2670 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO.

6, JUNE 2012

Analysis and Test Results of a Brushless Doubly Fed

Induction Machine With Rotary Transformer
Maurício Ruviaro, Fredemar Rüncos, Nelson Sadowski, Senior Member, IEEE, and Iduan Machado Borges

Abstract—This paper analyzes a 90-kW brushless doubly fed Xmm Magnetizing reactance (in ohms).
three-phase induction machine in which a wound rotor circuit is 
Rmf e2 Rotor iron resistance (in ohms).
connected to a rotary transformer. It presents the advantages of Rm2 
Rotor winding resistance (in ohms).
substituting brushes and slip rings by a rotary transformer. In 
addition, it shows the rotary transformer design and presents the Xm2 Rotor winding leakage reactance (in ohms).
doubly fed induction machine operation. The steady-state model pm Number of pole pairs.
considers electrical circuit techniques to provide information s Slip of induction machine.
about current, power factor, and efficiency on load. Equivalent Rotary transformer parameters:
circuit parameters are obtained through laboratory tests under Vt1 Stator winding single-phase voltage (in volts).
a prototype. Comparisons between simulation and measurement
results attest the good performance of the adopted model. Vt2 Rotor winding single-phase voltage (in volts).

It1 Stator winding current (in amperes).
Index Terms—Alternating current motors, brushless machines, 
Itm Magnetizing current (in amperes).
circuit analysis, circuit simulation, equivalent circuits, induction 
motors, prototype, rotary transformer, rotating machines, test It2 Rotor winding current (in amperes).
facilities. St Apparent power of rotary transformer (in kilovoltam-
peres).
N OMENCLATURE Nt1 Number of turns at stator winding.
Induction machine parameters: Nt2 Number of turns at rotor winding.

Vlm1 Stator winding line voltage (in volts). Rt1 Stator winding resistance (in ohms).

Vlm2 Rotor winding line voltage (in volts). Xt1 Stator winding leakage reactance (in ohms).

Vm1 Stator winding single-phase voltage (in volts). Rtf e1 Stator iron resistance (in ohms).

Vm2 Rotor winding single-phase voltage (in volts). Xtm Magnetizing reactance (in ohms).

Im1 Stator winding current (in amperes). Rtf e2 Rotor iron resistance (in ohms).

Imm Magnetizing current (in amperes). Rt2 Rotor winding resistance (in ohms).


Im2 Rotor winding current (in amperes). Xt2 Rotor winding leakage reactance (in ohms).

Pm1 Power absorbed or delivered to the grid (in kilowatts). Rext External resistance (in ohms).
Pair gap Power in the air gap (in kilowatts).
Pshaft Mechanical power in shaft (in kilowatts). I. I NTRODUCTION
fm1 Stator winding electric frequency (in hertz).
fm2
fmec
Rotor winding electric frequency (in hertz).
Mechanical frequency (in hertz). T HREE-PHASE induction machine is a popular motor for
industrial application and a largely used generator in wind
energy farms.
fsyn Synchronous mechanical frequency (in hertz).
Rm1 Stator winding resistance (in ohms). In this context, doubly fed induction machines demand
Xm1 Stator winding leakage reactance (in ohms). special attention regarding its features on torque and speed
Rmf e1 Stator iron resistance (in ohms). controllability [1]–[17]. Speed and torque can be controlled by
rheostats or frequency converter via rotor winding. Connected
Manuscript received December 27, 2010; revised April 12, 2011; accepted
to induction machine rotor circuit, the converter processes an
May 19, 2011. Date of publication August 18, 2011; date of current version amount of power proportional to rotor speed. This arrangement
February 10, 2012. This work was supported in part by WEG Equipamentos reduces converter power to a fraction of the total mechanical
Elétricos S.A.
M. Ruviaro is with WEG Equipamentos Elétricos S.A., Jaraguá do Sul
power, saving costs [1]–[4], [15].
89256-900, Brazil, and also with the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, The benefits of doubly fed induction machine use are undeni-
Florianópolis 88040-970, Brazil (e-mail: mauricior@weg.net). able; nevertheless, to take advantage of them, it is necessary to
F. Rüncos is with WEG Equipamentos Elétricos S.A., Jaraguá do Sul 89256-
900, Brazil, and also with the Centro Universitário—Católica de Santa Catarina,
provide electrical connection between rotor winding and static
Jaraguá do Sul, 89254-430, Brazil (e-mail: fredemar@weg.net). rheostat or frequency converter [1]–[17].
N. Sadowski is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Univer- Nowadays, the most common way to access rotor winding
sidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, Brazil (e-mail:
nelson@grucad.ufsc.br). is by brushes and slip rings. However, the mechanical contact
I. M. Borges are with WEG Equipamentos Elétricos S.A., Jaraguá do Sul between moving slip rings and static brushes wears these
89256-900, Brazil (e-mail: iduanb@weg.net). components and involves maintenance of them. The powder
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. generated by brush wearing can be also prejudicial for mo-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2011.2165457 tor insulation. In addition, any fault on electrical contact can
0278-0046/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE
RUVIARO et al.: ANALYSIS AND TEST RESULTS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ROTARY TRANSFORMER
Fig. 1. Doubly fed three-phase induction machine with a rotary transformer.
generate sparks, limiting machine installation only to nonex-
plosive environments [1].
Development of brushless technologies is very interesting for
reducing maintenance costs and expanding the use doubly fed
machines to explosive atmospheres [1]–[12], [18].
Many studies consider the use of two induction machines
connected in cascade for obtaining brushless devices. One
possibility consists in mounting two individual machines (each
one with its own rotor and stator) on the same shaft with
electrical connection between their rotor windings [2]. Another
one is represented by manufacturing a double-winding stator
and a special rotor cage able to join two different induction
machines in one single frame [3]–[11].
The combination of two induction machines is effective at
the view of eliminating brushes and slip rings but introduces
superposition of two different torque behaviors. The result is a
device with an anomalous torque-versus-speed curve, in which
synchronous speed is determined by the combination of each
machine number of poles [2], [3].
Only the combination of the induction machine with a device
lacking in any torque would allow no changes on synchronous
speed and on torque-versus-speed curve shape.
Since the 1970s, several studies have been made in order to
substitute brushes and slip rings by contactless energy transfer
systems, as, for example, rotary transformers [18]–[26]. Ini-
tially, this device was developed concerning spacecraft applica-
tions, where the lack of reliability and high rate of maintenance
of brushes and slip rings are totally undesirable [18].
In [20], Papastergiou and Macpherson propose a rotary trans-
former as an alternative solution for contactless transfer of en-
ergy across the revolving frame of airborne electronic-scanning
radar. In [28], Legranger et al. propose the replacement of
gliding contacts of a wound rotor synchronous machine by an
axial rotary transformer operating as contactless transmission
power system.
Despite some particularities, all of these usages for rotary
transformer involve applications where the transformer is sub-
mitted to frequencies of hundreds of hertz [18]–[28].
In [1], nevertheless, it is presented the use of rotary trans-
former electrically connected to an induction machine rotor
circuit in a way practically not studied until nowadays.
Fig. 1 shows the doubly fed three-phase induction machine
with a rotary transformer.
2671
Fig. 2. Design of three-phase rotary transformer system.
Working with induction machine rotor frequency, the rotary
transformer allows the access to rotor circuit without any me-
chanical contact. By using an appropriated drive, it is possible
to control the induction machine to operate as a generator as
well as a motor at almost any speed, except on synchronicity.
As well as conventional doubly fed induction machines, the
solution presented in Fig. 1 is very convenient for systems that
must generate constant frequency voltage by the use of variable-
speed devices, like wind turbines [1]–[17].
To evaluate the proposed device capabilities, it is important
to use a pertinent analytical model not only to aide in the
machine design but also to have a better insight on its peculiar
characteristics mainly concerning the rotary transformer [1].
This paper shows the transformer main design aspects and
doubly fed machine operation; it discusses about the steady-
state model that enables performance prediction of the doubly
fed three-phase induction machine with a rotary transformer.
The results presented in this paper are based on laboratory tests
under a 90-kW prototype.
II. ROTARY T RANSFORMER D ESIGN
Rotary transformer design [1], [18]–[26], different from
conventional transformers, has the particularity of an air gap
to permit movement between primary (stator) and secondary
(rotor) windings, as can be observed in Fig. 2.
The three transformers are shell form with primary and
secondary windings totally involved by the core. The option
for three-single-phase-unit design has the objective to reduce
flux imbalance in rotary transformer system. The presence of
air gap introduces reluctances that change the magnetic circuit
in comparison to conventional transformers [1].
Core magnetic permeability is much higher than air-gap
permeability. For a nonsaturated core, air-gap reluctance is
high and affects transformer magnetizing reactance. Like other
devices for contactless energy transmission [5], the rotary trans-
former has high leakage/magnetizing-reactance ratio.
Fig. 3 and Table I present the main dimensions of the
designed single-phase rotary transformer.
In the developed prototype, the rotary transformer core was
made of laminated silicon steel. As can be observed in Fig. 2,
lamination direction is longitudinal to the shaft.
2672
Fig. 3. Single-phase rotary transformer.
TABLE I
ROTARY T RANSFORMER D IMENSIONS
Fig. 4. Grid connection of the doubly fed three-phase induction machine with
a rotary transformer.
The permanent alignment of rotor and stator windings results
in no slip between their magnetic fields. As a consequence, the
rotary transformer produces no torque in the shaft.
III. D OUBLY F ED I NDUCTION M ACHINE O PERATION
The doubly fed induction machine with a rotary transformer
is the set of a three-phase induction machine with 2pm pole
stator winding directly connected to the electrical grid and a
three-phase rotary transformer whose stator winding can be
short circuited or connected to rheostat banks or to electrical
grid through a vector-controlled frequency converter [1]–[3].
Electrical connections for the use of converter are shown in
Fig. 4. This configuration allows controlling the torque, speed,
power factor, and current of induction machine by the converter
connected to the stator winding of the rotary transformer.
The frequency converter controls the machine acting on the
amplitude, frequency, and phase of voltage applied in the stator
winding of the rotary transformer [1]–[3].
When the stator winding of the rotary transformer is con-
nected only to a resistive bank, it is possible to control the
torque, speed, and current. However, power factor is not con-
trollable [1].
In the built prototype, all electrical connections were in
Y. Nevertheless, the design for connection in D is perfectly
possible.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 6, JUNE 2012
Being a brushless system is the greatest advantage of the
solution shown in Figs. 1 and 4.
The rotary transformer permits one to adjust its stator volt-
age (Vt1 ) by only changing the relation of turns between the
primary (Nt1 ) and secondary (Nt2 ) windings
Vt1 = (Nt1 /Nt2 ) · Vt2 . (1)
The only requirement is the same voltage for induction
machine (Vm2 ) and rotary transformer rotor (Vt2 )
Vm2 = Vt2 . (2)
The fundamental frequency of the air-gap induction wave
generated by the induction machine stator winding induces a
rotor winding current with electric frequency fm2 given by
fm2 = fm1 − pm fmec . (3)
The rotor winding of the induction machine is electrically
connected to the rotor winding of the transformer; conse-
quently, their currents have the same electric frequency fm2 .
Despite mechanical movement between rotor and stator
transformer, there is no slip between their magnetic fluxes.
Currents in rotor and stator windings are also in frequency fm2 .
The synchronous mechanical frequency fsyn is
fsyn = fm1 /pm . (4)
The mechanical frequency of the shaft of the machine is
fmec = (fm1 − fm2 )/pm . (5)
Equation (5) shows that it is possible to control the speed
of induction machine by changing the frequency fm2 of the
voltage in the stator winding of the rotary transformer [1]–[17].
When the converter is connected to the stator winding of
the transformer, as shown in Fig. 4, the frequency, amplitude,
and phase of the voltage can be imposed on the transformer
stator, allowing in this way a complete control of the doubly fed
induction machine. This control is not possible only at synchro-
nous speed, when electric frequency on the rotary transformer
is null, and it is impossible to transmit energy between its rotor
and stator. This energy transference depends necessarily on
alternating current presence.
Fig. 5 shows the frequency in induction machine stator and
induced frequencies in induction machine rotor and transformer
windings. Induced electric frequencies are a function of me-
chanical frequency or speed of machine shaft. The synchronous
rotating frequency is represented by fsyn .
IV. S TEADY-S TATE M ODEL
The steady-state behavior is obtained through machine
equivalent circuit [11]. Fig. 6 shows the connection between
windings of induction machine and rotary transformer.
From this model, it is possible to analyze the machine oper-
ating at steady state as motor and as generator. All parameters
are reflected to the stator of the induction machine.
RUVIARO et al.: ANALYSIS AND TEST RESULTS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ROTARY TRANSFORMER
Fig. 5. Current frequency in induction machine and rotary transformer.
Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of doubly fed induction machine with a rotary
transformer.
TABLE II
N OMINAL DATA OF THE P ROTOTYPE
Fig. 7. Doubly fed three-phase induction machine with a rotary transformer
in laboratory facilities.
V. P ROTOTYPE DATA
The nominal data of the 90-kW brushless doubly fed three-
phase induction machine prototype are shown in Table II.
Fig. 7 shows the prototype under test in laboratory facilities.
2673
Fig. 8. Laboratory scheme for load tests.
TABLE III
E QUIVALENT C IRCUIT PARAMETERS IN O HMS AT 40 ◦ C
Fig. 8 shows the laboratory scheme for load tests on the
doubly fed induction machine.
In Fig. 8, it is possible to test the doubly fed induction
machine with transformer stator winding short circuited or
connected to resistances switching between positions 1 and 2,
respectively. The instrumentation has the following meanings:
A : amp meter V : voltmeter W : wattmeter
ω : encoder T : torque transducer.
Through open-circuit, short-circuit, and no-load tests under
the prototype shown in Fig. 7, equivalent circuit parameters are
obtained.
Table III presents the equivalent circuit parameters reflected
to induction machine stator expressed in ohms.
VI. S TEADY-S TATE M ODEL R ESULTS
By steady-state model and equivalent parameter circuit pre-
sented in Table III, it is possible to obtain performance curves
of the prototype.
Fig. 9 shows the power curves of the doubly fed three-phase
induction machine with a rotary transformer. From 0 to 1 p.u.
speed, the machine works as a motor, transforming electrical
power into mechanical power in the shaft. From 1 to 2 p.u.
speed, machine works as a generator, converting mechanical
power into electrical power injected in the grid.
Fig. 10 shows the behavior of the diverse currents presented
on the equivalent circuit from Fig. 6.
Like a conventional induction machine, the minimum current
is verified at synchronous speed, when no active power is deliv-
ered on the shaft. At synchronous speed, the current absorbed
by the induction machine stator is equal to its magnetizing
current.
Figs. 11 and 12 show that, by increasing the external resis-
tance to 0.23 and 0.41 Ω (values referred to induction machine
2674
Fig. 9. Power for short-circuited transformer stator winding.
Fig. 10. Currents for short-circuited transformer stator winding.
Fig. 11. Electromagnetic torques for transformer stator winding connected to
external resistances.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 6, JUNE 2012
Fig. 12. Induction machine stator winding current for transformer stator
winding connected to external resistances.
TABLE IV
I NDUCTION M ACHINE W ITH ROTOR C ONNECTED TO THE ROTARY
T RANSFORMER (M OTOR O PERATION )
stator), it is possible to have higher starting torque and lower
locked rotor current.
The decreasing of the maximum torque noticed in Fig. 11
is a consequence of low magnetizing reactance of this rotary
transformer prototype. If its magnetizing reactance is increased,
the maximum torque decrease should be smaller.
Tables IV and V present the simulation results for
25%–125% load for motor and generator regimes. In both
cases, rotary transformer stator winding is short circuited.
Results for motor and generator regimes are close to each
other. The main differences are related to speed, the power
absorbed or delivered to the grid, and power factor.
Stray losses of 0.5% of power from the grid and mechanical
losses of 1300 W at 1200 r/min are considered in the efficiency
calculation.
VII. L ABORATORY M EASUREMENTS
Fig. 13 shows the comparison between the measured and
simulated torque-versus-speed curves for short-circuited trans-
former stator winding.
Fig. 14 shows the measured and simulated current-versus-
speed curves for short-circuited transformer stator winding.
RUVIARO et al.: ANALYSIS AND TEST RESULTS OF INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ROTARY TRANSFORMER 2675

TABLE V
I NDUCTION M ACHINE W ITH ROTOR C ONNECTED TO THE ROTARY
T RANSFORMER (G ENERATOR O PERATION )

Fig. 15. Electromagnetic torques for transformer stator winding connected to

an external resistance of 0.23 Ω (referred to induction machine stator).

Fig. 16. Induction machine stator winding current for transformer stator
winding connected to an external resistance of 0.23 Ω (referred to induction
machine stator).
Fig. 13. Electromagnetic torque for transformer stator winding in short
circuit.

Fig. 17. Electromagnetic torques for transformer stator winding connected to

an external resistance of 0.41 Ω (referred to induction machine stator).
Fig. 14. Induction machine stator winding current for transformer stator
winding in short circuit.

Fig. 15 shows the torque-versus-speed curve considering the

connection of an external resistance of 0.23 Ω.
In the same way, Fig. 16 compares the measured and simu-
lated current-versus-speed curves for an external resistance of
0.23 Ω.
Fig. 17 shows the torque-versus-speed curve when increasing
the external resistance to 0.41 Ω.
Fig. 18 compares the measured and simulated current-versus-
speed curves for an external resistance of 0.41 Ω.
Figs. 13–18 show good agreement between measurement
Fig. 18. Induction machine stator winding current for transformer stator
and simulation results, what confirms the assertiveness of the winding connected to an external resistance of 0.41 Ω (referred to induction
model. In Fig. 18, the difference between the measured and machine stator).
simulated current curves is a consequence of some saturation
on the rotary transformer due to increasing external resistance. Tables VI and VII present the measurement results for
This effect is originated by the adoption of linear values for the 25%–125% load for motor and generator regimes. In both
rotary transformer parameters of the steady-state model. cases, the rotary transformer stator winding is short circuited.
2676
TABLE VI
I NDUCTION M ACHINE W ITH ROTOR C ONNECTED TO THE ROTARY
T RANSFORMER (M OTOR O PERATION )
TABLE VII
I NDUCTION M ACHINE W ITH ROTOR C ONNECTED TO THE ROTARY
T RANSFORMER (G ENERATOR O PERATION )
The comparison between the values presented in Tables VI
and VII with Tables IV and V shows a very good perfor-
mance of the steady-state model in relation to the measured
values.
The power factor verified for this prototype is smaller than
the standard values for conventional six-pole induction ma-
chines. Obviously, this reduction on power factor is explained
by the inductive nature of the rotary transformer [1].
VIII. C ONCLUSION
Substituting brushes and slip rings is the greatest advan-
tage of using rotary transformers in doubly fed induction
machines. Avoiding mechanical contact between brushes and
slip rings, motor and generator maintenance can be drastically
reduced. In addition, with the studied device, the installation
of wound rotor machines in explosive environments becomes
possible. Moreover, this solution keeps all the benefits inherent
to the use of induction machine rotor circuit for machine
controlling.
The results verified on prototype measurements are satisfac-
tory and similar to steady-state model prediction. The perfor-
mance verified in this machine gives good expectations about
using doubly fed induction machine with a rotary transformer
as industrial motors and wind power generators.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 6, JUNE 2012
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank WEG Equipamentos Elétri-
cos S.A. for the prototype building and the use of its facilities.
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Maurício Ruviaro received the Diploma in engi-
neering from the Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2006, where he is
currently working toward the M.S. degree.
He is currently an Electrical Engineer with WEG
Equipamentos Elétricos S.A., Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil.
His work and research topics are electrical calcula-
tion of large induction machines and wind energy
generation.
Nelson Sadowski (SM’06) received the Doctoral
Diploma and the Habilitation á la Direction des
Recherches from the Institut National Polytechnique
de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, in 1993 and 2002,
respectively.
He is currently a Full Professor with the Uni-
versidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis,
Brazil. With Prof. Joao Pedro Assumpção Bastos,
he is the coauthor of the book “Electromagnetic
Modeling by Finite Elements Methods.” He is the
author or coauthor of nearly 300 technical papers
in journals and conferences. His research topic includes the calculation of
electromagnetic fields by numerical methods.
Iduan Machado Borges received the Diploma in
engineering from the Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2008.
He is currently a Mechanical Engineer with WEG
Equipamentos Elétricos S.A., Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil.
His work topic includes the structural calculation of
large induction machines.

Fredemar Rüncos received the Doctoral Diploma

from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2006.
He is currently the Engineering Manager of WEG
Equipamentos Elétricos S.A., Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil,
and a Professor with the Department of Electri-
cal Engineering, Centro Universitário—Católica de
Santa Catarina, Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil. He is the
author or coauthor of nearly 20 technical papers
in journals and conferences. His work and research
topics are induction and synchronous machines.