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Problem 2.1: Given: Find: Solution
Problem 2.1: Given: Find: Solution
1 [Difficulty: 1]
Solution:
→ → → →
(1) V = V ( x , y) 2D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(2) V = V ( x , y) 2D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
→ → → →
(3) V = V ( x) 1D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
→ → → →
(4) V = V ( x) 1D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
→ → → →
(5) V = V ( x) 1D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(6) V = V ( x , y) 2D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
→ → → →
(7) V = V ( x , y) 2D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(8) V = V ( x , y , z) 3D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
Problem 2.2 [Difficulty: 1]
Solution:
→ → → →
(1) V = V ( y) 1D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(2) V = V ( x) 1D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
→ → → →
(3) V = V ( x , y) 2D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(4) V = V ( x , y) 2D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(5) V = V ( x) 1D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(6) V = V ( x , y , z) 3D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
→ → → →
(7) V = V ( x , y) 2D V = V ( t) Unsteady
→ → → →
(8) V = V ( x , y , z) 3D V ≠ V ( t) Steady
Problem 2.3 [Difficulty: 2]
r
2. At upper disk, V = eˆθ rω since it rotates as a solid body.
r rω h
z = h, so V = eˆθ = eˆθ rω , so satisfied.
h
Problem 2.4 [Difficulty: 1]
y (m)
So, separating variables
y A x
2
B 1
Integrating ln( y ) = ⋅ ln( x ) + c = − ⋅ ln( x ) + c
A 2 1
C
The solution is y=
0 1 2 3 4 5
x
x (m)
The plot can be easily done in Excel.
Problem 2.5 [Difficulty: 2]
Find: Equation for streamlines; Plot several in the first quadrant, including one that passes through point (0,0)
Solution:
v dy
Governing equation: For streamlines =
u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
v dy A⋅ y y
Hence = =− =− Streamline Plots
u dx A⋅ x x
5
C=1
dy dx
So, separating variables =− 4
C=2
y x C=3
C=4
Integrating ln( y ) = −ln( x ) + c 3
y (m)
2
The solution is ln( x ⋅ y ) = c
1
C
or y=
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
The plot can be easily done in Excel.
x (m)
The streamline passing through (0,0) is given by the vertical axis, then the horizontal axis.
The value of A is irrelevant to streamline shapes but IS relevant for computing the velocity at each point.
Problem 2.6 [Difficulty: 1]
Find: Whether field is 1D, 2D or 3D; Velocity components at (2,1/2); Equation for streamlines; Plot
Solution:
The velocity field is a function of x and y. It is therefore 2D.
1 1 m
At point (2,1/2), the velocity components are u = a⋅ x ⋅ y = 2 ⋅ × 2⋅ m × ⋅m u = 2⋅
m⋅ s 2 s
2
2 1 ⎛ 1 ⋅ m⎞ 3 m
v = b ⋅ y = −6 ⋅ × ⎜2 v=− ⋅
m⋅ s ⎝ ⎠ 2 s
2
v dy b⋅ y b⋅ y
For streamlines = = =
u dx a⋅ x ⋅ y a⋅ x
dy b dx
So, separating variables = ⋅
y a x
b
b a
Integrating ln( y ) = ⋅ ln( x) + c y = C⋅ x
a
−3
The solution is y = C⋅ x
1 −3 1 3 4
The streamline passing through point (2,1/2) is given by = C⋅ 2 C = ⋅2 C= 4 y=
2 2 3
x
20
Streamline for C
16 Streamline for 2C
Streamline for 3C
12 Streamline for 4C
1 1.3 1.7 2
2.0
y
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
x
Streamline Plot (t = 1 s)
70
c=1
60
c=2
50 c=3
40
y
30
20
10
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
x
Streamline Plot (t = 20 s)
20
18 c=1
16 c=2
14 c=3
12
10
y
8
6
4
2
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
x
a= 1
b= 1
C= 0 2 4 6
x y y y y
0.05 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14
0.10 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18
0.20 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.21
0.30 0.39 0.31 0.26 0.23 Streamline Plot
0.40 0.45 0.33 0.28 0.24 1.2
0.50 0.50 0.35 0.29 0.25
0.60 0.55 0.37 0.30 0.26 1.0
c=0
0.70 0.59 0.38 0.30 0.26 c=2
0.80 0.63 0.39 0.31 0.26 c=4
0.8
0.90 0.67 0.40 0.31 0.27 c=6
1.00 0.71 0.41 0.32 0.27
y 0.6
1.10 0.74 0.41 0.32 0.27
1.20 0.77 0.42 0.32 0.27
0.4
1.30 0.81 0.42 0.32 0.27
1.40 0.84 0.43 0.33 0.27
0.2
1.50 0.87 0.43 0.33 0.27
1.60 0.89 0.44 0.33 0.27
0.0
1.70 0.92 0.44 0.33 0.28
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.80 0.95 0.44 0.33 0.28
1.90 0.97 0.44 0.33 0.28 x
2.00 1.00 0.45 0.33 0.28
A = 10
B = 20
C=
1 2 4 6
x y y y y
0.00 0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00
0.10 0.48 0.95 1.90 2.86
0.20 0.45 0.91 1.82 2.73 Streamline Plot
0.30 0.43 0.87 1.74 2.61 3.5
0.40 0.42 0.83 1.67 2.50 c=1
0.50 0.40 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.0 c=2
0.60 0.38 0.77 1.54 2.31 c=4
0.70 0.37 0.74 1.48 2.22 2.5 c = 6 ((x,y) = (1.2)
0.80 0.36 0.71 1.43 2.14
0.90 0.34 0.69 1.38 2.07 2.0
1.00 0.33 0.67 1.33 2.00
y
Solution: y
A⋅
2
v dy x y
For streamlines = = =
u dx A x
x
dy dx
So, separating variables =
y x
2 2 2 2
( 2 ⋅ m) − c ( 1 ⋅ m) − c 4⋅ m − 1⋅ m
∆t = t( x = 2 ) − t( x = 1 ) ∆t = − = ∆t = 0.75⋅ s
2⋅ A 2⋅ A 2
m
2 × 2⋅
s
Problem 2.11 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Plot of velocity magnitude along axes, and y = x; Equation for streamlines
Solution:
M⋅ y M⋅ x
On the x axis, y = 0, so u=− =0 v=
2⋅ π 2⋅ π
Plotting
200
150
v (m/s)
100
50
x (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis and increases linearly with distance x.
− 100
− 150
− 200
y (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis and increases linearly with distance y.
This can also be plotted in Excel.
M⋅ y M⋅ x M⋅ x
On the y = x u=− =− v=
axis 2⋅ π 2⋅ π 2⋅ π
Plotting
200
150
V(m/s)
100
50
r (km)
So, separating y ⋅ dy = −x ⋅ dx
variables
2 2
y x
Integrati =− +c
ng 2 2
2 2
The solution x +y =C which is the equation of a
is circle.
The streamlines form a set of concentric circles.
This flow models a rigid body vortex flow. See Example 5.6 for streamline plots. Streamlines are circular, and the velocity
approaches zero as we approach the center. In Problem 2.10, we see that the streamlines are also circular. In a real tornado, at
large distances from the center, the velocities behave as in Problem 2.10; close to the center, they behave as in this problem.
[Difficulty: 3]
Problem 2.12
Solution:
K⋅ y K⋅ x K
On the x axis, y = 0, so u=− =0 v= =
(2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y
2) (2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y )
2 2 ⋅ π⋅ x
Plotting
160
80
v( m/s)
−1 − 0.5 0 0.5 1
− 80
− 160
x (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis, is very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero.
Plotting 160
80
v( m/s)
−1 − 0.5 0 0.5 1
− 80
− 160
y (km)
The velocity is perpendicular to the axis, is very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero.
This can also be plotted in Excel.
K⋅ x K K⋅ x K
On the y = x axis u=− =− v= =
(
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + x
2 2 ) 4 ⋅ π⋅ x ( 2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + x
2 ) 4 ⋅ π⋅ x
u
Slope of trajectory of motion: = −1
v
2 2 2 2
If we define the radial position: r= x +y then along y = x r= x +x = 2⋅ x
2 2 K 1 1 K K
Then the magnitude of the velocity along y = x is V= u +v = ⋅ + = =
4⋅ π 2 2 2 ⋅ π⋅ 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ π⋅ r
x x
Plotting 160
80
v( m/s)
−1 − 0.5 0 0.5 1
− 80
− 160
x (km)
K⋅ x
v dy (
2⋅ π⋅ x + y
2 2 ) x
For streamlines = = =−
u dx K⋅ y y
−
(2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y )
2
2 2
y x
Integrating =− +c
2 2
2 2
The solution is x +y =C which is the equation of a
circle.
Streamlines form a set of concentric circles.
This flow models a vortex flow. See Example 5.6 for streamline plots. Streamlines are circular, and the velocity approaches infinity
as we approach the center. In Problem 2.11, we see that the streamlines are also circular. In a real tornado, at large distances from
the center, the velocities behave as in this problem; close to the center, they behave as in Problem 2.11.
Problem 2.13 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
q⋅ x q q⋅ y
On the x axis, y = 0, so u=− =− v=− =0
(2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y )
2 2 ⋅ π⋅ x (2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y )
2
Plotting
100
50
u (m/s)
−1 − 0.5 0 0.5 1
− 50
− 100
x (km)
The velocity is very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero. It is also along the axis. This can be plotted in Excel.
q⋅ x q⋅ y q
On the y axis, x = 0, so u=− =0 v=− =−
(2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y )
2 (2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y )
2 2 ⋅ π⋅ y
Plotting
100
60
v (m/s)
20
−1 − 0.5 − 20 0 0.5 1
− 60
− 100
y (km)
The velocity is again very high close to the origin, and falls off to zero. It is also along the axis.
v
Slope of trajectory of motion: =1
u
2 2 2 2
If we define the radial position: r= x +y then along y = x r= x +x = 2⋅ x
2 2 q 1 1 q q
Then the magnitude of the velocity along y = x is V= u +v = ⋅ + = =
4⋅ π 2 2 2 ⋅ π⋅ 2 ⋅ x 2 ⋅ π⋅ r
x x
Plotting
100
60
V(m/s)
20
−1 − 0.5 − 20 0 0.5 1
− 60
− 100
r (km)
q⋅ y
−
For streamlines
v
=
dy
=
(2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y
2) =
y
u dx q⋅ x x
−
(2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y
2)
dy dx
So, separating variables =
y x
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = A⋅ x vp = = −A⋅ y
dt dt
dx dy
So, separating variables = A⋅ dt = −A⋅ dt
x y
A⋅ t+ C1 C1 A ⋅ t A⋅ t − A⋅ t+ C2 C2 − A ⋅ t − A⋅ t
x=e =e ⋅e = c1 ⋅ e y=e =e ⋅e = c2 ⋅ e
A⋅ t − A⋅ t
The pathlines are x = c1 ⋅ e y = c2 ⋅ e
⎛ 1 1⎞
Eliminating t t=
1
⋅ ln⎛⎜
⎞ = − 1 ⋅ ln⎛ y ⎞
x
A ⎜ c2
⎜ A A
ln⎝ x ⋅ y ⎠ = const or ( A A) = const
ln x ⋅ y
A
⎝ c1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
A A
so x ⋅y = const or x⋅ y = 4 for given data
v dy A⋅ y y
For streamlines = =− =
u dx A⋅ x x
dy dx
So, separating variables =−
y x
The streamline passing through (2,2) and the pathline that started at (2,2) coincide because the flow is steady!
