephthalic ester ratios and weathered according to ASTM D7869 (top left), ISO
11341 (top right), ASTM G-53 (UV-B, bottom left) and Florida (bottom right).
120 120
100 100
60° Gloss in %
60° Gloss in %
80 80
60 60
40 40
0 2500 5000 7500 1000 0 2500 5000 7500 1000
Time in hours Time in hours
120 120
100 100
60° Gloss in %
60° Gloss in %
80 80
60 60
40 40
0 2500 5000 7500 1000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time in hours Time in months
WE AT HER I N G 35
ods. Certain paints would qualify under WOM and not under Florida luminescence experiment (PICL) [1–3], that the photo-oxidative loss
and vice versa. Certainly, the wrong conclusions can be drawn by rely- component is related to the number of radicals formed by the pho-
ing on accelerated weathering methods only and so ruling out systems tolytic reaction multiplied by an exponential to simulate auto-acceler-
which might qualify under actual weathering conditions. ation, and that loss of gloss due to hydrolysis is linear over time. This
yields the following equation:
UNDERSTANDING PHOTO-DEGRADATION
Relative Glosst ( %) = {100 %} - {(k1 * PICLmax*t) + (k1 * PICLmax * t * exp
For a better understanding of coatings degradation, we developed a (k2*t)) + k3* t}
semi-empirical equation that describes loss of gloss as a function of
weathering duration. In this equation, it is assumed that gloss is lost as - PICL: a coating-dependent value that is determined in a separate
a result of photolytic, photo-oxidative and hydrolytic reactions. photo-induced-luminescence experiment,
This equation assumes that loss of gloss due to photolysis is related - k1: coating-independent parameter related to the weathering condi-
to the rate of free radical formation as determined in a photo-induced tions,
- k2: coating-dependent parameter related to the photo-oxidation rate
of the coating,
Figure 7: Weight loss (wt. %) under lab conditions of water-satu- - k3: in principle, a coating-dependent parameter related to the hy-
rated coatings A and H (6 h at 40 °C in liquid water). drolysis rate of the coating; however, a separate experiment revealed
that the hydrolysis rates are comparable for the coatings studied. The
same k3 was used in the calculations for all coatings studied.
0.5 % Figure 6 shows the loss of gloss, both measured and calculated with the
aid of the equation above, for TiO2-pigmented (C7), 445-crosslinked
0.4 % polyester powder coatings of variable isophthalic/terephthalic ester
ratios in different weathering conditions. The similarity between the
Weight loss in wt %
0.3 % measured and calculated values is remarkable.

The results reveal that the differences in stability of the studied coat-
ings are much greater in the accelerated test than in Florida, which
0.2 %
again underscores the poor correlation between the accelerated and
the Florida results. The calculations show that k3 (hydrolysis) in Florida
0.1 % is much greater than in the accelerated weathering tests.
0.0 % IT’S WETTER IN FLORIDA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time in min During weathering in Florida, moisture condenses from the surround-
ing air mass almost every night, immersing exposed specimens in mil-
 Coating A  Coating H limetres of liquid water [4]. In the period January 1999 – September
2000, the total wet time of a coating exposed at 5° was more than
7000 h [4], a figure which indicates the large exposure to water
during Florida weathering. This water exposure is much greater
Figure 8: Measured (points) and calculated (lines) of loss of gloss over than that in accelerated weathering. In the latter, exposure to
time in Florida of a Primid XL552-crosslinked polyester powder coating water does occur too, but in these cases the samples are heat-
(P800) containing different TiO 2 types (calculated lines for C2, C3 and ed in relatively dry conditions after the rain cycle, and that leads
C10 as well as for C1; C7 and C6 overlap). to fast drying of the samples. Figure 7 shows the drying rate
of coatings after water saturation at 40 °C for six hours. These
water-saturated films lost water quickly and reached their equi-
librium concentration under lab conditions in about ten min-
120
110
Figure 9: k1 values calculated for the different TiO 2 types,
relative to the value of coatings made with C7.
100
100
60° Gloss in %
90 25
80 20
70
Relative K1
15
60
10
50
5
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
Time in months C1 C2 C3 C0 C8 C7 S2 C9 C10 C6 S4 S5


“EMMAQUA is a more reliable
way to accelerate weathering
but is very expensive.“
3 questions to Johan Rommens
Why is accelerated weathering still used if it does not produce good results? Accelerated
weathering is used since it is a relatively quick way of screening durability of coatings and accepted
by international quality standards like GSB and Qualicoat. The rather poor correlation with real life
outdoor weathering is known in the industry, especially when maximum level of weathering resistance is
required. EMMAQUA is a more reliable way to accelerate weathering but is very expensive and therefore
not very realistic as a screening method for durable coatings.
Johan Rommens
How did you come up with your equation? The equation is the result of an internal study of the glob- Chemours Belgium
al resin supplier taking part in writing this article. It is based on an assessment of the key processes that johan.rommens@chemours.com
influence the kinetics of the degradation of polyester based coatings under natural weather conditions.
Would it be a possibility to continue using accelerated weathering if the water portion re-
mained on the surface for a longer time? That is indeed the idea behind some recent weatherom-
eter developments. The importance of water will depend also on the chemical nature of the resin and
the presence of TiO2 as well as the photo-catalytic behaviour of the latter as is described in the article.
utes; consequently the wet time in Florida is much longer than in the performance warranties for customers solely on the results of acceler-
accelerated tests, suggesting that the coatings will contain higher lev- ated testing. It is also clear that TiO2, as an ingredient, plays a role in
els of water for a longer period, a fact which can explain the difference enhancing the durability of white paints. However, testing this in an
in the extent of hydrolysis during accelerated and Florida weathering. accelerated way with artificial light is difficult and can be inaccurate,
especially for long-lasting systems. Super-durable TiO2 grades are de-
MORE PHOTOLYSIS IN FLORIDA signed to give optimal protection against UV light. This is confirmed
in paint studies involving Florida exposure, which is the most realistic
The calculations also reveal that, for Florida, k1 (photolysis) is unexpect- and reliable test method. Conclusions drawn from accelerated studies
edly higher than for the various accelerated weatherings. This, too, have to be treated with caution.
probably is a result of the longer wet time, as the presence of water is A detailed analysis of the degradation mechanisms, based on a semi-
more conducive to photo-catalytic radical generation by titanium diox- empirical model, suggests that differences in water presence and du-
ide pigments, and leads to a relatively large influence exerted by TiO2 ration of contact at least partly explain the differences between the
on degradation, mainly in Florida. test methods. The same model also confirms the reduced photo-catal-
According to these calculations, the differences in water-contact time ysis of super-durable TiO2 grades. 
at least partly explain the differences between the Florida and the ac-
celerated weathering results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
RATE OF DEGRADATION INITIATION IS KEY
The authors would like to thank Annemie Verhaege, Gilbert Michiels and
The Florida weathering results for the polyester coatings containing Melissa Apers for collecting and analysing the exposure data.
different TiO2 types mentioned above, too, were substituted into the
semi-empirical equation above. Adjustment of the k1 values yielded REFERENCES
good fits between the experimental and calculated results, indicating
that the influence exerted by TiO2 is mainly due to rate at which degra- [1] Millington KR, Deledicque C, Jones MJ, Maurdev G, Photo-induced chemi-
dation is initiated. Figure 9 shows the k1 values calculated for the differ- luminescence from fibrous polymers and proteins, Polymer Degradation and
ent TiO2 types (relative to the value for C7, as coatings made with this Stability 93 (2008), pp 640-647
pigment were used to develop the used semi-empirical equation). The [2] Millington KR, Jones MJ, Zakaria SF, Maurdev G, Using chemiluminescence
large influence of the TiO2 type on the rate of initiation of weathering in to study the photodegradation of materials, Materials Science Forum, pp
Florida is clearly evident. For the better-protected TiO2 (super-durable), 654-656 (2010), 2414-2417
the k1 values are lower than for the “less durable” grades. This confirms [3] Millington KR, Maurdev G, Kinetics of photo-induced chemiluminescence
the reduced degree of photo-catalysis in properly protected TiO2 pig- decay from polymers, Polymer Journal, 41 (2009), pp 1085-1091
ments. [4] Hardcastle III HK, Effects of moisture, location, and angle on automotive
Clearly, the wrong conclusions can be drawn from accelerated artificial paint system appearance during natural weathering JCT Coatings Tech, 5 (1)
weathering methods, especially where the most durable paint systems (2008), pp 44-52
are concerned. Paint producers must exercise caution when basing
AN ACCESSIBLE OVERVIEW OF
ELECTROCOAT TECHNOLOGY
“It’s high time for a long needed publication of electrocoat
technology. The electrocoat process has been used
commercially for many decades to apply corrosion resistant
paint films on conductive metal substrates. Now this book
is the first since more than 25 years which is providing a
comprehensive over view of this fascinating technology for
the student and as well for the industrial user.“
Michael
Brüggemann
www.european-coatings.com/shop
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ELECTROCOAT · DEVELOPMENT AND TROUBLE-
SHOOTING · Electrophoretic paints, commonly known
as electrocoat or -paint, are organic coatings dispersed
in water, carrying an electric charge. This enables the
paint for deposition onto a metal, which is carrying the
opposite charge. This special way of application results
in special needs for formulating its coating: This book
shows requirements and particularities for the electro-
coat process and its troubleshooting.
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38 FA C T S I N F I V E
SOUTH AFRICAN
COATINGS MARKET
01: Market size
Volume Value EUR
thousand litres* million*
*estimated figures for 2018
02: Market split by sales 04: Market share
Industrial
coatings
22%
The ten top companies
78% represented approximately 50 % of

the total sales in South Africa.
Decorative
coatings
05: Market characteristic
03: Market structure
~320 coatings
Source: South African Paint Manufacturing Association
manufactures
Although the sales are cyclical

during the year, the largest volumes
of sales occur in the last quarter
~10,000 people employed
of the calendar year.
in the coating sectos
CEP E C O RN E R 39
CEPE’S MANAGING DIRECTOR

FOR 15 YEARS SAYS FAREWELL
Under the most unusual circumstances in his whole career Jan van der Meulen answers a few questions from his home
office while the CEPE offices remain empty these days under the Corona restrictions in Belgium. So no symbolic closing
of his office door in April nor any kissing for good-bye. From April on he will be succeeded by Christel Davidson.
Jan van der Meulen

