AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Provide the preparation or Compounding Procedure of Syrup USP/ NF

Syrup is a solution of Sucrose in Purified Water.

It contains a preservative unless it is used when freshly prepared.

Sucrose 850 g
Purified Water, a sufficient quantity, to make 1000 mL

Syrup may be prepared by the use of boiling water or, preferably, without heat, by the
following process. Place the Sucrose in a suitable percolator, the neck of which is nearly
filled with loosely packed cotton, moistened after packing with a few drops of water. Pour
carefully about 450 mL of Purified Water upon the Sucrose, and regulate the outflow to a
steady drip of percolate. Return the percolate, if necessary, until all of the Sucrose has
dissolved. Then wash the inside of the percolator and the cotton with sufficient Purified
Water to bring the volume of the percolate to 1000 mL, and mix.

Define syrups and give examples of :

A syrup is a concentrated or nearly saturated solution of sucrose in water.

Official syrups:
A simple syrup contains only sucrose and purified water (e.g. Syrup USP). Syrups
containing pleasantly flavored substances are known as flavoring syrups (e.g. Cherry Syrup,
Acacia Syrup, etc.). Medicinal syrups are those to which therapeutic compounds have been
added (e.g. Guaifenesin Syrup).

Commercially available medicated syrups (indicate the flavors)

Progesic paracetamol - orange flavor

Bentyl- bitter taste, orange flavor
Ventolin syrup- orange flavor
Amicar syrup- raspberry flavor
Depakene syrup- natural and artificial flavor

How does Syrup USP becomes self-preserving?

 Syrup, USP is protected from bacterial contamination by virtue of its high solute
concentration. More dilute syrups are good media for microbial growth and require the
addition of preservatives. Industrially formulated syrups often contain ingredients to
improve solubility, stability, taste or appearance which also contribute to product
preservation.

What is salting-out? How is it prevented?

Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent

crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is an effect based on the
electrolyte–non-electrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble
at high salt concentrations.

State the limitation in the preparation of syrups with heat and explain
Although the hot method is quickest, it is not applicable to syrups of thermolabile or
volatile ingredients. When using heat, temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid
decomposing and darkening the syrup (caramelization).

Discuss the chemical reaction involved in the heating of aqueous solutions of sucrose
When sucrose is heated with water in an autoclave at high temperature in an atmosphere
of hydrogen, a degree of acidity is produced which is sufficient to cause first the
inversion of the sucrose and secondly its conversion to 5‐hydroxymcthyl 2‐furfural, a
substance which is produced also when glucose or sorbose are similarly treated. It is
suggested that the acidity produced initially may he due to the formation of acetol, which
has been previously encountered on treating sugars with water at high temperatures.

POLYPHASIC SYSTEM
Acacia Mucilage NF

Acasia, in small fragments 350g

Benzoic Acid 2g
Purified Water, qs
To make 1000mL

Dissolve the benzoic acid in 400ml of purified water with the aid of heat. Add the solution
to 350g of acacia in a mortar, triturating until the acacia is dissolved. Add sufficient
quantity of purified water to make 1000ml. Strain if necessary
CALAMINE LOTION, USP

Calamine 80 g

Zinc Oxide 80 g

Glycerin 20 mL

Bentonite Magma 250 mL

Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution,

a sufficient quantity to make 1000 mL

Dilute the Bentonite Magma with an equal volume of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution.
Mix the powders intimately with the Glycerin and about 100 mL of the diluted magma,
triturating until a smooth, uniform paste is formed. Gradually incorporate the remainder
of the diluted magma. Finally add enough Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution to make 1000
mL, and shake

CALAMINE OINTMENT, USP

Calamine 80 g

Zinc Oxide 80 g

Glycerin 20 mL

Bentonite Magma 250 mL

Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution,

a sufficient quantity to make 1000 mL

Dilute the Bentonite Magma with an equal volume of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution.
Mix the powders intimately with the Glycerin and about 100 mL of the diluted magma,
triturating until a smooth, uniform paste is formed. Gradually incorporate the remainder
of the diluted magma. Finally add enough Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution to make 1000
mL, and shake
ROSE WATER OINTMENT, USP

Cetyl Esters Wax 125 g

White Wax 120 g
Almond Oil 560 g
Sodium Borate 5g
Stronger Rose Water 25 mL
Purified Water 165 mL
Rose Oil 200 µL
To make about 1000 g
Reduce the cetyl esters wax and the white wax to small pieces, melt them on a steam bath,
add the almond oil, and continue heating until the temperature of the mixture reaches 70 .
Dissolve the sodium borate in the purified water and the stronger rose water, warmed to
70 and gradually add the warm aqueous phase to the melted oil phase, stirring rapidly and
continuously until it has cooled to about 45 . Then incorporate the rose oil

BENTONITE MAGMA, USP

Bentonite 50 g
Purified Water, a sufficient quantity,
to make 1000 g

Sprinkle the Bentonite, in portions, upon 800 g of hot purified water, allowing each portion
to become thoroughly wetted without stirring. Allow it to stand with occasional stirring
for 24 hours. Stir until a uniform magma is obtained, add Purified Water to make 1000 g,
and mix.

The Magma may be prepared also by mechanical means such as by use of a blender, as
follows. Place about 500 g of Purified Water in the blender, and while the machine is
running, add the Bentonite. Add Purified Water to make up to about 1000 g or up to the
operating capacity of the blender. Blend the mixture for 5 to 10 minutes, add Purified
Water to make 1000 g, and mix.
2. Define the following terms:

Colloids- a homogeneous non-crystalline substance consisting of large molecules or

ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids
include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle, and cannot be separated out
by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension.

Emulsions- a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not
soluble or miscible.

Suspensions- is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a

solvent-like phase sometime after their introduction

Micelles- are amphiphilic colloidal structures, with particle diameters from 5 to 100 nm
range

Magma- is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the
Earth

3. SUSPENSIONS

What is the purpose in adding suspending agents in Suspensions?

As we know suspensions have least physical stability due to sedimentation and cake
formation therefore the purpose of adding Suspending agents which are physiologically
inert substances, it increases the viscosity and facilitate redistribution of a suspension on
shaking. Particles in suspension can come together to form either floccules or aggregates.

Give 5 examples of suspending agents

1. Methylcellulose
2. sodium carboxymethylcellulose
3. hydroxyethylcellulose
4. hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
5. gum tragacanth

4. Explain the following:

Caking- Caking is a powder's tendency to form lumps or masses. Granular materials can
also be subject to caking, particularly those that are hygroscopic such as salt, sugar, and
many chemical fertilizers

Flocculation- is the collection of cells into aggregates by the addition of multivalent

cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).
5. What is the advantage of a synthetic dispersing agent?

Dispersing agents are added to facilitate the homogenous distribution of pigments or

fillers in a polymeric matrix. They help in suppressing agglomerates and improving material
properties: hence, better dispersion results in better processability, better consistency,
better opacity /color strength.

6. EMULSIONS

Discuss the two type of Emulsion

In every emulsion there is a continuous phase that suspends the droplets of the other
element which is called the dispersed phase. In an oil-in-water emulsion, the continuous
phase is the water and the dispersed phase is the oil while in a water-in-oil emulsion the oil
is the continuous phase.

What are the methods of preparing Emulsion?

The methods commonly used to prepare emulsions can be divided into two categories:

Trituration Method- This method consists of dry gum method and wet gum method.