Problem 2.15 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For =
dt dt streamlines u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = A⋅ x vp = = 2 ⋅ A⋅ y
dt dt
dx dy
So, separating variables = A⋅ dt = 2 ⋅ A⋅ dt
x y
A⋅ t+ C1 C1 A ⋅ t A⋅ t 2⋅ A⋅ t+ C2 C2 2⋅ A ⋅ t 2⋅ A ⋅ t
x=e =e ⋅e = c1 ⋅ e y=e =e ⋅e = c2 ⋅ e
A⋅ t 2⋅ A ⋅ t
The pathlines are x = c1 ⋅ e y = c2 ⋅ e
2
= c2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
2⋅ A ⋅ t x 2 1 2
Eliminating t y = c2 ⋅ e so y = c⋅ x or y= ⋅x for given data
⎝ c1 ⎠ 2
v dy 2 ⋅ A⋅ y 2⋅ y
For streamlines = = =
u dx A⋅ x x
dy 2 ⋅ dx
So, separating variables = Integrating ln( y ) = 2 ⋅ ln( x ) + c
y x
ln⎛
y ⎞
⎜ 2 =c
The solution is
⎝x ⎠
2 1 2
or y = C⋅ x or y= ⋅x for given data
2
The streamline passing through (2,2) and the pathline that started at (2,2) coincide because the flow is steady!
t=0 t =1 s t = 20 s
C=1 C=2 C=3 C=1 C=2 C=3 C=1 C=2 C=3
x y y y x y y y x y y y
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.000 1.00 1.41 1.73 0.00 1.00 1.41 1.73
0.10 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.025 1.00 1.41 1.73 0.10 1.00 1.41 1.73
0.20 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.050 0.99 1.41 1.73 0.20 1.00 1.41 1.73
0.30 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.075 0.99 1.41 1.73 0.30 0.99 1.41 1.73
0.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.100 0.98 1.40 1.72 0.40 0.98 1.40 1.72
0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.125 0.97 1.39 1.71 0.50 0.97 1.40 1.72
0.60 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.150 0.95 1.38 1.71 0.60 0.96 1.39 1.71
0.70 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.175 0.94 1.37 1.70 0.70 0.95 1.38 1.70
0.80 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.200 0.92 1.36 1.69 0.80 0.93 1.37 1.69
0.90 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.225 0.89 1.34 1.67 0.90 0.92 1.36 1.68
1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.250 0.87 1.32 1.66 1.00 0.89 1.34 1.67
1.10 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.275 0.84 1.30 1.64 1.10 0.87 1.33 1.66
1.20 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.300 0.80 1.28 1.62 1.20 0.84 1.31 1.65
1.30 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.325 0.76 1.26 1.61 1.30 0.81 1.29 1.63
1.40 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.350 0.71 1.23 1.58 1.40 0.78 1.27 1.61
1.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.375 0.66 1.20 1.56 1.50 0.74 1.24 1.60
1.60 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.400 0.60 1.17 1.54 1.60 0.70 1.22 1.58
1.70 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.425 0.53 1.13 1.51 1.70 0.65 1.19 1.56
1.80 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.450 0.44 1.09 1.48 1.80 0.59 1.16 1.53
1.90 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.475 0.31 1.05 1.45 1.90 0.53 1.13 1.51
2.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.500 0.00 1.00 1.41 2.00 0.45 1.10 1.48
Streamline Plot (t = 0)
3.5
c=1
3.0
c=2
2.5 c=3
2.0
y
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
x
Problem 2.17 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Conditions that make them satisfy Problem 2.10 flow field; Also Problem 2.11 flow field; Plot pathlines
Solution:
The given pathlines are x p = −a ⋅ sin ( ω⋅ t) y p = a⋅ cos( ω⋅ t)
K⋅y K⋅ x
The velocity field of Problem 2.12 is u=− v=
(
2⋅ π⋅ x + y
2 2 ) (2
2 ⋅ π⋅ x + y
2 )
If the pathlines are correct we should be able to substitute xp and y p into the velocity field to find the velocity as a function of time:
We should also be able to find the velocity field as a function of time from the pathline equations (Eq. 2.9):
dxp dyp
u= = −a⋅ ω⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) v= = −a⋅ ω⋅ sin( ω⋅ t) (3)
dt dt
K⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) K⋅ sin( ω⋅ t)
Comparing Eqs. 1, 2 and 3 u = −a⋅ ω⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) = − v = −a⋅ ω⋅ sin( ω⋅ t) = −
2 ⋅ π⋅ a 2 ⋅ π⋅ a
K K
Hence we see that a⋅ ω = or ω= for the pathlines to be correct.
2 ⋅ π⋅ a 2
2 ⋅ π⋅ a
The pathlines are
− 200
− 400
M⋅ y M⋅ x
The velocity field of Problem 2.11 is u=− v=
2⋅ π 2⋅ π
If the pathlines are correct we should be able to substitute xp and y p into the velocity field to find the velocity as a function of time:
M⋅ y M ⋅ ( a⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) ) M ⋅ a⋅ cos( ω⋅ t)
u=− =− =− (4)
2⋅ π 2⋅ π 2⋅ π
dxp dyp
Recall that u= = −a⋅ ω⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) v= = −a⋅ ω⋅ sin( ω⋅ t) (3)
dt dt
M ⋅ a⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) M ⋅ a⋅ sin( ω⋅ t)
Comparing Eqs. 1, 4 and 5 u = −a⋅ ω⋅ cos( ω⋅ t) = − v = −a⋅ ω⋅ sin( ω⋅ t) = −
2⋅ π 2⋅ π
M
Hence we see that ω= for the pathlines to be correct.
2⋅ π
The pathlines
− 200
− 400 a = 300 m
a = 400 m
a = 500 m Note that this is rigid
− 600 body rotation!
Problem 2.18 [Difficulty: 2]
Find: Streamlines at t = 0 s; Streamline through (3,3); velocity vector; will streamlines change with time
Solution:
v dy a⋅ y ⋅ ( 2 + cos( ω⋅ t) ) y
For streamlines = =− =−
u dx a⋅ x ⋅ ( 2 + cos( ω⋅ t) ) x
dy y
At t = 0 (actually all times!) =−
dx x
dy dx
So, separating variables =−
y x
C
The solution is y= which is the equation of a hyperbola.
x
3 1
For the streamline through point (3,3) C = C=1 and y=
3 x
The streamlines will not change with time since dy/dx does not change with time.