Managing Director
CEPE
secretariat@cepe.org
What were milestones during your period? When I joined CEPE a pro- first responsibility to look after EuPIA, but I was often also participating in
cess had just started to change the membership structure. Being before an several of the EuPIA working groups. But including my time before CEPE
Association of associations, CEPE had to turn into a body with direct com- I spend 40 years in the coating industry. After my degree in chemistry, I
pany membership all across Europe. Managing that change and finding entered via a research lab into this world of formulations that bring col-
with the National Associations a new way of co-operating was a milestone our and protection. If at the end of my career I know have to answer such
we achieved after some three years of hard work together. The set up and question, I believe it will be the people. Especially the years with CEPE have
effectiveness improvement of the working groups that CEPE hosts would be brought me to know a lot of people with whom it was a pleasure to work.
another one. With our relatively small staff we curently run some 40 CEPE/ Both professionally and socially. Good meetings and fine dinners in Brus-
EuPIA working groups. And over 250 delegates from companies find it use- sels. I always have loved interaction with people. Both with the CEPE staff
ful to be involved in these groups. Our ‘CEPE workplace’ is a great support and with all the delegates from companies that attended the meetings.
for this. The expertise in these groups facilitated CEPE and EuPIA to lobby I will miss their professionalism and their humor, the ingredients that I
at the EU institutions for conditions our industry needs. Setting up the an- have come to known as critical for success throughout my career. That’s
nual CEPE conference with Vincentz Network as organizer I also consider a why I find it so sad at this moment that under the Corona conditions we
milestone. The leaders of our industry have therewith a platform to be up- have to cancel in-person meetings and conferences and have to fall back
dated on developments and I believe it has created a society with even some on webinar meetings. The paint and printing industry overall is a com-
family characteristics. The annual CEPE report that is always first presented munity where the players have proven to be able to find a positive way of
at these conferences goes with that milestone. And if I may mention a last co-operating when it comes to matters that benefits the whole sector. So
one, then I would say the establishment of the communication directly to yes, missing the people of this industry is my answer. 
the members and the set-up of industry statistics.
What was most challenging during your tenure? It was and still is:
to get authorities to listen to our opinions and ideas when they come
with new legislative proposals. When I joined CEPE we were in the midst
of the political discussions on a new chemicals management regulation ABOUT CEPE
called REACH. Defending our position as downstream user and ensuring
that it would be workable and that business intellectual property was not CEPE was founded in 1961
violated were keeping us busy in monthly meetings. During these meet-
ings we evaluated some 4000 amendments that different political parties
brought forward. And now REACH is part of our daily business, but we still It brings approximately 85% of this industry
have to be on the alert that the EU Commission is not using this legisla- together in its membership
tive instrument for issues it was not meant for. Challenges from the more
recent years were for sure the classification of TiO2 and the administrative
Together this represents a value of around
burdens that come from the reporting to the Health Response Centres -
known as poison centres by the public. With all the topics including the EUR 17 billion
ones of today, such as biocides and microplastics, we have to educate the
legislator and be convincing in our arguments. In total 120.000 people are directly
employed in this industry
What will you miss most regarding the coatings industry? Before I
answer let me also include the printing ink industry. It was my colleague
Martin Kanert, from the German Paint and Printing Inks Industry VdL, his

40 L E G I S L AT IO N
Source: motortion - stock.adobe.com
IN THE BEGINNING...
... there was the REACH registration dossier. By Renate Landwehr, Umco.
Substantial deficiencies in many of the dossiers submitted ECHA, launched the REACH Dossier Improvement Action Plan, which
so far have induced the EU Commission, together with ECHA, committed registrants to proactively and systematically review their
to publish an action plan under which all dossiers are to be dossiers and update them as necessary. Eurometaux, the representa-
checked for REACH compliance. tive of the European metals industry, agreed a similar programme with
the ECHA called the Metals and Inorganic Sectorial Approach (MISA).
I n 2018, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) pub-
lished a research project that scrutinised the quality of registration dos-
siers. It identified substantial deficiencies among the dossiers examined.
The ECHA’s overarching REACH Evaluation Joint Action Plan set 15
targets that have to be met between now and 2027. In a nutshell:
After the transition phase for registration had been completed in May - The dossiers of registered substances will be screened and catego-
2018, several industry associations responded by agreeing to cooperate rised so that they may be assessed more selectively, starting with the
with ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) on projects for improving the tonnage band above 100 tonnes
quality of dossiers. At the same time, ECHA devised an action plan that - At the same time, under Article 41 (5) REACH, the rate of compliance
would cover all registrations. checking will be increased from 5 % to 20 % of all dossiers
- Legislative improvements will be made, compliance checks acceler-
MORE ABOUT THE BFR’S RESEARCH PROJECT ated and ECHA’s evaluation decisions enforced more quickly
The BfR research concluded that, of the dossiers for registered sub- LEAD REGISTRANTS AND JOINT REGISTRANTS – OVER TO YOU
stances in above of 1,000 tonnes/year, only one third met the infor-
mation requirements in respect of human toxicity, ecotoxicity and The first point of contact for jointly submitted information, such as
environmental exposure. A further third were missing key data while studies, literature, classification and labelling, is and will of course
the situation of the remainder was unclear. However, for registered remain to the lead registrants. As a result of these action plans, they
tonnages of between 100 and 1,000 tonnes/year, 45 % of the dossi- are under particular pressure to update their dossiers before they
ers were REACH-compliant in the data points mentioned above. are subjected to scrutiny. But joint registrants cannot afford to sit
back and relax either. They too are wholly responsible for the qual-
THE ACTION PLAN ity of their registration dossiers and are required to maintain this
standard of quality without being asked to do so, even after the initial
The European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC), which is the largest submission has been successful. For joint registrations, this concerns
trade association for the chemical industry in Europe, together with the following information:
LE G I SLAT IO N 41
“Things work out positively

RECOMMENDATION FOR ACTION for companies that
proactively take it upon
 Deal proactively with the composition of your dossiers
 Check that they are up to date from content and technical

themselves to rectify clear
points of view deficiencies.“
 Carry out an update if necessary
 Submit the updated dossiers promptly
- Status, identity, substance composition, quantities manufactured or The addressing of EU requirements is covered in a specific sanc-
imported, including cessation of manufacture or import tions regulation and authorities expect regular updates. Schleswig-
- Identified uses or new uses advised against � Uses must be report- Holstein, for example, has already taken measures to ensure that
ed separately by each registrant. This means that the lead registrant ECHA requirements are implemented. Other German federal states
may only adapt his uses, and the joint registrant will have to check are expected to do likewise.
whether he has to follow suit.
- Findings on the risks posed by the substance to human health and/ BETTER TO UPDATE EARLY AND PROACTIVELY
or the environment that lead to changes in the Safety Data Sheet
(SDS) or the Chemical Safety Report (CSR) � Often the CSR is not sub- What does it mean when a dossier is deemed to be non-compliant?
mitted jointly. In that event, each joint registrant is responsible for In principle, a request follows to rectify data gaps within a specified
updating it himself! period of time. This may mean that you will be under considerable
- Changes in the accessibility of information contained in the dossier time pressure to carry out the update and you may possibly incur in-
- Migration to the current version of IUCLID (5 � 6) and associated creased costs. If the dossier fails to meet the requirements after the
updates (e.g. analysis, use description) deadline, sanctions may ensue, including the loss of registration. This
can easily be prevented by proactively checking and updating your
DOING NOTHING IS NOT AN OPTION dossier for regulatory compliance. In our experience, things work out
positively for companies that proactively take it upon themselves to
What are the consequences of doing nothing? As a registrant, your rectify clear deficiencies. For more difficult issues or borderline cases,
company and the year in which the dossier was last processed can there is always the hope that the inspectors will be in a benevolent
be seen on the ECHA website. The Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz frame of mind. 
Deutschland (BUND) wrote an interesting, albeit in our opinion not
entirely correct, article entitled “Breaches of the Chemicals Act by
German Companies”. Its conclusion that all the registrations listed Renate Landwehr
therein are illegal and endanger people and the environment fails Umco
to recognise the complexity of substance evaluation under REACH. r.landwehr@umco.de
However, it rightly points out that insufficient pressure is brought to
bear on tardy or even ignorant registrants – a complaint also raised
by the industry itself as a distortion of competition.

42 D I R E C T - T O- ME TAL
Source: tarasov_vl - stock.adobe.com
DIRECT-TO-METAL COATINGS
THAT BEAT CONVENTION
Innovative polyamide-based polyurethane water-borne dispersions. By Amanda Dechant, Joshua Halstead, Ximing Li,
Chris Swech, Naser Pourahmady, Gabor Erdodi, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, USA.
Traditional water-borne urethane dispersions perform poorly however water-borne versions have poor corrosion resistance due
in direct-to-metal applications due to film formation issues to the chemistry of the dispersion process: polar/ionic acidic groups
and the hydrophilic/acidic nature of the dispersants. Polyam- stabilise the dispersion particles, which not only increases the water
ide-based urethane dispersions have significantly higher cor- sensitivity of the coating but degrades the hydrolytically unstable poly-
rosion resistance and can provide single coat solutions with ester soft segment. Our novel polyamide chemistry is hydrolytically
corrosion resistance and other protective features. stable and offers better corrosion resistance than that described for
polyester-based urethanes.
P olyurethanes are segmented polymeric materials with alternating

hard and soft segments. Although the industry uses many dif-
ferent isocyanates in high volumes, there are only a few major polyol
GOOD PERFORMANCE FROM POLYAMIDE-BASED URETHANES
types: polyesters, polyethers and polycarbonates. However, a new In most polyurethanes, the soft segment has a significant effect on
family of polyols for polyurethane systems – polyamides [1] – have a various key performance parameters beyond the mechanical proper-
combination of properties not seen in standard urethane polyols [2-9]. ties. Figure 1 shows the structure of the highest volume soft segments
along with the novel polyamide type of polyol. Polyester-based polyols
Multilayer coatings with primed surfaces offer one of the best com- are the first choice with the largest market share, their urethanes have
binations of corrosion resistance, protective features and aesthetics. excellent mechanical properties and good UV resistance but they are
Considerable cost savings can be achieved by using direct-to-metal hydrolytically unstable. Polyethers are used if high flexibility/elonga-
(DTM) coatings, but typically, they deliver significantly worse perfor- tion or better hydrolytic resistance is needed but they suffer from
mance. Water-borne acrylic resins have many applications but their poor heat and UV resistance. Polycarbonate polyols make one of the
lack of hardness and mechanical strength is a limiting factor. Polyu- most UV-resistant polyurethanes but their high price and sensitivity to
rethanes are more desirable when high wear resistance is required, certain polar materials make them less attractive.
DI R E C T -T O -ME TAL 4 3
Table 1: Qualitative comparison of water-borne urethane coat-

ings made with various soft segment chemistries.
Poly-
Polyesters Polyether Polyamides
carbonates
RESULTS AT A GLANCE
Hydrolytic
Poor Excellent Good Excellent
resistance
űű Polyamide-polyurethane water-borne dispersion technol-
ogy offers a unique balance of properties such as good chemi- Weathering Good Poor Excellent Good
cal resistance, higher hardness and also give good results in
Barrier
direct-to-metal (DTM) applications Good Poor Good Excellent
properties
űű Conventional water-borne urethane dispersions perform Heat

Good Poor Good Excellent
resistance
poorly in DTM applications due to film formation issues and the
hydrophilic/acidic nature of the dispersants Hardness Medium Low High Very high
űű Polyamide-based urethane dispersions displayed signifi-

cantly higher corrosion resistance than traditional water-borne
urethanes and can provide single coat solutions with both cor- ADHESION DOES NOT ALWAYS DETERMINE
rosion resistance and protective features CORROSION RESISTANCE
űű These novel DTM-capable dispersions can help end users Corrosion is an electrochemical process in which the rate of corrosion
simplify operations, reduce expenses and increase throughput is a function of the electromotive force and resistance of the material.
The corrosion process requires several elements: an anode, a cath-
ode, an electrolyte, and in most cases a source of oxygen. Material
loss occurs at the anode due to metallic ionisation. In the case of iron
corrosion, Fe2+ goes into solution at the anode and reacts with OH-
present in the electrolyte to form Fe(OH)2. This is sometimes seen as
a white precipitate at the corrosion interface. Fe(OH)2 then reacts with
additional oxygen to form black Fe3O4, found in deep pits and Fe2O3,
red common rust. The anodic region has a typical pH of 5-6 due to
the consumption of OH-, which can be detrimental to the hydrolytic
Polyamide-based polyurethanes were not commercially available and stability of some coatings.
their properties were unknown [5-7]. We have now reported the first
suitable polyols and characterised their behaviour in water-borne The cathodic site is important for controlling the rate of corrosion by
polyurethanes and compared them with well-known industrial polyols accepting electrons donated by the anode, leading to a basic pH at
(Table 1). The hydrolytic resistance of polyamides is a key advantage for the cathodic site. For these localised regions to form an electrolyte
corrosion resistance and so are the improved hardness and strength. that must be in contact with the metal, the conductivity of which is
Good chemical resistance, which characterises polyamide-based ure- strongly correlated to the rate of corrosion. Even relatively poor elec-
thanes with minimal or even without crosslinking, can also be valuable trolytes, such as atmospheric water, still contain sufficient ions for cor-
since the coating can maintain high elongation. The weatherability is rosion to take place, albeit slowly.
essential for metal coatings and polyamide-based urethanes deliver Contrary to popular belief, the degree to which a coating adheres to a
similar performance to that of polyester-based versions. metal substrate does not correlate to corrosion protection. Adhesion
Table 2: Results of anti-corrosive pigments on the corrosion resistance of 1K WB polyamide polyurethane DTM coating.
Calcium Calcium
Zinc phosphate/molyb- Calcium
150 h ASTM B117 strontium exchanged None
date phosphate
phosphosilicate silica
Blister size/
4/6 F 8MD 4/6 M 2F 2M
frequency (scribe)
Blister size/
10 10 6M 2F / 4F 2/4 M
frequency (field)
Scribe creep in mm 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 1
Field rust 0 0 15 5 10
EIS results
RP, Intact in ohm cm2 8.6x106 1.8x107 3.9x105 4.7x105 2.6x107
RP, Defect in ohm cm2 8260 3160 4320 2820 1900



 is important for durability and longevity, but it is possible for a coat- EXPERIMENTAL
ing with only adequate adhesion to provide better protection than
a coating with extreme adhesion [10]. This is because most organic The electrochemical cell consisted of a glass cylinder with an O-ring in
coatings are quite permeable to oxygen and water regardless of ad- the end to delimit the exposed area (6.7 cm2) to the electrolyte and
hesion. What protects the metal is a thin oxide layer that forms on the a clamp that held the cylinder against the metallic sample plate, as
surface. The anodic reaction cannot take place without penetrating shown in Figure 2. The samples were tested in duplicate at room tem-
this layer, thus corrosion is inhibited. Organic coatings can, however, perature by full immersion exposure as a function of time.
carry species that improve adhesion by interacting with metal oxides. A typical three-electrode system was used for electrochemical imped-
Polar and/or ionic groups work the best here: epoxides, acids, poly- ance spectroscopy (EIS) testing. The coated panels were the working
phenols, ureas, amides, etc. electrode; carbon graphite worked as the counter electrode, and a
Barrier coatings, as they are termed, are often hydrophobic and reduce C-276 alloy was used as the reference electrode. A high-performance
ion/electrolyte transport to the substrate as a means of corrosion in- potentiostat was used to perform EIS. The EIS was tested with a fre-
hibition. When the barrier is breached, by damage or coating degrada- quency range from 105 Hz to 0.01 Hz with a voltage amplitude of ±10
tion, the next line of defence is cathodic protection (passivation), which mV from the corrosion potential. The 5 wt% NaCl electrolyte was se-
protects metals with a sacrificial anode. This is often achieved using lected to simulate the environment inside the salt fog chamber for the
inorganic phosphates and zinc salts or other means [10]. ASTM B117. The EIS results were corroborated by the Kramers-Kronig
Figure 1: Examples of different types of polyols. Figure 2: EIS-experimental set-up.
HO [O ]O
Π
OH Polyether polyol
Potentiostat
O SCE
Counter
reference
HO
[ O
O ]
Π
OH Polycarbonat polyol
elektrode
electrode
HO [ O O
]
Π
OH Polycester polyol
O Test cell
Computer
HO
N [ R
N
R ]
N
Π
OH Polyamid polyol Sample
5% NaCl
Working
electrode
O O O
Figure 3: Thermal cure window of polyamide technology over cold-rolled steel in water soak.
Novel 1K water-borne 2K* water-borne

topcoat DTM DTM
over epoxy heat cured novel topcoat ambient dried novel topcoat
Time in salt fog Ambient dried Rating Baked at 200°C for 30min Rating Ambient Rating
field: field: dried field:
scribe: scribe: scribe:
10 10 10
250 h
10 6F 6M
10 6F 6F
500 h
10 2MD 2F
10 2D 6M
750 h
10 2D 2F
10 6M
1000 h
10 2M
*Formulated with additional crosslinkers (epoxy)
DI R E C T -T O -ME TAL 4 5
algorithm. We assumed that steady state conditions were reached in phosphate/molybdate provided the greatest degree of corrosion re-
each measurement. sistance, showing no field rust, minimal scribe creep, and no blistering
(see Figure 4 and Table 2).
EXCELLENT CORROSION RESISTANCE IN DTM APPLICATIONS The calcium phosphate was the second best, followed by the control
with no anti-corrosive pigments. Calcium strontium phosphosilicate
A novel polyamide polyurethane was developed for metal topcoat and calcium-exchanged silica showed reduced performance. These
applications for primed surfaces, epoxy/ecoat/etc. We found that the results were confirmed by EIS evaluation with good agreement to salt
novel product is also DTM capable if it is baked on the metal or if for- spray observations. A possible reason for the difference in efficacy
mulated with a crosslinker package and dried at ambient conditions. may be the solubility of the additive, which must dissolve to passivate
It has good barrier properties and the development of corrosion re- the substrate. Accelerated testing produces greater ionic concentra-
sistance is most likely adhesion driven. Figure 3 shows the corrosion tions than often seen in the real world, which can exacerbate the im-
resistance of the novel DTM polyamide polyurethane in baked and portance of solubility.
2K formulations. In the 2K system, the crosslinker package contains In water-borne resins the particles are covered with hydrophilic moie-
epoxies and siloxane-based adhesion promoters, which boosts the ties and it is imperative to achieve good film formation to decrease
adhesion of the coating and enables up to 750 h salt-fog and 500 h water sensitivity and improve corrosion resistance. Table 3 shows the
humidity resistance. effect of coalescing solvents on corrosion resistance.
The corrosion resistance of the novel product encouraged us to con- Our 1K WB polyamide polyurethane DTM gave vastly different results
tinue the development of polyamide-based urethanes for DTM ap- depending on the nature of the co-solvent used. Slow, hydrophobic
plications. Here we report the corrosion resistance and the formula-
tion aspects of a new polyamide urethane, which is a water-borne
DTM-capable polyamide-based urethane but it does not need high Figure 5: Optimised white 1K WB poly-
curing temperature or a 2K crosslinker/adhesion promoter package amide polyurethane DTM formulation
to achieve good corrosion resistance. after 500 hours salt spray testing.
The corrosion resistance of polyamide-based urethanes is just as
formulation dependent as that of other resins. Table 2 and Figure 4
Salt Fog 500 h 750 h
shows how salt-fog performance changes when different anticorro-
sive pigments are added to the formulation. The sample using zinc
Ambient
Figure 4: Photographs of corrosion inhibitor results after 150 hours of salt spray testing. dried
1K WB
polyamide-
Zink phosphate/ Calcium- Calcium- Calcium Control - urethane
molybdate strontium- exchanged silica phosphate none
phosphosilicate
DTM acrylic
Table 3: Effect of various co-solvents on the performance of 1K WB polyamide polyurethane DTM coating.
Common name DPnB TPnB PPh TPM DPnP TPnB/TPM
Dipropylene glycol Tripropylene Glycol Propylene glycol Tripropylene Glycol Dipropylene Glycol
Chemical name 50/50 blend
n-butyl ether n-Butyl Ether phenyl ether Methyl Ether n-Propyl Ether
Slow, Slow, Hydrophobic/

Properties Slow, hydrophobic Slow, aromatic Slow, hydrophilic
very hydrophobic slightly hydrophilic hydrophillic
Gloss, 60° 53 60 37 55 42 54
Salt fog (1= best 5= worst) 2 1 4 6 5 3
EIS results
RP, Intact in ohm cm2 3.0x107 3.1x106 2.7x106 9.7x103 1.5x104 2.4x103
RP, Defect in ohm cm2 4660 6450 8390 2400 1670 3430


 co-solvents such as DPnB and TPnB performed significantly better termine an order for both barrier performance (based on RP, intact)
than hydrophilic or balanced solvents. This is attributed to better and scribe adhesion performance (based on RP,Defect) and the coatings
particle coalescence and barrier properties. PPh over-solvated the with both high RP, intact and RP, defect, in the top right area of the diagram,
polymer leading to instability and poor film formation. TPM provided provide better anticorrosion performance. In general, two-layer sys-
good gloss value and no visual indication of poor coalescence, but tems provide the best anticorrosion performance, demonstrated
it yielded a porous film that quickly developed significant field rust. here with the novel topcoat/Ecoat-primer being the best. The adhe-
These results again correlated well with EIS measurements, except for sion and barrier performance of the 1K WB polyamide-based coatings
PPh which induced polymer instability. The excellent corrosion resist- is approaching that of acrylates but falls short of the two-layer system
ance of an optimised polyamide-urethane coating is further illustrated and the solvent-borne urethane.
in Figure 5. The coating was directly applied to CRS 500 at a thickness Corrosion resistance is not the only metric for metal coatings, protec-
of only 50 µm, dried in ambient conditions for 7 days and there was tive features are often just as important. Polyamide-based urethanes
minimal scribe creep and no field rust after 500 hours of salt spray show strong performance in this area due to the interaction between
testing. the amide and urethane groups. Polyamide-based urethane products
commercialised earlier for wood/metal topcoat markets [5] demon-
TWO-LAYER SYSTEMS FOR BEST ANTI-CORROSION PROPERTIES strated high hardness, excellent abrasion resistance and chemical re-
sistance. Table 4 shows how the protective features of the investigated
The most accepted qualification method of metal coatings is salt 1K WB polyamide polyurethane DTM compares to a 2K solvent-borne
spray test, which can predict anticorrosion performance, but it does and a 1K acrylic benchmark. The results indicate that the polyamide-
so slowly and does not identify failure modes reliably. EIS is another urethane shows excellent chemical resistance and high hardness,
method to characterise metal coatings, which is a faster and more just like other polyamide-based products, which is similar to the 2K
reliable technology for monitoring corrosion resistance. EIS provides solvent-borne urethane, and vastly outperforms the acrylic resin.
both qualitative and quantitative data and can identify the root cause
of failure. NOVEL DTM-CAPABLE DISPERSIONS OFFER MANY BENEFITS
We studied the corrosion resistance of DTM resins built with different
chemistries and compared them with polyamide-based urethanes us- In this study, we investigated the corrosion resistance of water-borne
ing EIS. Figure 6 shows the results. Rp values for these coatings are polyamide-based urethane DTM coatings using traditional and elec-
shown for both intact and defect coating condition after 7 days and 3 trochemical techniques through various formulation changes and
days of immersion respectively. With the EIS data we were able to de- compared the performance with other competitive coating technolo-
Figure 6: Rp value for all coatings under intact and defect coating condition.
1013
Ecoat + Aptalon M8100
Table 4: Protective features of 1K WB 1012
polyamide polyurethane DTM vs. ure-
thane solvent-borne 2K DTM vs. acrylic 1011
Rp, intact @ 7d (ohm cm2)
WB 1K DTM. Urethane SB 2K coating

1010
Aptalon M8100 – Acrylic WB 1K DTM
Ambient WB heatcured
10 9
dried WB Novel
Proper- 1K DTM topcoat + DTM
ties Poly- SB epoxy Acrylic 108 Aptalon WB 1K DTM
amide- primer
urethane 107
Epoxy WB 2K coating
Dry
5B 5B 5B 10 6
adhesion
Wet 104
adhesion Rp, Defect @ 3d (ohm cm2)
(3 days) 0B/5B 5B/5B 0B/0B
on CRS/
B100
Polyamide-
Chemical
Acrylic Polyamide- Epoxy WB Conventional Ecoat + Poly- urethane WB
resist- 53/60 58/60 44/60 Sample
WB 1K urethane 2K coating Urethane SB 2K amide urethane topcoat (without
ance Label
DTM WB 1K DTM DTM Coating DTM WB topcoat primer)- heat-
Pencil cured
3H 5H H
hardness
RP, Intact in
5.31e9 6.74e7 8.0e6 1.56e10 3.48e12 2.34e9
Konig ohm cm2
60 39 10
hardness
RP, Defect
11020 6026 4613 62210 17300 8068
Gloss in ohm cm2
60 85 68
(60o)
DI R E C T -T O -ME TAL 47
“New PU-Technology
gives extraordinary
protective properties.“
3 questions to Gabor Erdodi
Where do you see the main application for the new technology? On-site or OEM? Vehicles,
machines or appliances? We see a wide variety of potential applications. Anywhere that customers Gabor Erdodi
need extraordinary protective properties in a 1k DTM, this resin will deliver excellent performance to Lubrizol Advanced Materials, USA
customers in OEM, site applied and automotive applications. gabor.erdodi@lubrizol.com
Does the new chemistry have an impact on the formulation with special effect pigments,
or rheology modifiers? Pigments, rheology modifiers and additives need to be optimized just like
with other resins: in the case of polyamide urethane corrosion resistant formulations work better at
lower pigment loading and certain rheology modifiers may affect adhesion.
Where do you see the pro’s and con’s of the new polyamid PU vs. other water-borne 2K
PU coatings? The main advantages of the 1K polyamide polyurethanes are the overall protective
features, good corrosion resistance and ease of application, however some 2K polyurethanes have
better gloss in pigmented systems and may offer better protection against particularly harsh/ ag-
gressive chemicals.
gies. Thanks to a unique soft segment chemistry, water-borne polyu- [8] Pajerski A. D., Erdodi G., Pourahmady N., (2016), WO 2016100201 A1 -
rethane coatings can have good corrosion protection in baked, 2K and Water dispersible polyamide building blocks.
ambient 1K settings. Polyamide-urethane DTMs define a new space in [9] Pourahmady, Naser et al., (2014), ***Polymers made from Telechelic N-
corrosion-resistant coatings: vastly surpassing water-borne acrylics alkylated polyamides***, WO 2014126743 A1, ***2015***.
in chemical and abrasion resistance, superior to epoxies in weather- [10] Dickie R.A. and Floyd F.L., Washington, Polymeric Materials for Corrosion
ing and can be formulated at much lower VOCs than solvent-borne Control, American Chemical Society, 1986
urethanes. End users looking to simplify their operations, reduce ex-
penses, and increase throughput, will find DTM-capable polyamide-
urethane dispersions to be a welcome innovation. 
REFERENCES Find out more!

[1] Erdodi G., Pourahmady N., Lai J T-Y.,From PCT Int. Appl. (2014), WO
2014126739 A1 - Telechelic n-alkylated polyamide polymers and copoly-
mers.
[2] Erdodi G. et al., (2014), WO 2014126741 A2, Aug 21, 2014 - Low glass
transition temperature polyamide oligomers or telechelic polyamides.
[3] Erdodi G. et al., (2016), WO 2016025300 A1 - Water-borne polyamide- Direct-to-metal
urea dispersions.
[4] Erdodi G. et al., (2016), WO 2016025319 A1 - Aqueous copolymer coat-
ing compositions for industrial and construction applications.
[5] Pourahmady N.: New Water-Borne Segmented Polymer Dispersions and
Their Performance in Coatings Applications, European Coating show confer-
ence 2015.
[6] Erdodi G., Pourahmady N., Lai J. T-Y., (2016), US 20160002403 A1 - Soft
Thermoplastic Elastomer Composition. 210 search results for Direct-to-metal!
[7] Erdodi G. et al., (2016), WO 2016099726 A1 - Waterborne polyamide
and their chain extension with isocyanates to form cationic waterborne
polyureas dispersions.

48
SUPPLIERS INDEX
From „Additives“ to „Weathering tests“ - the place to search
for competent partners of the coatings industry!
COATING THICKNESS GAUGES

Yellow!
Elcometer Ltd
Manchester M43 6BU, UK More COLOUR,
T +44 161 371 6000 more impact!
sales@elcometer.com Your entry this size
D-73431 Aalen, Germany costs € 288,00 + VAT
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per issue/heading.
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4340 Awans, Belgium MATTING AGENTS
T +32 4379 9610 FILLERS
be_info@elcometer.com
45380 La Chapelle Saint Mesmin, France FILLING PLANTS
T +33 23886 3344
fr_info@elcometer.com
3584 BV Utrecht, The Netherlands
T +31 30259 1818
micronised waxes
nl_info@elcometer.com
www.elcometer.com Phone: +49 (0) 67 62/93 69 16
www.ceronas.de
HOFFMANN MINERAL GmbH
P.O. Box 14 60
86619 Neuburg ( Donau ) , Germany
DISSOLVERS Phone + 49 84 31- 53 - 0
Fax + 49 84 31- 53 - 3 30
info@hoffmann-mineral.com MILLS
www.hoffmann-mineral.com
Equipment for packaging and

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homi_1647_AZ_Bezugsquellen_40x40_4c.indd
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www.omya.com mail to: ircom@ircom.ua
tel./fax: (+38 044) 559-9280,
Functional Minerals for Coatings and more 573-2023
Willy A. Bachofen AG
Junkermattstr. 11
4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
Tel. +41 61 6867-100
Fax +41 61 6867-110
www.wab-group.com
E-Mail: wab@wab-group.com
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+49 511 9910-249
VMA-GETZMANN GMBH VMA-GETZMANN GMBH

DISPERMAT ® DISPERMAT ®
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S U P P LI ER S I N D E X 49
PHYSICAL TEST EQUIPMENT PRESERVATIVES WATER REPELLENTS
Elcometer Ltd Süddeutsche Emulsions-Chemie GmbH

Manchester M43 6BU, UK www.secemulsion.de
T +44 161 371 6000
sales@elcometer.com www.worlee.de
D-73431 Aalen, Germany service@worlee.de
T +49 7361 528060
de_info@elcometer.com WAX ADDITIVES
4340 Awans, Belgium
T +32 4379 9610
be_info@elcometer.com
45380 La Chapelle Saint Mesmin, France
T +33 23886 3344
fr_info@elcometer.com
3584 BV Utrecht, The Netherlands
micronised waxes
T +31 30259 1818
nl_info@elcometer.com Phone: +49 (0) 67 62/93 69 16
www.ceronas.de
www.elcometer.com
PIGMENTS SALT SPRAY/CTT CABINETS
K R O M A P E A R L C+W Specialist Equipment Ltd

Leintwardine, Craven Arms,
PEARLESCENT PIGMENTS Shropshire, SY7 0NB, UK
KROMACHEM GmbH T +44 1547 540654 www.cw-spec.com
Fürstenbergstrasse 17 sales.service@cw-spec.com
51379 Leverkusen
Tel: +49 (0)2171 7232-20
E-mail: EdgarM@Kromachem.com
RAW MATERIALS
www.KROMACHEM.com
Your PARTNER for
PIGMENT PREPARATIONS
Blue! ALL WAX ADDITIVES
Water- & Solvent Based Wax Dispersions
Wax Emulsions | Micronized Waxes
More COLOUR, MÜNZING CHEMIE GmbH

Phone +49 7131 987-100
more impact! info@munzing.com www.munzing.com
Your entry this size

costs € 352,00 + VAT Süddeutsche Emulsions-Chemie GmbH
www.secemulsion.de
per issue/heading.
Arichemie GmbH · www.arichemie.com
Tel.: +49 (0) 6198·5912·0
info@arichemie.com
MASTHEAD
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50 ADVERTISING
ADVERTISERS INDEX
C2 11 25
SCHÜTZ GmbH & Co. KGaA Gebr. Liebisch GmbH & Co. KG Songwon Industrial Group
C4 19 27
Hoffmann Mineral GmbH CHT Germany GmbH Evonik Industries AG
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Troy Chemie GmbH
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EUROPEAN

22 POWDER COATINGS 40 LEGISLATION

Woodcoatings 20 – 21 October 2020

Addressing the challenges of

Calling for your ideas Suggested Topics

Join our Group

E U R OP E AN COAT I NGS JOU RN A L 04 – 2020

Source: Ulia Koltyrina - stock.adobe.com

EUROPEAN COATINGS JOURNAL 04 – 2020

EUROPEAN COATINGS LIVE

Source: PiyawatNandeenoparit - stock.adobe.com

Source. hayo - stock.adobe.com

Source: tarasov_vl - stock.adobe.com

22 POLYESTER POWDER COATING RESINS 42 CORROSION PROTECTION

28 WORLD OF COLOUR 48 SUPPLIERS INDEX

Source cover: Yurii Andreichyn - stock.adobe.com

E U R OP E AN COAT I NGS JOU RN A L 04 – 2020

Source: cakeio - Fotolia.com

based coatings. sidiary in Leverkusen, Germany. By etsablishing a

Preservatives | Performance Additives | Driers

Limited and dwindling resources: A topic

bility from EC Journal’s past four

years. Download now!

E U R OP E AN COAT I NGS JOU RN A L 04 – 2020

Source: Ulia Koltyrina - stock.adobe.com

T he market for corrosion protection coatings in 2018 is estimated

Figure 1: Nearly 84% of the 7.4 million tonness of corrosion

Europe 396,700 451,760

Middle East and

Asia-Pacific 6,211,410 8,094,760

North and South

Total 7,399,360 9,491,740

Figure 3: Epoxy resin systems were the most commonly

could be the investment backlog in cities and municipalities, which

E UR OP E AN COAT I N GS JOUR N AL 04 – 2020

Source: sakarin14 - stock.adobe.com

1 How difficult is it to replace raw ma-

2 What trends do you expect to influence

1 Generally the performance of a corro-

2 The current trend concerning sustain-

to get in conflict with food production is a Sika Deutschland

Source: bannafarsai - stock.adobe.com

E U R OP E AN COAT I NGS JOU RN A L 04 – 2020

EPOXY FOR PROTECTION

ting around epoxy resin coatings. For almost 100 years,

E poxy resins were patented even twice in the 1930s: in Switzer-

Epidian 4X80 BPA epoxy resin 4025 mmol/kg Xylene 80 % 500-900

Epiclon Novolac, non-ionic

Novolac epoxy resin,

Modified polyamine Amin value

“Fixing pipes with

and humidity resistance, shear stable

Low viscosity, no need for diluent modification,

High-solid marine and Low VOC, good application properties,

VOC-free, low level of free amine,

E U R OP E AN COAT I NGS JOU RN A L 04 – 2020

C arbon steel under wet insulation undergoes nonuniform gen-

CUI OF CARBON STEEL

The mechanism: Figure 1 shows through-wall corrosion under insula-