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CONJUNCTIONS
Without conjunctions, you’d be forced to express every complex idea in a series of
short, simplistic sentences: I like cooking. I like eating. I don’t like washing dishes
afterward.

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the
choppiness of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases joined by
conjunctions are parallel (share the same structure).

Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal
grammatical rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember them by using the mnemonic
device FANBOYS.

Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some
examples are either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses. A
subordinating conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or
some other kind of relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating
conjunctions are because, since, as, although, though, while, and whereas.
Sometimes an adverb, such as until, after, or before can function as a conjunction.
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SO
So is used to link between cause/ reason and results

1. Used to show the reason for something

• It was still painful, so I went to see a doctor.

2. So (that)… used to show the purpose of something

• But I gave you a map so you wouldn't get lost!

3. So (that)… used to show the result of something

• Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead.

4. (informal) used to introduce a comment or a question

• So, what have you been doing today?

5. Used to introduce the next part of a story

• So after shouting and screaming for an hour she walked out in tears.

6. (informal) used to show that you think something is not important, especially after
somebody has criticized you for it
• So I had a couple of drinks on the way home. What's wrong with that?

7. (informal) used when you are making a final statement

• So, that's it for today.

8. (informal) used in questions to refer to something that has just been said
• So there's nothing we can do about it?

9. (informal) used to introduce an answer to a question, an explanation or a

statement
• So, I've been working on a new project.
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10. used when stating that two events, situations, etc. are similar
• Just as large companies are having to cut back, so small businesses are
being forced to close.

More Examples
• He’s hungry so he gets some food.
• The weather isn’t very nice so we don’t go camping.
• He lost the key so he couldn’t get into his room.
• She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.
• ‘I've just got back from a trip to Rome.’ ‘So, how was it?’
• ‘You've been smoking again.’ ‘So?’
• So, let's see. What do we need to take?

TOO
We usually put too in end position:
• Gill’s having chicken. I’ll probably have chicken too.

Too can occur immediately after the subject, if it refers directly to the subject. It does
not normally occur after a modal or auxiliary verb. We sometimes write commas
before and after too:
• I too thought she looked unwell.

Too is especially common in responses to fixed expressions such as giving good

wishes, and in responses consisting of a single object pronoun:
• A: Enjoy the play.
• B: Thanks. You enjoy your evening too. (preferred to You enjoy your evening
as well. or You also enjoy your evening.)
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• A: I need to go to the gym.

• B: Yeah, me too. (preferred to Yeah, me also. or Yeah, me as well.)

Too" is used in positive sentences to add an agreeing thought. It has the same
meaning as "also," but its placement within the sentence is different.
• Jane speaks French. Sam speaks French too.

PLACEMENT
"Too" usually comes at the end of a clause.
• I am Canadian too.
• I can speak French too.

IMPORTANT
Although "too" is usually placed at the end of a clause, it can sometimes be used
with commas after the subject of the sentence. This is usually only done in formal
speech.
• Mr. Jones wanted the contract. Ms. Jackson, too, thought it was necessary.

More Examples
• She looks really tired and she must be really hungry too.
• We, too, have been very pleased to receive the prize on her behalf.
• I love chocolate. I love pizza too.
• Frank can come with us. Nancy can come with us too.
• I am studying economics too.
• If he wants to go too, he should meet us at 8:00.
• Donna is working on a solution to the problem. I, too, am trying to find a way
to resolve the conflict.
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EITHER
We can use either with or as a conjunction to connect two clauses:
• Either we go by train or we rent a car. Which do you prefer?

The correlative conjunction “either…or” is used to join two positive options. For
example:
• We can either go to the movies or stay inside and watch Netflix.

A common grammatical mistake that occurs when using the correlative conjunction
“neither…or” is subject-verb agreement. When two (or more) items are joined by the
word conjunction and serve as the subject of the sentence, the number of the verb
(i.e. singular or plural) always follows the last of the options. Multiple singular options
do not create a plural noun. For example:
• Either Crystal or Julia wants to come with us to the festival. (The verb should
be “wants,” not “want”)

The word “either” can be used by itself, but as a pronoun, not a conjunction. For
example:
• You can ask either of us if you need any help.

More Examples
• We can go to either Greece or Spain for our holiday.
• It’s my final offer – you can either take it or leave it.
• The sound was either a firework or a gunshot.
• Either you stay or I leave.
• Either Courtney or her friends are coming to pick me up. (The verb “are”
follows the second item in the pair of subjects.)
• “Should I get this shirt in blue or white?” “Either looks good on you.”
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NEITHER
While “either…or” pairs up two positive options, “neither…nor” pairs up two negative
options.
• The view at the top of mountain was neither spectacular nor very visible.
• When it comes to movies, I like neither comedies nor romances.

Just as “either” can stand by itself as a pronoun, so can “neither.”

• Neither of the desserts seemed very appealing.

The word “neither” can also be used as an adverb to indicate that something also
does not apply in another case. For example:
• “I didn’t do very well on the last exam. Me neither.”

More Examples
• Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the European Union.
• Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory. (Abraham Lincoln)
• Neither will the workers go off strike, nor negotiate until they receive a higher
pay.
• Neither of us are working on Thanksgiving.
• I never thought that Trump would actually win the election, and neither did my
friends.
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REPORT

Conjunctions are important because they function as links or links that connect the
elements in a sentence.

Its use is important because without the conjunctions there would have been no
meaning of the word, and as it was already seen in the development of the topic, the
conjunctions are connectors or channels of communication that lead one word to
another, giving a conclusion or a continuation to what we are saying.

Mastering the subject of conjunctions is essential to have a good grammar and to

communicate through writing or orally, therefore it is essential, (without being a
scholar in the matter) to try to use them properly otherwise it would be very difficult
for us to understand each other when trying to communicate, or many
misunderstandings would arise

Conjunctions are used as already mentioned when communicating, but we can also
find their use in literature, in artistic expressions, in music, etc. Grammar is very
important, as we use it daily to communicate with others, either orally or in writing.

A good way to learn about the subject (or any other) is to listen carefully to others
and pay attention to some reading, placing emphasis or focus on trying to identify
when we find some type of conjunction and analyze the way in which it is being using
in expression.

Learning the proper use of conjunctions will benefit our grammar, and will help to
improve the use of the written part (spelling), knowledge of the structure of sentences
(syntax), and sounds (phonetics).

Without conjunctions there would be no adequate way to communicate

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REFERENCES

(2019). Conjunctions. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/conjunctions/

Lee, C. (2017). Correlative Conjunctions. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In

Internet: https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/correlative-conjunctions/

(2015). Correlative Conjunctions. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:

https://speakspeak.com/resources/english-grammar-rules/conjunctions/correlative

(2017). Either. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/either

(2017). Too. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/also-as-well-or-
too

(2018). So. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/so_3

Tarpley, L. (2019). Common English Conjunctions and How to Use Them.

Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:
https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-conjunctions/

Luo, A. (2019). Using Conjunctions. Recovered on February 23, 2021. In Internet:

https://www.scribbr.com/language-rules/conjunctions/