1
At t = 0 u = a⋅ x ⋅ ( 2 + cos( ω⋅ t) ) = 5 ⋅ × 3⋅ m × 3
5 s
m
4 u = 45⋅
s
3 1
v = −a⋅ y ⋅ ( 2 + cos( ω⋅ t) ) = 5 ⋅ × 3⋅ m × 3
y
s
2 m
v = −45⋅
s
1
The velocity vector is tangent to the curve;
0 1 2 3 4 5
dy y
x Tangent of curve at (3,3) is =− = −1
dx x
v
Direction of velocity at (3,3) is = −1
This curve can be plotted in Excel. u
Problem 2.19 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Plot of pathline traced out by particle that passes through point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through same
point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 2s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx m 1 dy 1
Hence for pathlines up = = A⋅ ( 1 + B⋅ t) A = 1⋅ B = 1⋅ vp = = C⋅ t ⋅ y C = 1⋅
dt s s dt 2
s
dy
So, separating variables dx = A⋅ ( 1 + B⋅ t) ⋅ dt = C⋅ t⋅ dt
y
⎛ t
2⎞
1
x = A⋅ ⎜ t + B⋅
2
Integrating + C1 ln( y ) = ⋅ C⋅ t + C2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
⋅ C⋅ t + C2 ⋅ C⋅ t ⋅ C⋅ t
2 C2 2 2
y=e =e ⋅e = c2 ⋅ e
1 2
⎛ ⋅ C⋅ t
t ⎞
2
x = A⋅ ⎜ t + B⋅
2
The pathlines are + C1 y = c2 ⋅ e
⎝ 2⎠
1 2
⎛ ⋅ C⋅ t
t ⎞
2
x = A⋅ ⎜ t + B⋅
2
Using given data +1 y=e
⎝ 2⎠
v dy C⋅ y ⋅ t
For streamlines = =
u dx A⋅ ( 1 + B⋅ t)
dy C
So, separating variables ( 1 + B⋅ t) ⋅ = ⋅ t⋅ dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y A
C
Integrating ( 1 + B⋅ t) ⋅ ln( y ) = ⋅ t⋅ x + c
A
1
( 1+ B⋅ t)
1+ B⋅ t C ⎛ C ⋅ t⋅ x + const⎞
The solution is y = ⋅ t⋅ x + const y= ⎜
A ⎝A ⎠
1 1
2 3
For particles at (1,1) at t = 0, 1, and 2s, using A, B, and C data: y=1 y=x y = (2⋅ x − 1)
3
y (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
Problem 2.20 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Plot of pathline traced out by particle that passes through point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through
same point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 2s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 dy 1
Hence for pathlines up = = B⋅ x ⋅ ( 1 + A⋅ t) A = 0.5⋅ B = 1⋅ vp = = C⋅ y C = 1⋅
dt s s dt s
dx dy
So, separating variables = B⋅ ( 1 + A⋅ t) ⋅ dt = C⋅ dt
x y
⎛ t
2⎞
Integrating ln( x ) = B⋅ ⎜ t + A⋅ + C1 ln( y ) = C⋅ t + C2
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 2⎞
t ⎛ 2⎞
t ⎛ t
2⎞
B⋅ ⎜t+ A⋅ + C1 B⋅ ⎜t+ A⋅ B⋅ ⎜t+ A⋅ C⋅ t+ C2 C2 C⋅ t C⋅ t
C1
x=e ⎝
2⎠
= e ⋅e ⎝
2⎠
= c1 ⋅ e ⎝
2⎠ y=e =e ⋅e = c2 ⋅ e
⎛ 2⎞
t
B⋅ ⎜t+ A ⋅
x = c1 ⋅ e ⎝
2⎠ C⋅ t
The pathlines are y = c2 ⋅ e
⎛ 2⎞
t
B⋅ ⎜t+ A⋅
x=e ⎝
2⎠ C⋅ t
Using given data y=e
v dy C⋅ y
For streamlines = =
u dx B⋅ x ⋅ ( 1 + A⋅ t)
dy C dx
So, separating variables ( 1 + A⋅ t) ⋅ = ⋅ which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y B x
C
Integrating ( 1 + A⋅ t) ⋅ ln( y ) = ⋅ ln( x ) + c
B
C
1+ A ⋅ t B
The solution is y = const ⋅ x or y = const ⋅ x
C C C
B ( 1+ A )B ( 1+ 2⋅ A )B
For particles at (1,1) at t = 0, 1, and 2s y=x y=x y=x
3
y (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
Problem 2.21 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Lagrangian position function that was at point (1,1) at t = 0; expression for pathline; plot pathline and compare to
streamlines through same point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 2s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines (Lagrangian description) up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx m dy m
Hence for pathlines up = =A A = 2 vp = = −B⋅ t B = 2
dt s dt 2
s
2
t
Integrating x = A⋅ t + x 0 x0 = 1 m y = −B⋅ + y0 y0 = 1 m
2
2
t
The Lagrangian description is x ( t) = A⋅ t + x 0 y ( t) = −B⋅ + y0
2
2
Using given data x ( t) = 2 ⋅ t + 1 y ( t) = 1 − t
( x − x0) 2 ( x − 1)
2
Hence y ( x ) = y 0 − B⋅ or, using given data y(x) = 1 −
2 4
2⋅ A
v dy −B⋅ t
For streamlines = =
u dx A
B⋅ t
So, separating variables dy = − ⋅ dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
A
B⋅ t B⋅ t B⋅ t
The solution is y=− ⋅x + c and for the one through (1,1) 1=− ⋅1 + c c=1+
A A A
B⋅ t
y = − ⋅ ( x − 1) + 1 y = 1 − t⋅ ( x − 1)
A
x = 1 , 1.1 .. 20
Streamline Plots
20
−40 5 10 15 20 25
− 28
y (m)
− 52
− 76 Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=2)
Pathline
− 100
x (m)
Problem 2.22 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Plot of pathline of particle for t = 0 to 1.5 s that was at point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through same
point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 1.5 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 dy 1 1
Hence for pathlines up = = ax a = 2 vp = = b ⋅ y ⋅ ( 1 + c⋅ t ) b = 2 c = 0.4
dt s dt 2 s
s
dx dy
So, separating variables = a⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ y ⋅ ( 1 + c⋅ t) ⋅ dt = b ⋅ ( 1 + c⋅ t) ⋅ dt
x y
⎛ 1 2⎞
b⋅ ⎜t+ ⋅ c⋅ t
Hence x ( t) = x 0⋅ e
a⋅ t
y ( t) = e ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
2⋅ t 2⋅ t+ 0.4⋅ t
Using given data x ( t) = e y ( t) = e
v dy b ⋅ y ⋅ ( 1 + c⋅ t )
For streamlines = =
u dx a⋅ x
dy b ⋅ ( 1 + c⋅ t )
So, separating variables = ⋅ dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y a⋅ x
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = b ⋅ ( 1 + c⋅ t) ⋅ ln⎛ x ⎞
y
Hence ⎜x
⎝ y0 ⎠ a ⎝ 0⎠
b
⋅ ( 1+ c⋅ t)
a
y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
x
The solution is
⎝ x0 ⎠
b b b
⋅ ( 1+ c⋅ t) ⋅ ( 1+ c⋅ t) ⋅ ( 1+ c⋅ t)
a a a
y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ t = 1 y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
x x 1.4 x 1.6
For t = 0 = x = x t = 1.5 = x
⎝ x0 ⎠ ⎝ x0 ⎠ ⎝ x0 ⎠
6
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Problem 2.23 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Plot of pathline of particle for t = 0 to 1.5 s that was at point (1,1) at t = 0; compare to streamlines through same
point at the instants t = 0, 1 and 1.5 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 dy 1 1
Hence for pathlines up = = a⋅ x a = vp = = b⋅ y⋅ t b =
dt 5 s dt 25 2
s
dx dy
So, separating variables = a⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ y ⋅ t⋅ dt = b ⋅ t⋅ dt
x y
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = a⋅ t ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = b ⋅ 1 ⋅ t2
x y
Integrating x0 = 1 m y0 = 1 m
⎝ ⎠
x0
⎝ y0 ⎠ 2
1 2
⋅ b⋅ t
a⋅ t 2
Hence x ( t) = x 0⋅ e y ( t) = y 0⋅ e
2
t t
5 50
Using given data x ( t) = e y ( t) = e
v dy b⋅ y⋅ t
For streamlines = =
u dx a⋅ x
dy b⋅ t
So, separating variables = ⋅ dx which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y a⋅ x
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = b ⋅ t⋅ ln⎛ x ⎞
y
Hence ⎜x
⎝ y0 ⎠ a ⎝ 0⎠
b
⋅t
a b
y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
x = 0.2 x0 = 1 y0 = 1
The solution is a
⎝ x0 ⎠
b
⋅t
a
y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
x
For t = 0 = 1
⎝ x0 ⎠
b
⋅t
a
y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
x b
t = 5 = x ⋅t = 1
⎝ ⎠
x0 a
b
⋅t
a
y = y 0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
x 2 b
t = 10 = x ⋅t = 2
⎝ ⎠
x0 a
6
y (m)
2 Streamline (t=0)
Streamline (t=1)
Streamline (t=1.5)
Pathline
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Pathline Streamlines
t=0 t=1s t=2s
t x y x y x y x y
0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.25 1.00 0.78 1.00 0.78 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.98
0.50 1.01 0.61 1.00 0.61 1.01 0.88 1.01 0.94
0.75 1.03 0.47 1.00 0.47 1.03 0.75 1.03 0.87
1.00 1.05 0.37 1.00 0.37 1.05 0.61 1.05 0.78
1.25 1.08 0.29 1.00 0.29 1.08 0.46 1.08 0.68
1.50 1.12 0.22 1.00 0.22 1.12 0.32 1.12 0.57
1.75 1.17 0.17 1.00 0.17 1.17 0.22 1.17 0.47
2.00 1.22 0.14 1.00 0.14 1.22 0.14 1.22 0.37
2.25 1.29 0.11 1.00 0.11 1.29 0.08 1.29 0.28
2.50 1.37 0.08 1.00 0.08 1.37 0.04 1.37 0.21
2.75 1.46 0.06 1.00 0.06 1.46 0.02 1.46 0.15
3.00 1.57 0.05 1.00 0.05 1.57 0.01 1.57 0.11
3.25 1.70 0.04 1.00 0.04 1.70 0.01 1.70 0.07
3.50 1.85 0.03 1.00 0.03 1.85 0.00 1.85 0.05
3.75 2.02 0.02 1.00 0.02 2.02 0.00 2.02 0.03
4.00 2.23 0.02 1.00 0.02 2.23 0.00 2.23 0.02
4.25 2.47 0.01 1.00 0.01 2.47 0.00 2.47 0.01
4.50 2.75 0.01 1.00 0.01 2.75 0.00 2.75 0.01
4.75 3.09 0.01 1.00 0.01 3.09 0.00 3.09 0.00
5.00 3.49 0.01 1.00 0.01 3.49 0.00 3.49 0.00
Pathline
0.8
Streamline (t = 0)
0.6
Streamline (t = 1 s)
Streamline (t = 2 s)
y
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
x
Problem 2.25 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Pathline for particle starting at (3,1); Streamlines through same point at t = 1, 2, and 3 s
Solution:
dx dy
For particle paths = u = a⋅ x ⋅ t an =v=b
dt d dt
dx 1 2
Separating variables and integrating = a⋅ t⋅ dt or ln( x ) = ⋅ a⋅ t + c1
x 2
dy = b ⋅ dt or y = b ⋅ t + c2
Using initial condition (x,y) = (3,1) and the given values for a and b
c1 = ln( 3 ⋅ m) an c2 = 1 ⋅ m
d
2
0.05⋅ t
The pathline is then x = 3⋅ e and y = 4⋅ t + 1
v dy b
For streamlines (at any time t) = =
u dx a⋅ x ⋅ t
b dx
So, separating variables dy = ⋅
a⋅ t x
b
Integrating y= ⋅ ln( x ) + c
a⋅ t
We are interested in instantaneous streamlines at various times that always pass through point (3,1). Using a and b values:
b 4
c=y− ⋅ ln( x) = 1 − ⋅ ln( 3)
a ⋅t 0.1⋅ t
⋅ ln⎛⎜
40 x⎞
The streamline equation is y= 1+
t ⎝ 3⎠
30
Pathline
Streamline (t=1)
20
Streamline (t=2)
Streamline (t=3)
10
y
0 1 2 3 4 5
− 10
Find: Plot streamlines that are at origin at various times and pathlines that left origin at these times
Solution:
v 0 ⋅ sin⎡⎢ω⋅ ⎛⎜ t − ⎞⎤
x
u0 ⎥
For streamlines
v
=
dy
=
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
u dx u0
v 0 ⋅ sin⎡⎢ω⋅ ⎛⎜ t − ⎞⎤
x
u0 ⎥
So, separating variables (t=const) dy =
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⋅ dx
u0
v 0 ⋅ cos⎡⎢ω⋅ ⎛⎜ t − ⎞⎤
x
u0 ⎥
Integrating y=
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ + c
ω
dx
For particle paths, first find x(t) = u = u0
dt
⎡ ⎡ u 0 ⋅ ( t − τ) ⎤⎤
= v = v 0 ⋅ sin⎡⎢ω⋅ ⎛⎜ t −
dy x ⎞⎤ dy
For y(t) we have ⎥ so = v = v 0 ⋅ sin⎢ω⋅ ⎢t − ⎥⎥
dt
⎣ ⎝ u 0 ⎠⎦ dt
⎣ ⎣ u0
⎦⎦
dy
and = v = v 0 ⋅ sin( ω⋅ τ)
dt
x ( t , τ) = u 0 ⋅ ( t − τ) y ( t , τ) = v 0 ⋅ sin( ω⋅ τ) ⋅ ( t − τ) These terms give the path of a particle (x(t),y(t)) that started at t = τ.
