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Illustrates the Components Found

in Proper Well Construction
This water well diagram illustrates the components found in proper well
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publications of Lifewater International, written by Fred Proby
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A water well is more than just a hole in the ground. Proper well
Sustainability construction, incorporating the right well components, can assure that the
well you worked so hard to drill will provide clean, safe water for years to RELATED PAGES
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With proper well construction and design, you will maximize the amount
Groundwater of water the well will yield as well as the performance of the pump. You INCREASE YOUR IMPACT!
will also minimize the possibility of well contamination from surface water
Bentonite Clay
sources or infiltration of polluted groundwater sources such as those from Alleviating
Surface Water latrines and animal pens. Poverty/Advancing
Hygiene Education Check out the water well diagram below and the well components that will
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Groundwater Sources

Here are some of the more important elements included in the

water well diagram above.

Borehole – The borehole should be about 50mm (2 inches) wider all

around than the well casing. The borehole needs to be clear of Locating Groundwater
obstructions all the way down, and should be deep enough to reach the
lowest expected water level.

Casing – The well casing lines the borehole and is often made of PVC

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Water Well Diagram and Proper Well Construction http://www.clean-water-for-laymen.com/water-well-diagram.html

pipe. As stated above, if the borehole is 200mm (8 inches) then the well
casing would be 100mm (4 inches) making a space of 50mm (2 inches) all
around the casing. The bottom of the well casing is capped and the lower
section is slotted to permit water to pass into the casing.

Gravel Pack – This layer of coarse sand or gravel fills the 50mm (2 inch)
space between the well casing and the borehole. The gravel pack allows
water to flow from the aquifer into the well and should extend about 1
meter above the well screen. Manual Well Digging

Pump Pad – Along with the

sanitary seal, the pump pad surface
water from contaminating the well.
The pump pad is made of concrete
and should be thick enough and
reinforced with re-bar to keep it
from cracking. Cracking would allow
surface water to seep into the well. Mechanized Well Drilling

Sanitary Seal – The sanitary seal is

made of a slurry of bentonite clay
and cement.

It is a good idea to add a layer of clay cuttings and bentonite (that have
been removed during the drilling process) directly on top of the gravel
pack. This will help seal the gravel pack and prevent the
bentonite/cement slurry from penetrating downward into the gravel pack.
Well Site Location
The slurry is poured into the 50mm (2 inch) space around the well casing.
It should extend from the top of the gravel pack all the way up to ground
level.

Rather than pouring the bentonite/cement slurry to make a sanitary seal,

you may be able to use, what is called, the "tremie method".

The tremie method involves pumping the slurry down a small diameter
pipe like a 3/4 inch PVC pipe. The bottom of the pipe rests on top of the
gravel pack and the slurry is pumped down the pipe and deposited direcly Pump Pad Construction
on top of the gravel pack (or on top of the cuttings and bentonite layer
you layed down on top of the gravel pack).

As the slurry is deposited, the "tremie pipe" is slowly removed from the
borehole, depositing the slurry all along the length of the borehole, and
all the way to the surface.

This method helps assure a good sanitary seal that extends all the way to
the gravel pack and has no gaps or air pockets in it. Basics of Mixing Concrete

The pump pad and sanitary seal are extremely important in preventing
well contamination. It is easier to include both of these components in
smaller diameter wells (100mm-200mm) than in large diameter wells,
such as hand dug wells. This is one reason that hand dug wells are more
easily contaminated.

Well Disinfection
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