1 of 12

Three Equation Sets

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2021 by Ian Beardsley

 2 of 12

Abstract

Here I explore ratios and proportions that I have found in different aspects of Nature, between the planets,
the human body, and molar masses of biological elements and compounds, and artificial intelligence
semiconducting elements. It is okay to suggest there is a connection between these vastly different
systems because it should be no surprise that the forces operating are the same. We are all familiar with
the golden ratio, and it owes its effectiveness to its irrationality, it is described by the square root of five.
But their are other dynamic ratios that cannot be written in closed form either; square root of two, square
root of three, and of course unity or one.
 3 of 12

Introduction
If I consider my two books, Weird Arithmetic and Weird Calculus, and The Mathematical Nature of Life,
certain equations that I formed in them, while all of them are interesting, they stand out. In the first book
I looked at the connection of artificial intelligence to the planets. Out of all the equations for the planets,
Venus was the most dynamic in form, and the most accurate (Better than 99%). This equation was:

Si3
1 2SiG e + Ge
=0.72
G e2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

Where Si is silicon and Ge is germanium, the two principle semiconductor elements used to make diodes
and transistors, and are at the heart of artificial intelligence (AI) circuitry. The 0.72 is the amount of
astronomical units in the Venus average orbital distance from the Sun, where an astronomical unit (AU) is
the average earth-sun separation. We can see the validity of this equation as follows:

28.08553
1 2(28.0855)(72.64) + 72.64
= 0.722995806
72.64 2 1+
28.08552
72.64 2

Where Si and Ge are in in molar mass (grams/mole).

The other equation that was the most interesting in the second book was for the relationship between the
primary doping agents used to dope silicon and germanium so it can semiconduct.

The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to make diodes and transistors, silicon (Si) and
germanium (Ge) doped with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or gallium (Ga) and arsenic (As) have an
asymmetry due to boron. Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C) and as such have 4
valence electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon and germanium, they need doping agents from group
13 (three valence electrons) like boron and gallium, and to have negative type silicon and germanium they
need doping agents from group 15 like phosphorus and arsenic. But where gallium and arsenic are in the
same period as germanium, boron is in a different period than silicon (period 2) while phosphorus is not
(period 3). Thus aluminum (Al) is in boron’s place. This results in an interesting equation.

Si(A s − G a) + G e(P − Al ) 2B
=
SiG e G e + Si

The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus the differential across silicon crossed with
germanium normalized by the product between silicon and germanium is equal to the boron divided by
the average between the germanium and the silicon. The equation has nearly 100% accuracy:

28.09(74.92 − 69.72) + 72.64(30.97 − 26.98) 2(10.81)

=
(28.09)(72.64) (72.64 + 28.09)

0.213629041 = 0.214633178
 4 of 12

0.213629041
100 = 0.995
0.214633178
This can be written:

Si Ge 2SiG e
(A s − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + G e

Which is very interesting for two reasons; the term on the right is the harmonic mean between silicon and
germanium and on the left side of the equation As and Ga are to the immediate right and immediate left of
germanium but are here multiplied by silicon, while P and Al are immediately to the right and left of
silicon but are here multiplied by germanium. The equation is dynamic because Al is used as a dummy in
the differential, because it is in borons place resulting in the harmonic mean on the right.

The third equation of interest is in the second book listed above which works on the connection of
biological life to AI. One of the central subjects to study when trying theorize the origin of life, is that of
amino acids, the building blocks of life, and how they could have come into existence.

I processed the 20 genetically encoded amino acids according to the following scheme:

a m i n ogr ou p
(RGr ou p)
a ci dgr ou p

In hopes of finding a connection between artificial intelligence and the biological. The result was that two
of the amino acids were equal to elements in the periodic table of the elements and they were perfectly
carbon (C) the core element of biological life, and silicon (Si) the core element of of artificial intelligence.
The amino acids are the building blocks of life, synthesized into proteins by DNA. The two amino acids
were serine and glutamine as follows,…

H3 N
(CH2 + OH ) = C
COO
H3 N
(2CH2 + CO + N H2 ) = Si
COO

H3 N 5−1
= (1 − ϕ) ϕ=
COO 2
Si
(1 − ϕ) =
Ge
Si
(CH2 + OH ) = C
Ge
C
(CH2 + OH ) = Ge
Si
Si
(2CH2 + CO + N H2 ) = Si
Ge
 5 of 12

(2CH2 + CO + N H2 ) = G e

Ge is the other core semiconductor element.

(CH2 + OH ) C
=
(2CH2 + CO + N H2 ) Si

(CH2 + OH )
C= Si
(2CH2 + CO + N H2 )

These equations are nearly 100% accurate. ϕ (phi) is the golden ratio conjugate. ϕ = 1/Φ where Φ
(uppercase phi) is the golden ratio. Also Φ = ϕ + 1. As you can see, it is a very dynamic ratio.

CH2+OH=12.01+2(1.01)+16,00+1.01=14.03+17.01=31.04 g/mol

Si/Ge=28.09/72.61=0.38686

(0.38686)(31.04)=12.008

C=12.01

12.008
100 = 99.98%
12.01

2CH2=2(12.01+2.02)=28.06

CO=12.01+16.00=28.01

NH2=14.01+2.02=16.03

28.06+28.01+16.03=72.1

Ge=72.64

72.1
100 = 99.2566%
72.64

The idea is to try to understand biological life, in particular its origins, by looking at something we
understand, artificial intelligence.

The equations imply:

H3 N
G e ≈ Si
COO

In the famous Miller-Urey experiment the primordial earth was considered to be water (H2O) methane
(CH4) and ammonia (NH3). By mixing these in a flask and running electricity through the mixture they
produced about half the of 21 biological amino acids. I presented these primordial compounds as having a
 6 of 12

connection to AI in the second book. They seems to be related to primitive AI which would be a tungsten
filament (W) encased in a glass tube (SiO2) to make vacuum tubes for switches as follows:

W H O N H3
≈ 2 + +1
SiO2 CH4 CH4

Thus We have three sets of equations from these works that are of particular interest:

Si3
1 2SiG e + Ge
1. = 0.72
G e2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

Si Ge 2SiG e
2. (A s − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + G e

H3 N
3. (CH2 + OH ) = C
COO
Si
(2CH2 + CO + N H2 ) = Si
Ge
H3 N
G e ≈ Si
COO

Since the square root of three is important in that it is the ratio of the side of an equilateral triangle to its
radius, where the radius is the distance from the center of the triangle to a vertex, we will write that:

3 − 1 = 0.732 ≈ 0.72

Si3
1 2SiG e + Ge
= 0.72
G e2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

Si3
1 2SiG e + Ge
+1≈ 3
G e2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

Si3 + Si2G e + 2SiG e 2 + G e3

= 3
G e(Si2 + G e 2 )
 7 of 12

2Si Si3
+ +1= 3

( Ge 2 ) ( Ge 2 )
Si2 3 Si2
Ge +1 Ge +1

Now let’s look at the second equation in equation set three. It is:

Si
(2CH2 + CO + N H2 ) = Si
Ge

It can be written:

2CH2 CO N H2
+ + =1
Ge Ge Ge

Let us now consider it with respect to the equation we just formed, which is:

2Si Si3
+ +1= 3

( Ge 2 ) ( Ge 2 )
Si2 3 Si2
Ge +1 Ge +1

2CH2, and CO, and N H2, are important because while N H3, and CH4 are the primordial compounds
from which some amino acids can be made, the primordial compounds are made from these. We have
already said that:

W H O N H3
≈ 2 + +1
SiO2 CH4 CH4

Relates the primitive AI to the primordial compounds. It is at this point that I bring up a very interesting
equation that I had come up with several years ago. But, we first need to take a detour…

Detour
We can derive the golden ratio as such (refer to fig 13):

a b
= = Φ

b c
a = b + c

 8 of 12

ac = b 2

c = a − b

a(a − b) = b 2

a 2 − a b − b 2 = 0

a2 a
− − 1 = 0

b2 b
a2 a 1 1
− + = 1 +

b2 b 4 4

(b)
2
a a 1 1
− + =1+

b 4 4

(b)
2
a a 1 4 1 5
− + = + =

b 4 4 4 4

(b 2)
2
a 1 5
− =

a 1 5
− =

b 2 2
5+1
Φ=

b 5−1
ϕ= =

a 2
Let us say a/b=x, the golden ratio. Then,…

x 2 − x − 1 = 0

Let us differentiate this implicitly:

d 2 d d
x − x− 1 = 0

dx dx dx
2x − 1 = 0

 9 of 12

1
x=

2
d x
Which is similar to Euler’s number, e because it is the base such that e is itself e x:

dx
d x
e = e x

dx
But

2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ =

2
1 ∘
Which says for this angle the x-component equals the y-component is 90 that is , x=1/2
2
bisects a right angle. Which similar in concept to Euler’s number e because it is the base such
d x 2
that e is itself e x . But if sin 45∘ = cos45∘ = , then:

dx 2
π
2cos = 2

4
It is the diagonal of the unit square. We notice something interesting happens:

π
2cos =

n
π π π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3

4 5 6
Where 3 is the cosine of 30 degrees, in the unit equilateral triangle in which the altitude has
been drawn in (fig 14):

 10 of 12

Since air is 25% N2 and 75% O2, the molar mass of air as a mixture is 29.0 g/mol. I found air
over H2O is the golden ratio, and in total that:

air
≈ Φ

H2O

0.75N2 + 0.25O2 ≈ air

(4) (5) ( 6 )( Se ) H2O

π π π Zn air
−2cos + 2cos + 2cos ≈

(4) (5) (6)

π π π
2cos = 2, 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3

Where ZnSe is zinc selenide, an intrinsic semiconductor, intrinsic meaning that it does not have
to be doped to semiconduct.

Returning From The Detour

We have several equations in three terms on the left:

2CH2 CO NH2
+ + = 1

Ge Ge Ge
2Si Si3
+ +1= 3

Ge ( + 1) Ge ( 2 + 1)
Si2 3 Si2
Ge 2 Ge

(4) (5) ( 6 )( Se ) H2O

π π π Zn air
−2cos + 2cos + 2cos ≈

And,…

W H O NH3
≈ 2 + + 1

SiO2 CH4 CH4

air
Since ≈ Φ, we are just missing 2 . The first equation for the amino acid with the
H2O
number 1 on the right is inclusive in our scheme in that:

π
2cos = 1

3
 11 of 12

Where we find the square root of two is interesting; we are all familiar with the golden ratio phi
in the human body. For instance in the height divided by the distance from the bottom of the
feet to the navel. But, the answer comes from archaeology.

The intermembral index compares the forelimbs of vertebrates to their hindlimbs. A ratio
greater than one means the forelimbs are longer than the hindlimbs and less than one the
hindlimbs are longer. It is this ratio that tells paleontologists a great deal about the manner of
propulsion of a vertebrate.

The chimpanzee index is 106, or 1.01 in other words as a fraction, meaning their forelimbs are
longer than their hindlimbs compared to humans, which are around 68-70 or 0.68 to 0.7
meaning their hindlimbs are longer than their forelimbs. Thus we see they have their forelimbs
are longer for climbing, arm hanging and swinging activities. The longer hindlimb of humans
means they depend sole on these for propulsion in bipedal walking. Lucy, the 3.2 million year
old hominid (Australopithecus Afarensis) has index 88 (0.88) intermediate between humans and
chimpanzees, and this due to a shortened humerus, not elongated thigh, showing arm length
reduced first in the evolutionary trend toward being bipedal. She probably used hindlimb for
bipedal propulsion and forelimbs for climbing.

Measuring myself I find I have humerus+radius=22”, and femur+tibia=32”. My intermembral

index is about i=22/32=0.6875. And here is our 2 :

1 1
= = 1.42857 ≈ 2 = 1.414

i 0.7


 12 of 12

The Author