0.5
0.25
0 1 2 3
− 0.25
− 0.5
Streamline t = 0s
Streamline t = 0.05s
Streamline t = 0.1s
Streamline t = 0.15s
Pathline starting t = 0s
Pathline starting t = 0.05s
Pathline starting t = 0.1s
Pathline starting t = 0.15s
The streamlines are sinusoids; the pathlines are straight (once a water particle is fired it travels in a straight line).
These curves can be plotted in Excel.
Problem 2.27 [Difficulty: 5]
Solution:
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
where x 0, y 0 is the position of the particle at t = t0, and re-interprete the results as streaklines
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
dx
For particle paths, first find x(t) = u = u0
dt
( )
x st t0 = u 0 ⋅ t − t0 ( ) ( ) ( ) (
y st t0 = v 0 ⋅ sin⎡ω⋅ t0 ⎤ ⋅ t − t0
⎣ ⎦ )
Streakline for First Second
2
1
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
−1
−2
x (m)
This curve can be plotted in Excel. For t = 1, t0 ranges from 0 to t.
Problem 2.28 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Plot of streakline for t = 0 to 3 s at point (1,1); compare to streamlines through same point at the instants t = 0, 1
and 2 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 dy 1
For pathlines up = = B⋅ x ⋅ ( 1 + A⋅ t) A = 0.5 B = 1 vp = = C⋅ y C = 1
dt s s dt s
dx dy
So, separating variables = B⋅ ( 1 + A⋅ t) ⋅ dt = C⋅ dt
x y
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
⎛ x ⎞
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = C⋅ t − t
( 0)
y
Integrating ln⎜ = B⋅ ⎜ t − t0 + A⋅
⎝ ⎠
x0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ y0
⎠
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
B⋅ ⎜t− t0+ A⋅ ( )
C⋅ t− t0
x = x0⋅ e ⎝
2 ⎠ y = y0⋅ e
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
where x 0, y 0 is the position of the particle at t = t0. Re-interpreting the results as streaklines:
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
B⋅ ⎜t− t0+ A⋅
x st( t0 ) = x 0 ⋅ e ⎝
2 ⎠ ( )
C⋅ t− t0
The streaklines are then ( )
y st t0 = y 0 ⋅ e
dy C dx
So, separating variables ( 1 + A⋅ t) ⋅ = ⋅ which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y B x
C
Integrating ( 1 + A⋅ t) ⋅ ln( y ) = ⋅ ln( x ) + const
B
C
1+ A ⋅ t B
The solution is y = const ⋅ x
2 1
3 2
For particles at (1,1) at t = 0, 1, and 2s y=x y=x y=x
6
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Problem 2.29 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Plot of streakline for t = 0 to 3 s at point (1,1); compare to streamlines through same point at the instants t = 0, 1
and 2 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For streamlines =
dt dt u dx
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 1 dy 1
For pathlines up = = a⋅ x ⋅ ( 1 + b ⋅ t ) a = 1 b = vp = = c⋅ y c = 1
dt s 5 s dt s
dx dy
So, separating variables = a⋅ ( 1 + b ⋅ t) ⋅ dt = c⋅ dt
x y
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
⎛ x ⎞
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = c⋅ t − t
( 0)
y
Integrating ln⎜ = a⋅ ⎜ t − t 0 + b ⋅
⎝ x0 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ y0
⎠
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
a⋅ ⎜t− t0+ b⋅ ( )
c⋅ t− t0
x = x0⋅ e ⎝
2 ⎠ y = y0⋅ e
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
where x 0, y 0 is the position of the particle at t = t0. Re-interpreting the results as streaklines:
⎛⎜ t − t0 ⎞
2 2
a⋅ ⎜t− t0+ b⋅
x st( t0 ) = x 0 ⋅ e ⎝
2 ⎠ ( )
c⋅ t− t0
The streaklines are then ( )
y st t0 = y 0 ⋅ e
v dy c⋅ y
For streamlines = =
u dx a⋅ x ⋅ ( 1 + b ⋅ t )
dy c dx
So, separating variables ( 1 + b ⋅ t) ⋅ = ⋅ which we can integrate for any given t (t is treated as a constant)
y a x
c
Integrating ( 1 + b ⋅ t) ⋅ ln( y ) = ⋅ ln( x ) + const
a
c
1+ b⋅ t a
The solution is y = const ⋅ x
2 1
3 2
For particles at (1,1) at t = 0, 1, and 2s y=x y=x y=x
3
y (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m)
Problem 2.30 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Plot of pathline for t = 0 to 3 s for particle that started at point (1,2) at t = 0; compare to streakline through same
point at the instant t = 3
Solution:
dx dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp =
dt dt
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
Assumption: 2D flow
dx 1 1 1 m dy
For pathlines up = = a⋅ x ⋅ t a = b = vp = =b
dt 4 2 3 s dt
s
dx
So, separating variables = a⋅ t⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ dt
x
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = a ⋅ ⎛ t2 − t 2⎞
( )
x
Integrating y − y0 = b⋅ t − t0
⎝ 0 ⎠
⎝ x0 ⎠ 2
⋅ ⎛t − t0
a 2 2⎞
x = x0⋅ e
2 ⎝ ⎠ (
y = y0 + b⋅ t − t0 )
⋅ ⎛t − t0
a 2 2⎞
⎝ ⎠
The pathlines are x p( t) = x 0⋅ e
2
(
y p( t) = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 )
where x 0, y 0 is the position of the particle at t = t0. Re-interpreting the results as streaklines:
⋅ ⎛t − t0
a 2 2⎞
⎝ ⎠
The pathlines are then ( )
x st t0 = x 0 ⋅ e
2
( ) (
y st t0 = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 )
where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
Streakline and Pathline Plots
2
Streakline
Pathline
1.5
y (m)
0.5
0 1 2 3 4
x (m)
Problem 2.31 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Streamlines passing through (6,6); Coordinates of particle starting at (1,4); that pathlines, streamlines and
streaklines coincide
Solution:
⌠ ⌠
v dy b ⎮ 2
For streamlines = = or
⎮ a ⋅ y dy = ⎮ b dx
u dx
a⋅ y
2 ⌡ ⌡
3
a⋅ y
Integrating = b⋅ x + c
3
3
For the streamline through point (6,6) c = 60 and y = 6 ⋅ x + 180
⌠ ⌠
dx 2 ⎮ 2
For particle that passed through (1,4) at t = 0 u= = a⋅ y ⎮ 1 dx = x − x 0 = ⎮ a ⋅ y dt We need y(t)
dt ⌡ ⌡
dy ⌠ ⌠
v= =b ⎮ 1 dy = ⎮ b dt y = y0 + b⋅ t = y0 + 2⋅ t
dt ⌡ ⌡
⌠
t ⎛ 2 3⎞
b ⋅t
Then
2
x − x 0 = ⎮ a ⋅ y 0 + b ⋅ t dt
⌡
( ) x = x 0 + a⋅ ⎜ y 0 ⋅ t + b ⋅ y 0 ⋅ t +
⎝
2 2
3 ⎠
0
2 4 3
Hence, with x0 = 1 y0 = 4 x = 1 + 16⋅ t + 8 ⋅ t + ⋅t At t = 1 s x = 26.3⋅ m
3
y = 4 + 2⋅ t y = 6⋅ m
⌠ ⌠
For particle that passed through (-3,0) at t = 1 ⎮ 1 dy = ⎮ b dt
⌡ ⌡
(
y = y0 + b⋅ t − t0 )
⌠
t
⎡ 2
3⎞⎤
x = x 0 + a⋅ ⎢y 0 ⋅ t − t0 + b ⋅ y 0 ⋅ ⎛ t − t0
2⎞
( )
x − x 0 = ⎮ a ⋅ y 0 + b ⋅ t dt ( ) ⋅ ⎛ t − t0
b
⎠⎥⎦
2 2 2 3
+
⎮ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ 3 ⎝
⌡t
0
Evaluating at t = 3 x = 31.7⋅ m y = 4⋅ m
t x y x y x y x y
0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
0.20 0.20 0.40 1.80 1.60
0.40 0.40 0.80 1.60 1.20
0.60 0.60 1.20 1.40 0.80
0.80 0.80 1.60 1.20 0.40
1.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
1.20 1.20 2.40 0.20 0.40 0.80 -0.40
1.40 1.40 2.80 0.40 0.80 0.60 -0.80
1.60 1.60 3.20 0.60 1.20 0.40 -1.20
1.80 1.80 3.60 0.80 1.60 0.20 -1.60
2.00 2.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.00
2.20 2.00 3.80 1.00 1.80 0.00 -0.20 0.00 -1.80
2.40 2.00 3.60 1.00 1.60 0.00 -0.40 0.00 -1.60
2.60 2.00 3.40 1.00 1.40 0.00 -0.60 0.00 -1.40
2.80 2.00 3.20 1.00 1.20 0.00 -0.80 0.00 -1.20
3.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 -1.00 0.00 -1.00
3.20 2.00 2.80 1.00 0.80 0.00 -1.20 0.00 -0.80
3.40 2.00 2.60 1.00 0.60 0.00 -1.40 0.00 -0.60
3.60 2.00 2.40 1.00 0.40 0.00 -1.60 0.00 -0.40
3.80 2.00 2.20 1.00 0.20 0.00 -1.80 0.00 -0.20
4.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 -2.00 0.00 0.00
1
y
0
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
-1 Pathline starting at t = 0
Pathline starting at t = 1 s
-2 Pathline starting at t = 2 s
Streakline at t = 4 s
-3
x
Problem 2.33 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Equation for streamline through point (1.1); coordinates of particle at t = 5 s and t = 10 s that was at (1,1) at t = 0;
compare pathline, streamline, streakline
Solution:
v dy dx dy
Governing equations: For streamlines = For pathlines up = vp =
u dx dt dt
Assumption: 2D flow
1 1 m
Given data a = b = 1 x0 = 1 y0 = 1 t0 = 0
5 s s
v dy b
For streamlines = =
u dx a⋅ x
a dx
So, separating variables ⋅ dy =
b x
⋅ y − y 0 = ln⎛⎜ ⎞
( )
a x
Integrating
b
⎝ x0 ⎠
y = y 0 + ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = 5 ⋅ ln( x ) + 1
b x
The solution is then
a x0
⎝ ⎠
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = a⋅ x vp = =b
dt dt
dx
Hence = a⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ dt
x
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ = a⋅ t − t
( 0) ( )
x
Integrating y − y0 = b⋅ t − t0
⎝ x0
⎠
( )
a⋅ t− t0
y = y 0 + ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
( )
b x
The pathlines are x = x0⋅ e y = y0 + b⋅ t − t0 or
a
⎝ ⎠
x0
For a particle that was at x 0 = 1 m, y 0 = 1 m at t0 = 0 s, at time t = 1 s we find the position is
1
( )
a⋅ t− t0
x = x0⋅ e = e
5
m ( )
y = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 = 2 m
( )
a⋅ t− t0
x = x0⋅ e = e m ( )
y = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 = 6 m
( )
a⋅ t− t0
x = x0⋅ e = e
2
m ( )
y = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 = 11 m
9
y (m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Problem 2.34 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Equation for streamline through point (2.5); coordinates of particle at t = 2 s that was at (0,4) at t = 0; coordinates of
particle at t = 3 s that was at (1,4.25) at t = 1 s; compare pathline, streamline, streakline
Solution:
v dy dx dy
Governing equations: For streamlines = For pathlines up = vp =
u dx dt dt
Assumption: 2D flow
m 1
Given data a = 2 b = 1 x0 = 2 y0 = 5 x = 1 x = x
s s
v dy b⋅ x
For streamlines = =
u dx a
a
So, separating variables ⋅ dy = x ⋅ dx
b
⋅ y − y0 = ⋅ ⎛ x − x0 ⎞
( )
a 1 2 2
Integrating
b 2 ⎝ ⎠
2
b ⎛ 2
⋅ x − x0 ⎞ =
2 x
The solution is then y = y0 + +4
2⋅ a ⎝ ⎠ 4
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = =a vp = = b⋅ x
dt dt
Hence dx = a⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ x ⋅ dt
Integrating x − x 0 = a⋅ t − t 0 ( ) ( )
dy = b ⋅ ⎡x 0 + a⋅ t − t0 ⎤ ⋅ dt
⎣ ⎦
y − y 0 = b ⋅ ⎡⎢x 0 ⋅ t − t0 + ⋅ ⎛ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎞ − a⋅ t0 ⋅ t − t0 ⎤⎥
( ) ( )
a 2 2
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎦
( ) y = y 0 + b ⋅ ⎡⎢x 0 ⋅ t − t0 + ⋅ ⎛ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎞ − a⋅ t0 ⋅ t − t0 ⎤⎥
( ) ( )
a 2 2
The pathlines are x = x 0 + a⋅ t − t 0
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎦
For a particle that was at x 0 = 0 m, y 0 = 4 m at t0 = 0s, at time t = 2 s we find the position is
( ) y = y 0 + b ⋅ ⎡⎢x 0 ⋅ t − t0 + ⋅ ⎛ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎞ − a⋅ t0 ⋅ t − t0 ⎤⎥ = 8m
( ) ( )
a 2 2
x = x 0 + a⋅ t − t 0 = 4 m
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎦
( ) y = y 0 + b ⋅ ⎡⎢x 0 ⋅ t − t0 + ⋅ ⎛ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎞ − a⋅ t0 ⋅ t − t0 ⎤⎥ = 10.25
( ) ( )
a 2 2
x = x 0 + a⋅ t − t 0 = 5 m
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎦
m
For this steady flow streamlines, streaklines and pathlines coincide; the particles refered to are the same particle!
9
y (m)
x (m)
Problem 2.35 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Coordinates of particle at t = 2 s that was at (1,2) at t = 0; coordinates of particle at t = 3 s that was at (1,2) at t = 2 s;
plot pathline and streakline through point (1,2) and compare with streamlines through same point at t = 0, 1 and 2 s
Solution
: dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For =
dt dt streamlines u dx
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
Assumption: 2D flow
1 m
Given data a = 0.2 b = 0.4
s 2
s
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = a⋅ y vp = = b⋅ t
dt dt
y − y0 = ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞
b 2 2
Hence dx = a⋅ y ⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ t⋅ dt
2 ⎝ ⎠
dx = ⎡⎢a⋅ y 0 + a⋅ ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞⎤⎥ ⋅ dt
b 2 2
For x
⎣ 2 ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡⎢ 3 t 3 ⎤⎥
x − x 0 = a⋅ y 0 ⋅ ( t − t 0 ) + a⋅ ⋅ ⎢ − − t0 ⋅ ( t − t0 )⎥
b t 0 2
Integrating
2 ⎣3 3 ⎦
⎡⎢ 3 t 3 ⎤⎥
x ( t ) = x 0 + a⋅ y 0 ⋅ ( t − t 0 ) + a⋅ ⋅ ⎢ − − t0 ⋅ ( t − t0 )⎥ y ( t) = y0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞
b t 0 2 b 2 2
The pathlines are
2 ⎣3 3 ⎦ 2 ⎝ ⎠
These give the position (x,y) at any time t of a particle that was at (x 0,y 0) at time t0
Note that streaklines are obtained using the logic of the Governing equations, above
⎡⎢ 3 t 3 ⎤⎥
x ( t 0 ) = x 0 + a⋅ y 0 ⋅ ( t − t 0 ) + a⋅ ⋅ ⎢ − − t0 ⋅ ( t − t0 )⎥ y t0 = y 0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞
( )
t 0 b 2 b 2 2
The streaklines are
2 ⎣3 3 ⎦ 2 ⎝ ⎠
These gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
For a particle that was at x 0 = 1 m, y 0 = 2 m at t0 = 0s, at time t = 2 s we find the position is (from pathline equations)
⎡⎢ 3 t 3 ⎤⎥
x = x 0 + a⋅ y 0 ⋅ ( t − t 0 ) + a⋅ ⋅ ⎢ − − t0 ⋅ ( t − t0 )⎥ = 1.91m y = y 0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ = 2.8 m
bt 0 2 b 2 2
2 ⎣3 3 ⎦ 2 ⎝ ⎠
⎡⎢ 3 t 3 ⎤⎥
x = x 0 + a⋅ y 0 ⋅ ( t − t 0 ) + a⋅ ⋅ ⎢ − − t0 ⋅ ( t − t0 )⎥ = 1.49m y = y 0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ = 3.0
bt 0 2 b 2 2
2 ⎝ ⎠ m
2 ⎣3 3 ⎦
v dy b⋅ t
For streamlines = =
u dx a⋅ y
b
So, separating variables y ⋅ dy = ⋅ t⋅ dx where we treat t as a constant
a
2 2
y − y0 b⋅ t
Integrating
2
=
a
(
⋅ x − x0 ) and we have x0 = 1 m y0 = 2 m
2⋅ b⋅ t
The streamlines are then y = y0 +
2
a
(
⋅ x − x0 = ) 4 ⋅ t⋅ ( x − 1) + 4
Pathline Plots Streamline Plots
5 15
Pathline (t0=0) Streamline (t=0)
Pathline (t0=2) Streamline (t=1)
4 Streakline 12 Streamline (t=2)
Streamline (t=3)
3 9
y (m)
y (m)
2 6
1 3
x (m) x (m)
Problem 2.36 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Coordinates of particle at t = 2 s that was at (2,1) at t = 0; coordinates of particle at t = 3 s that was at (2,1) at t = 2 s;
plot pathline and streakline through point (2,1) and compare with streamlines through same point at t = 0, 1 and 2 s
Solution:
dx dy v dy
Governing equations: For pathlines up = vp = For =
dt dt streamlines u dx
Following the discussion leading up to Eq. 2.10, we first find equations for the pathlines in form
(
x p( t) = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and (
y p( t) = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
( ) (
x st t0 = x t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 ) and ( ) (
y st t0 = y t , x 0 , y 0 , t0 )
which gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
Assumption: 2D flow
m m
Given data a = 0.4 b = 2
2 2
s s
dx dy
Hence for pathlines up = = a⋅ t vp = =b
dt dt
Hence dx = a⋅ t⋅ dt dy = b ⋅ dt
x − x0 = ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ( )
a 2 2
Integrating y − y0 = b⋅ t − t0
2 ⎝ ⎠
x ( t) = x0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ( )
a 2 2
The pathlines are y ( t) = y0 + b⋅ t − t0
2 ⎝ ⎠
These give the position (x,y) at any time t of a particle that was at (x 0,y 0) at time t0
Note that streaklines are obtained using the logic of the Governing equations, above
x t0 = x 0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞
( ) ( ) ( )
a 2 2
The streaklines are y t0 = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0
2 ⎝ ⎠
These gives the streakline at t, where x 0, y 0 is the point at which dye is released (t0 is varied from 0 to t)
For a particle that was at x 0 = 2 m, y 0 = 1 m at t0 = 0s, at time t = 2 s we find the position is (from pathline equations)
x = x 0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ = 2.8 m ( )
a 2 2
y = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 = 5 m
2 ⎝ ⎠
x = x 0 + ⋅ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ = 3 m ( )
a 2 2
y = y 0 + b ⋅ t − t0 = 3 m
2 ⎝ ⎠
v dy b
For streamlines = =
u dx a⋅ t
b
So, separating variables dy = ⋅ dx where we treat t as a constant
a⋅ t
( )
b
Integrating y − y0 = ⋅ x − x0 and we have x0 = 2 m y0 = 1 m
a⋅ t
5⋅ ( x − 2)
( )
b
The streamlines are then y = y0 + ⋅ x − x0 = +1
a⋅ t t
y (m)
4 4
2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
x (m) x (m)
Problem 2.37 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution: 1
2
b⋅ T
Governing equation: μ= Sutherland equation p = ρ⋅ R⋅ T Ideal gas equation
S
1+
T
Assumptions: Sutherland equation is valid; air is an ideal gas
−6 kg J
The given data is b = 1.458 × 10 ⋅ S = 110.4 ⋅ K R = 286.9 ⋅ p = 101.3 ⋅ kPa
1 kg⋅ K
2
m⋅ s⋅ K
1 3 3
2 2 2
μ μ⋅ R⋅ T R⋅ T b ⋅ T R⋅ b T b'⋅ T
The kinematic viscosity is ν= = = ⋅ = ⋅ =
ρ p p S p S S
1+ 1+ 1+
T T T
2
R⋅ b −9 m
where b' = b' = 4.129 × 10
p 1.5
K ⋅s
2 2
N⋅ m −6 kg m −9 m
b' = 286.9 ⋅ × 1.458 × 10 ⋅ × = 4.129 × 10 ⋅
kg⋅ K 1 3 3
101.3 × 10 ⋅ N
2 2
m⋅ s⋅ K s⋅ K
3
2 2
b'⋅ T −9 m S = 110.4 K
Hence ν= with b' = 4.129 × 10 ⋅
S 3
1+
T 2
s⋅ K
2
−5 m
Check with Appendix A, Table A.10. At T = 0 °C we find T = 273.1 K ν = 1.33 × 10 ⋅
s
3
2
−9 m 2
4.129 × 10 × ( 273.1 ⋅ K)
3
2 2
s⋅ K −5 m
ν = ν = 1.33 × 10 ⋅ Check!
110.4 s
1+
273.1
2
−5 m
At T = 100 °C we find T = 373.1 K ν = 2.29 × 10 ⋅
s
3
2
−9 m 2
4.129 × 10 × ( 373.1 ⋅ K)
3
2 2
s⋅ K −5 m
ν = ν = 2.30 × 10 ⋅ Check!
110.4 s
1+
373.1
−5
2× 10
−5
1.5× 10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
Problem 2.38 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution: 1
2
b⋅ T
Governing equation: μ= Sutherland equation
S
1+
T
−6 kg
The given data is b = 1.458 × 10 ⋅ S = 110.4 ⋅ K
1
2
m⋅ s⋅ K
1
2
−6 kg lbm slug 0.3048⋅ m ⎛ 5⋅ K ⎞ −8 slug
Converting constants b = 1.458 × 10 ⋅ × × × × ⎜ 9⋅ R b = 2.27 × 10 ⋅
1 0.454 ⋅ kg 32.2⋅ lbm ft ⎝ ⎠ 1
2 2
m⋅ s⋅ K ft⋅ s⋅ R
2
−8 slug lbf ⋅ s −8 lbf ⋅ s
Alternatively b = 2.27 × 10 × b = 2.27 × 10 ⋅
1 slug⋅ ft 1
2 2 2
ft⋅ s⋅ R ft ⋅ R
9⋅ R
Also S = 110.4 ⋅ K × S = 198.7 ⋅ R
5⋅ K
1
2
and b⋅ T lbf ⋅ s
μ= with T in Rankine, µ in
S 2
1+ ft
T
− 7 lbf ⋅ s
Check with Appendix A, Table A.9. At T = 68 °F we find T = 527.7 ⋅ R μ = 3.79 × 10 ⋅
2
ft
1
−8 lbf ⋅ s 2
2.27 × 10 × ( 527.7 ⋅ R)
1
2 2
ft ⋅ R − 7 lbf ⋅ s
μ = μ = 3.79 × 10 ⋅ Check!
198.7 2
1+ ft
527.7
− 7 lbf ⋅ s
At T = 200 °F we find T = 659.7 ⋅ R μ = 4.48 × 10 ⋅
2
ft
1
−8 lbf ⋅ s 2
2.27 × 10 × ( 659.7 ⋅ R)
1
2 2
ft ⋅ R − 7 lbf ⋅ s
μ = μ = 4.48 × 10 ⋅ Check!
198.7 2
1+ ft
659.7
Data: Using procedure of Appendix A.3:
⎛ 1 ⎞
3 2
T S
= ⎜ ⎟T +
µ ⎝ ⎠
b b
Data Plot
5.E+08
Least Squares Fit
4.E+08
T3/2/µ 3.E+08
2.E+08
1.E+08
0.E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
T
Problem 2.40 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⋅ y ⎞ ⎤⎥ = u ⋅ ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⋅ 2⋅ y = − 8 ⋅ umax⋅ y
2
du du d
Basic equation τyx = μ⋅ = u max⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜ h max ⎜ 2
dy dy dy ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 2
⎝ h ⎠ h
8 ⋅ μ⋅ u max⋅ y
τyx = −
2
h
h m − 3 N⋅ s
At the upper surface y= and h = 0.1⋅ mm u max = 0.1⋅ μ = 1.14 × 10 ⋅ (Table A.8)
2 s 2
m
2
− 3 N⋅ s m 0.1 1⋅ m ⎛ 1 × 1000⋅ mm ⎞ N
Hence τyx = −8 × 1.14 × 10 ⋅ × 0.1⋅ × ⋅ mm × × ⎜ 0.1⋅ mm τyx = −4.56⋅
m
2 s 2 1000⋅ mm ⎝ 1⋅ m ⎠
m
2
The upper plate is a minus y surface. Since τyx < 0, the shear stress on the upper plate must act in the plus x direction.
⎛ 8 ⋅ μ⋅ umax ⎞
The shear stress varies linearly with y τyx( y ) = −⎜ ⋅y
⎜ h2
⎝ ⎠
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
y (mm)
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
− 0.01
− 0.02
− 0.03
− 0.04
− 0.05
Solution:
du
Basic equations F = τyx⋅ A τyx = μ⋅
dy
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⋅ y ⎞ ⎤⎥ = u ⋅ ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⋅ 2⋅ y = − 8 ⋅ umax⋅ y
2
du d
= u max⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜ h max ⎜ 2
dy dy ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 2
⎝ h ⎠ h
8 ⋅ μ⋅ u max⋅ y 8 ⋅ A⋅ μ⋅ u max⋅ y
so τyx = − and F=−
2 2
h h
h 2
At the lower surface y=− and h = 0.1⋅ mm A = 1⋅ m
2
m − 3 N⋅ s
u max = 0.05⋅ μ = 1.14 × 10 ⋅ (Table
s 2 A.8)
m
2
2 − 3 N⋅ s m −0.1 1⋅ m ⎛ 1 ⋅ 1 × 1000⋅ mm ⎞
Hence F = −8 × 1 ⋅ m × 1.14 × 10 ⋅ × 0.05⋅ × ⋅ mm × × ⎜ 0.1 mm
2
m
s 2 1000⋅ mm ⎝ 1⋅ m ⎠
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Explain how an ice skate interacts with the ice surface.
What mechanism acts to reduce sliding friction between skate and ice?
Discussion: The normal freezing and melting temperature of ice is 0°C (32°F) at atmospheric
pressure. The melting temperature of ice decreases as pressure is increased. Therefore ice can be caused to
melt at a temperature below the normal melting temperature when the ice is subjected to increased pressure.
A skater is supported by relatively narrow blades with a short contact against the ice. The blade of a typical
skate is less than 3 mm wide. The length of blade in contact with the ice may be just ten or so millimeters.
With a 3 mm by 10 mm contact patch, a 75 kg skater is supported by a pressure between skate blade and
ice on the order of tens of megaPascals (hundreds of atmospheres). Such a pressure is enough to cause ice
to melt rapidly.
When pressure is applied to the ice surface by the skater, a thin surface layer of ice melts to become liquid
water and the skate glides on this thin liquid film. Viscous friction is quite small, so the effective friction
coefficient is much smaller than for sliding friction.
The magnitude of the viscous drag force acting on each skate blade depends on the speed of the skater, the
area of contact, and the thickness of the water layer on top of the ice.
The phenomenon of static friction giving way to viscous friction is similar to the hydroplaning of a
pneumatic tire caused by a layer of water on the road surface.
Problem 2.43 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛ ρ⋅ g y ⎞
2
ρ⋅ g h
2
The velocity profile is u= ⎜
⋅ h⋅ y − ⋅ sin( θ) so the maximum velocity is at y = h u max = ⋅ ⋅ sin( θ)
μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ μ 2
⎡y 2⎤
⋅ ⎛⎜
u 1 y⎞
Hence we can plot = 2⋅ ⎢ − ⎥
u max ⎣h 2 ⎝h⎠ ⎦
0.75
y/h
0.5
0.25
u/umax
2
slug ft 1 ⋅ ft lbf ⋅ s lbf
Hence τyx = 0.85 × 1.94⋅ × 32.2⋅ × 0.1⋅ in × × sin( 45⋅ deg) × τyx = 0.313 ⋅
3 2 12⋅ in slug⋅ ft 2
ft s ft
The surface is a positive y surface. Since τyx > 0, the shear stress on the surface must act in the plus x direction.
Problem 2.44 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution: y
h
du
Governing equation: τyx = μ⋅ ΣFx = M ⋅ ax
dy x
ft
The given data is W = 100 ⋅ lbf V = 20⋅ L = 11.5⋅ in w = 0.125 ⋅ in h = 0.0000575 ⋅ in
s
− 5 lbf ⋅ s
μ = 3.68 × 10 ⋅ Table A.7 @32oF
2
ft
du V − 5 lbf ⋅ s ft 1 12⋅ in
Then τyx = μ⋅ = μ⋅ = 3.68 × 10 ⋅ × 20⋅ × ×
dy h 2 s 0.0000575 ⋅ in ft
ft
lbf
τyx = 154 ⋅
2
ft
−W
Equation of motion ΣFx = M ⋅ ax or τyx⋅ A = ⋅a
g x
τyx⋅ A⋅ g τyx⋅ L⋅ w⋅ g
ax = − =−
W W
2
lbf ft 1 ft
ax = −154 × 11.5⋅ in × 0.125 ⋅ in × 32.2⋅ × ×
2 2 100 ⋅ lbf 2
ft s ( 12⋅ in)
ft
ax = −0.495 ⋅
2
s
Problem 2.45 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution: U
y
x
x
du
Governing equations: τyx = μ⋅
dy f N
W
d
ΣFx = M ⋅ ax θ
ft
The given data is W = 10⋅ lbf U = 2⋅ w = 10⋅ in d = 0.001 ⋅ in θ = 25⋅ deg
s
− 2 N⋅ s
μ = 3.7 × 10 ⋅ Fig. A.2 @100 oF (38oC)
2
m
du U 2
The friction force is f = τyx⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ w
dy d
U 2
Hence F = f + W⋅ sin( θ) = μ⋅ ⋅ w + W⋅ sin( θ)
d
2
− 2 N⋅ s lbf ⋅ s m ft 1 2 ft
F = 3.7 × 10 ⋅ × 0.0209⋅ ⋅ × 2⋅ × × ( 10⋅ in) × + 10⋅ lbf ⋅ sin( 25⋅ deg)
2 2 N⋅ s s 0.001 ⋅ in 12⋅ in
m ft
F = 17.1⋅ lbf
Problem 2.46 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution: y
U x
x
du
Governing equations: τyx = μ⋅
dy
f N
W
ΣFx = M ⋅ ax d
θ
− 1 N⋅s
μ = 10 ⋅ Fig. A.2 SAE 10-39 @30oC
2
m
du U 2
The friction force is f = τyx⋅ A = μ ⋅ ⋅ A = μ ⋅ ⋅ w
dy d
U 2 d ⋅ ( F − W⋅ sin( θ) )
Hence for uphill motion F = f + W ⋅ sin ( θ) = μ ⋅ ⋅ w + W ⋅ sin ( θ) U= (For downpush change
d 2 sign of W)
μ⋅ w
d ⋅ W⋅ sin( θ) m
For no force: U = U = 0.196
2 s
μ⋅ w
d ⋅ ( F − W⋅ sin( θ) ) m d ⋅ ( F + W ⋅ sin ( θ) ) m
Pushing up: U = U = 0.104 Pushing down: U = U = 0.496
2 s 2 s
μ⋅ w μ⋅w
Problem 2.47 [Difficulty: 2]
Find: Maximum gap region that can be pulled without breaking tape
Solution:
du
Basic equation τyx = μ⋅ and F = τyx⋅ A
dy
Here F is the force on each side of the tape; the total force is then FT = 2 ⋅ F = 2 ⋅ τyx⋅ A
du V− 0 V
The velocity gradient is linear as shown = =
dy c c
y c
The area of contact is A = w⋅ L
t
F,V
V
Combining these results FT = 2 ⋅ μ⋅ ⋅ w⋅ L x
c
c
FT⋅ c
Solving for L L=
2 ⋅ μ⋅ V⋅ w
slug ft
The given data is FT = 25⋅ lbf c = 0.012 ⋅ in μ = 0.02⋅ V = 3⋅ w = 1 ⋅ in
ft⋅ s s
Solution:
Given data: Dpiston = 73⋅ mm Dtube = 75⋅ mm Mass = 2 ⋅ kg L = 100 ⋅ mm SG Al = 2.64
kg
Reference data: ρwater = 1000⋅ (maximum density of water)
3
m
N⋅ s
From Fig. A.2:, the dynamic viscosity of SAE 10W-30 oil at 25oC is: μ = 0.13⋅
2
m
The terminal velocity of the mass m is equivalent to the terminal velocity of the piston. At that terminal speed, the acceleration of
the piston is zero. Therefore, all forces acting on the piston must be balanced. This means that the force driving the motion
(i.e. the weight of mass m and the piston) balances the viscous forces acting on the surface of the piston. Thus, at r = Rpiston:
⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ π⋅ D 2 ⎞⎤
piston ⋅ L ⎥ ⎛ μ⋅ d V ⎞ ⋅ π⋅ D
⎢Mass + SGAl⋅ ρwater⋅ ⎜ ⎥ ⋅ g = τrz⋅ A = ⎜ z ( piston⋅ L)
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ dr ⎠
d V
Therefore Vz =
dr ⎛ Dtube − Dpiston ⎞
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
m
or V = 10.2
s
Problem 2.49 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Sketch of piston speed vs time; the time needed for the piston to reach 99% of its new terminal speed.
Solution:
m
Given data: Dpiston = 73⋅ mm Dtube = 75⋅ mm L = 100 ⋅ mm SG Al = 2.64 V0 = 10.2⋅
s
kg
Reference data: ρwater = 1000⋅ (maximum density of water) (From Problem 2.48)
3
m
N⋅ s
From Fig. A.2, the dynamic viscosity of SAE 10W-30 oil at 25oC is: μ = 0.13⋅
2
m
The free body diagram of the piston after the cord is cut is:
⎛⎜ π⋅ D 2⎞
piston
Piston weight: Wpiston = SGAl⋅ ρwater⋅ g ⋅ ⎜ ⋅L
⎝ 4 ⎠
Fviscous( V) = μ⋅ ⎡⎢ ⎤ ⋅ π⋅ D
⎥ ( piston⋅ L)
V
or
⎢ ( tube piston)⎥
1
⋅ D − D
⎣2 ⎦
dV
Applying Newton's second law: mpiston⋅ = Wpiston − Fviscous( V)
dt
dV 8⋅ μ
Therefore = g − a⋅ V where a =
dt (
SGAl⋅ ρwater⋅ Dpiston⋅ Dtube − Dpiston )
dX dV
If V = g − a⋅ V then = −a⋅
dt dt
dX
The differential equation becomes = −a⋅ X where X( 0 ) = g − a⋅ V0
dt
− a⋅ t − a⋅ t
The solution to this differential equation is: X( t) = X0 ⋅ e or ( )
g − a⋅ V( t) = g − a⋅ V0 ⋅ e
V( t) = ⎛⎜ V0 − ⎞ ⋅ e
g ( − a⋅ t) g
Therefore +
⎝ a⎠ a
10
V ( t) 6
0 1 2 3
t
g m
Vt = or Vt = 3.63
a s
The time needed for the piston to slow down to within 1% of its terminal velocity is:
⎛ V − g ⎞
1 ⎜ 0 a
t = ⋅ ln⎜ ⎟ or t = 1.93 s
a
⎜ 1.01⋅ Vt − g
⎝ a⎠
Problem 2.50 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Expression for viscous force at speed V; differential equation for motion; block speed as function of time; oil viscosity
Mg
x
Ft
Solution: Ft y
du
Governing equations: τyx = μ⋅ ΣFx = M ⋅ ax
dy Fv
mg
Assumptions: Laminar flow; linear velocity profile in oil layer N
2
The given data is M = 5 ⋅ kg W = m⋅ g = 9.81⋅ N A = 25⋅ cm h = 0.05⋅ mm
dV
Equation of motion (block) ΣFx = M ⋅ ax so Ft − Fv = M ⋅ ( 1)
dt
dV
Equation of motion (block) ΣFy = m⋅ ay so m⋅ g − Ft = m⋅ ( 2)
dt
dV
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2) m⋅ g − Fv = ( M + m) ⋅
dt
du V
The friction force is Fv = τyx⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A
dy h
μ⋅ A dV
Hence m⋅ g − ⋅ V = ( M + m) ⋅
h dt
M+m
To solve separate variables dt = ⋅ dV
μ⋅ A
m⋅ g − ⋅V
h
( M + m) ⋅ h μ⋅ A ( M + m) ⋅ h μ⋅ A
t=− ⋅ ⎛⎜ ln⎛⎜ m⋅ g − ⋅ V⎞ − ln( m⋅ g ) ⎞ = − ⋅ ln⎛⎜ 1 − ⋅ V⎞
μ⋅ A ⎝ ⎝ h ⎠ ⎠ μ⋅ A ⎝ m⋅ g ⋅ h ⎠
μ⋅ A
− ⋅t
μ⋅ A ( M+ m) ⋅ h
Hence taking antilogarithms 1− ⋅V = e
m⋅ g ⋅ h
⎡ −
μ⋅ A
⋅ t⎤
m⋅ g ⋅ h ⎢ ( M + m) ⋅ h ⎥ m⋅ g ⋅ h
Finally V= ⋅ ⎣1 − e ⎦ The maximum velocity is V =
μ⋅ A μ⋅ A
In Excel:
The data is M= 5.00 kg To find the viscosity for which the speed is 1 m/s after 1 s
m= 1.00 kg use Goal Seek with the velocity targeted to be 1 m/s by varying
g= 9.81 m/s2 the viscosity in the set of cell below:
0= 1.30 N.s/m2
A= 25 cm 2 t (s) V (m/s)
h= 0.5 mm 1.00 1.000
Ff = τ⋅ A
x, V, a
M⋅ g
Find: Initial acceleration; formula for speed of block; plot; find speed after 0.1 s. Find oil viscosity if speed is 0.3 m/s after
0.1 s
Solution:
2
Given data M = 5 ⋅ kg A = ( 0.1⋅ m) d = 0.2⋅ mm θ = 30⋅ deg
N⋅ s
From Fig. A.2 μ = 0.4⋅
2
m
Applying Newton's 2nd law to initial instant (no friction) M ⋅ a = M ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) − Ff = M ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ)
m m
so ainit = g ⋅ sin( θ) = 9.81⋅ × sin( 30⋅ deg) ainit = 4.9
2 2
s s
du V
Applying Newton's 2nd law at any instant M ⋅ a = M ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) − Ff and Ff = τ⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A
dy d
dV μ⋅ A
so M⋅ a = M⋅ = M ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) − ⋅V
dt d
dV
Separating variables = dt
μ⋅ A
g ⋅ sin( θ) − ⋅V
M⋅ d
M⋅ d μ⋅ A
Integrating and using limits − ⋅ ln⎛⎜ 1 − ⋅ V⎞ = t
μ⋅ A ⎝ M ⋅ g ⋅ d ⋅ sin( θ) ⎠
⎛ − μ⋅ A ⎞
⋅t
M ⋅ g ⋅ d ⋅ sin( θ) ⎜ M⋅ d
or V( t) = ⋅⎝1 − e ⎠
μ⋅ A
m
V( 0.1⋅ s) = 0.404 ⋅
s
The plot looks like
1.5
1
V (m/s)
0.5
t (s)
To find the viscosity for which V(0.1 s) = 0.3 m/s, we must solve
⎡ − μ⋅ A
⋅ ( t= 0.1⋅ s )⎤
M ⋅ g ⋅ d ⋅ sin( θ) ⎢ M⋅ d ⎥
V( t = 0.1⋅ s) = ⋅ ⎣1 − e ⎦
μ⋅ A
The viscosity µ is implicit in this equation, so solution must be found by manual iteration, or by any of a number of classic
root-finding numerical methods, or by using Excel's Goal Seek
N⋅ s
Using Excel: μ = 1.08⋅
2
m
Problem 2.52 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Direction of friction on bottom of block and on plate; expression for speed U versus time; time required to lose 95%
of initial speed
Solution: U
du Fv
Governing equations: τyx = μ⋅ ΣFx = M ⋅ ax
dy
y
h
Assumptions: Laminar flow; linear velocity profile in oil layer
x
The bottom of the block is a -y surface, so τyx acts to the left; The plate
is a +y surface, so τyx acts to the right
dU
Equation of motion ΣFx = M ⋅ ax so Fv = M ⋅
dt
du U 2
The friction force is Fv = τyx⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ a
dy h
2
μ⋅ a dU
Hence − ⋅ U = M⋅
h dt
2
1 μ⋅ a
To solve separate variables ⋅ dU = − ⋅ dt
U M⋅ h
2
ln⎛⎜
U ⎞ = − μ⋅ a ⋅ t
U
U0 M⋅ h
⎝ ⎠
2
μ⋅ a
− ⋅t
M⋅ h
Hence taking antilogarithms U = U0 ⋅ e
t
M⋅ h
⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
U
Solving for t t=−
μ⋅ a
2
⎝ U0 ⎠
U M⋅ h
Hence for = 0.05 t = 3.0⋅
U0 2
μ⋅ a
Problem 2.53 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
du
Governing equations: τyx = μ⋅ ΣFx = M ⋅ ax
dy L
m −2
The given data is D = 1 ⋅ mm d = 0.9⋅ mm L = 50⋅ mm V = 50⋅ μ = 20 × 10 poise
s
du V
The friction force is Fv = τyx⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ A = μ⋅ ⋅ π⋅ d ⋅ L
dr ⎛D − d⎞
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
Hence F − Fv = 0
2 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ V⋅ d ⋅ L
so F =
D− d
−2 0.1⋅ kg m 1 m
F = 2 ⋅ π × 20 × 10 poise × × 50⋅ × 0.9⋅ mm × 50⋅ mm × ×
m⋅ s⋅ poise s ( 1 − 0.9) ⋅ mm 1000⋅ mm
F = 2.83 N
Problem 2.54 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛ 2
Ro − Ri
2 ⎞
⎜ ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
1 ∆p2 2 r
The velocity profile is u z( r) = ⋅ ⋅ Ri − r −
4⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ln⎜
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ⎛ Ro ⎞ ⎞
2 2
Ro − Ri
Check the no-slip condition. When r = Ro u z( R o ) =
1 ∆p
⋅ ⎜ 2 2
⋅ Ri − Ro − ⋅ ln⎜
4⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎟
⎜ ln⎜
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
1 ∆p ⎡ 2
( ) ⋅ R − Ro + ⎛ Ro − Ri ⎞⎤ = 0
2 2 2
u z Ro = ⋅
4⋅ μ L ⎣ i ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎛ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎞
2 2
Ro − Ri
When r = Ri u z( R i ) =
1
⋅ ⎜
∆p 2 2
⋅ Ri − Ri − ⋅ ln⎜ =0
4⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ Ri ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜ ln⎜
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
Ro
⎠
The no-slip condition is satisfied.
N⋅ s
The viscosity of the honey is μ = 5⋅
2
m
The plot looks like
25
Radial Position (mm)
20
15
10
Velocity (m/s)
du
For each, shear stress is given by τrx = μ⋅
dr
duz( r) ⎡ ⎛ 2
Ro − Ri
2 ⎞⎤
⎢ ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎥
d 1 ∆p ⎜ 2 2 r
τrx = μ⋅ = μ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ri − r −
dr dr ⎢ 4 ⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜ ln⎜ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠⎦
⎛ Ro − Ri
2 2⎞
1 ∆p ⎜
Hence τrx = ⋅ ⋅ −2 ⋅ r −
4 L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ln⎜ ⋅r
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
2 2 2 2
Ro − Ri Ri − Ro
−2 ⋅ r − =0 or r = r = 13.7⋅ mm
For zero stress
⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎛ Ri ⎞
ln⎜ ⋅r 2 ⋅ ln⎜
⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎝ Ro ⎠
⎛ Ro − Ri ⎞
2 2
On the outer surface 1 ∆p ⎜
Fo = τrx⋅ A = ⋅ ⋅ −2 ⋅ Ro − ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R o ⋅ L
4 L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ln⎜ ⋅ Ro
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
⎛ Ro − Ri ⎞
2 2
⎜ 2
Fo = ∆p⋅ π⋅ −Ro −
⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⋅ ln⎜
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
⎡
⎢ ⎡⎣( 25⋅ mm) 2 − ( 5⋅ mm) 2⎤⎦ × ⎛⎜ 1 ⋅ m ⎞
2
⎢ 1⋅ m ⎞ ⎝ 1000⋅ mm ⎠
× π × −⎛⎜ 25⋅ mm ×
3 N
Fo = 125 × 10 ⋅ −
⎢⎝ 1000⋅ mm ⎠
2 ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
2 5
m ⎢
⎣ ⎝ 25 ⎠
Fo = −172 N
⎛ Ro − Ri ⎞
2 2
1 ∆p ⎜
On the inner surface Fi = τrx⋅ A = ⋅ ⋅ −2 ⋅ Ri − ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R i ⋅ L
4 L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ln⎜ ⋅ Ri
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
⎛ Ro − Ri ⎞
2 2
⎜ 2
Fi = ∆p⋅ π⋅ −Ri −
⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⋅ ln⎜
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
⎡ 2⎤ ⎛ 1 ⋅ m ⎞
2
⎢ ⎡
⎣( 25⋅ mm)
2
− ( 5 ⋅ mm ) ⎦ ⎜
×
2
⎢ 1⋅ m ⎞ ⎝ 1000⋅ mm ⎠
× π × −⎛⎜ 5 ⋅ mm ×
3 N
Hence Fi = 125 × 10 ⋅ −
⎢⎝ 1000⋅ mm ⎠
2 ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
2 5
m ⎢
⎣ ⎝ 25 ⎠
Fi = 63.4 N
∆p⋅ π⋅ ⎛ Ro − Ri
2 2⎞
Fo − Fi = −236 N
⎠ = 236 N
Note that and
⎝
Find: Whether no-slip is satisfied; location of zero stress;stress on tube and filament
Solution:
⎛⎜ 2
D −d
2
2⋅ r ⎞ ⎞
⋅ ln⎛⎜
1 ∆p 2 2
The velocity profile is V( r) = ⋅ ⋅ d − 4⋅ r −
16⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎝ d ⎠⎟
ln⎛⎜
d⎞
⎜⎝ ⎝ D⎠ ⎠
⎛⎜ D −d
2 2
D ⎞⎞
V⎛⎜
D⎞
⋅ ln⎛⎜
D 1 ∆p 2 2
Check the no-slip condition. r= = ⋅ ⋅ d −D −
⎝2⎠ 16⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎝ d ⎠⎟
ln⎛⎜
When 2 d⎞
⎜⎝ ⎝ D⎠ ⎠
V( D) =
1
16⋅ μ L
⋅
∆p 2 2 (
⋅ ⎡⎣d − D + D − d
2 2⎤ )⎦ = 0
⎛⎜ D −d
2 2
d ⎞⎞
⋅ ln⎛⎜
d 1 ∆p 2 2
When r= V( d ) = ⋅ ⋅ d −d − =0
16⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎝ d ⎠⎟
ln⎛⎜ ⎞
2 d
⎜⎝ ⎝ D⎠ ⎠
The no-slip condition is satisfied.
− 2 N⋅ s
The viscosity of SAE 10-30 oil at 100 oC is (Fig. A.2) μ = 1 × 10 ⋅
2
m
The plot looks like
10
Radial Position (mm)
8
Velocity (m/s)
du
For each, shear stress is given by τrx = μ⋅
dr
⎡⎢ 1 ∆p ⎛⎜ 2 2
D −d
2
2 ⋅ r ⎞ ⎞⎤⎥
⋅ ln⎛⎜
dV( r) d 2
τrx = μ⋅ = μ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ d − 4⋅ r −
⎢ 16⋅ μ L ⎜ ⎟⎥
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎥
dr dr d
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎝ D⎠ ⎠⎦
1 ∆p ⎛⎜ D −d ⎞
2 2
τrx( r) = ⋅ ⋅ −8 ⋅ r −
16 L ⎜ ⎟
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ r
d
⎜⎝ ⎝ D⎠ ⎠
2 2 2 2
D −d d −D
For the zero-stress point −8 ⋅ r − =0 or r = r = 2.25⋅ mm
ln⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ r 8 ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
d d
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
10
Radial Position (mm)
7.5
2.5
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Stress (Pa)
Solution:
The shear stress is the same throughout (the velocity gradients are linear, and the stresses in the fluid at the interface must be
equal and opposite).
du1 du2 Vi ( V − Vi )
Hence τ = μ1 ⋅ = μ2 ⋅ or μ1 ⋅ = μ2 ⋅ where V i is the interface velocity
dy dy h1 h2
m
1⋅
V s m
Solving for the interface Vi = = Vi = 0.714
velocity V i μ1 h 2 0.1 0.3 s
1+ ⋅ 1+ ⋅
μ2 h 1 0.15 0.5
Vi N⋅ s m 1 1000⋅ mm 2
Then the force F = τ⋅ A = μ1 ⋅ ⋅ A = 0.1⋅ × 0.714 ⋅ × × × 1⋅ m F = 143 N
required is h1 2 s 0.5⋅ mm 1⋅ m
m
Problem 2.57 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
The shear stress is the same throughout (the velocity gradients are linear, and the stresses in the fluids at the interfaces must be
equal and opposite).
2 N⋅ s N⋅ s N⋅ s
A = 1⋅ m μ1 = 0.15⋅ μ2 = 0.5⋅ μ3 = 0.2⋅
2 2 2
m m m
F
The (constant) stress is τ = τ = 100 Pa
A
∆V τ⋅ ∆y
For each fluid τ = μ⋅ or ∆V = where ∆V is the overall change in velocity over distance ∆y
∆y μ
τ⋅ h 1 m
Hence V12 = V12 = 0.333 where V 12 is the velocity at the 1 - 2 interface
μ1 s
τ⋅ h 2 m
Hence V23 = + V12 V23 = 0.383 where V 23 is the velocity at the 2 - 3 interface
μ2 s
τ⋅ h 3 m
Hence V = + V23 V = 0.483 where V is the velocity at the upper plate
μ3 s
0.75
Position (mm)
0.5
0.25
Velocity (m/s)
Problem 2.58 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 2.59 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 2.60 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 2.61 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
2 N⋅ s
The given data is R = 50⋅ mm H = 80⋅ mm a = 0.20⋅ mm I = 0.0273⋅ kg⋅ m μ = 0.1⋅
2
m
The equation of motion for the slowing viscometer is I⋅ α = Torque = −τ⋅ A⋅ R
where α is the angular acceleration and τ is the viscous stress, and A is the surface area of the viscometer
du V− 0 μ⋅ V μ⋅ R⋅ ω
The stress is given by τ = μ⋅ = μ⋅ = =
dy a a a
a⋅ I
Note that A = 2 ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ H so t=− ⋅ ln( 0.01)
3
2 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ R ