5.3.

Boost converter example

i(t) L D1 i (t)
D

+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)

Vg + Q1 C R v(t)
–

Mode boundary: Previous CCM soln:

I > ΔiL for CCM Vg Vg

I= ΔiL = DTs
I < ΔiL for DCM D' 2 R 2L

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 20 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Mode boundary

0.15 4
Kcrit ( 13 ) = 27
Vg DTsVg
> for CCM
D' 2R 2L Kcrit(D)

2L > DD' 2 for CCM 0.1

RTs

K > K crit(D) for CCM 0.05

K < K crit(D) for DCM
where K = 2L and K crit(D) = DD' 2
RTs
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 21 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Mode boundary

0.15

CCM
DCM CCM
K < Kcrit K > Kcrit
K > K crit(D) for CCM 0.1 K
K < K crit(D) for DCM
where K = 2L and K crit(D) = DD' 2
RTs

0.05

K crit
(D)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 22 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Conversion ratio: DCM boost

i(t) L

+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)

Vg + C R v(t)
subinterval 1 –

i(t) L D1 i (t) i(t) L

D
+ + vL(t) – +
+ vL(t) – iC(t) iC(t)
subinterval 2
+ Vg + C R v(t)
Vg Q1 C R v(t) –
–
–
–

i(t) L

+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)

+
subinterval 3 Vg
–
C R v(t)

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 23 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Subinterval 1

i(t) L
vL(t) = Vg +
+ vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t) = – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation
for v(t) (but not for i(t)!): –

vL(t) ≈ Vg
iC(t) ≈ – V / R 0 < t < D1Ts

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 24 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Subinterval 2

i(t) L
vL(t) = Vg – v(t) +
+ vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t) = i(t) – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation
–
for v(t) but not for i(t):

vL(t) ≈ Vg – V
D1Ts < t < (D1 +D2)Ts
iC(t) ≈ i(t) – V / R

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 25 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Subinterval 3

i(t) L
vL = 0, i = 0 +
+ vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t) = – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–

Small ripple approximation: –

vL(t) = 0
iC(t) = – V / R
(D1 +D2)Ts < t < Ts

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 26 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Inductor volt-second balance

vL(t)
Vg
D1Ts D2Ts D3Ts
0
Ts t
Vg – V

Volt-second balance:
D1Vg + D2(Vg – V) + D3(0) = 0

Solve for V:
D + D2
V= 1 Vg note that D2 is unknown
D2

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 27 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Capacitor charge balance

node equation:
iD(t) = iC(t) + v(t) / R D1 i (t)
D
+
capacitor charge balance: iC(t)

iC = 0 C R v(t)

hence
–
iD = V / R

must compute dc component of diode

current and equate to load current
(for this boost converter example)

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 28 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Inductor and diode current waveforms

i(t)
peak current:
ipk
Vg Vg
i pk = DT L
L 1 s
Vg – V
average diode current:
L
Ts

iD = 1 iD(t) dt
Ts 0 0 DTs Ts t
D 1T s D2Ts D3Ts
triangle area formula: iD(t)

Ts ipk
iD(t) dt = 1 i pk D2Ts
0 2 Vg – V
L

<iD>

0 DTs Ts t
D1Ts D2Ts D3Ts

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 29 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Equate diode current to load current

average diode current:

1 1 V g D 1 D 2T s
iD = i DT =
Ts 2 pk 2 s 2L

equate to dc load current:

V g D 1 D 2T s V
=
2L R

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 30 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Solution for V

Two equations and two unknowns (V and D2):

D + D2
V= 1 Vg (from inductor volt-second balance)
D2
V g D 1 D 2T s V
= (from capacitor charge balance)
2L R

Eliminate D2 , solve for V. From volt-sec balance eqn:

Vg
D2 = D1
V – Vg

Substitute into charge balance eqn, rearrange terms:

2 V 2gD 21
V – VVg – =0
K

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 31 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Solution for V

2 V 2gD 21
V – VVg – =0
K
Use quadratic formula:

V = 1± 1 + 4D 21 / K
Vg 2
Note that one root leads to positive V, while other leads to
negative V. Select positive root:
V = M(D ,K) = 1 + 1 + 4D 21 / K
1
Vg 2

where K = 2L / RTs
valid for K < Kcrit(D)

Transistor duty cycle D = interval 1 duty cycle D1

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 32 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Boost converter characteristics

5
M(D,K)
1
0.0
4
K=

1 for K > K crit

3 5
0.0 1–D
= M =
K
1+ 1 + 4D 2 / K
2 0 .1 for K < K crit
K= 2
7
4/2
K≥
1

Approximate M in DCM:
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
M≈1+ D
D
2 K

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 33 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Summary of DCM characteristics

Table 5.2. S ummary of CCM-DCM characteristics for the buck, boost, and buck-boost converters

Converter K crit (D) DCM M(D,K) DCM D2(D,K) CCM M(D)

2 K M(D,K)
Buck (1 – D) 1 + 1 + 4K / D 2 D D
1 + 1 + 4D 2 / K K M(D,K) 1
Boost D (1 – D)2 D 1–D
2
Buck-boost (1 – D)2 – D K – D
K 1–D

with K = 2L / RT s. DCM occurs for K < K crit .

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 34 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode

 Summary of DCM characteristics

DCM
M(D,K) • DCM buck and boost
characteristics are
asymptotic to M = 1 and to
the DCM buck-boost
ost 1)
Bo
(×
– characteristic
ost 1
-bo • DCM buck-boost
ck K
Bu
characteristic is linear
1 • CCM and DCM
characteristics intersect at
Buck
mode boundary. Actual M
follows characteristic
0 having larger magnitude
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
• DCM boost characteristic is
D nearly linear

Fundamentals of Power Electronics 35 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode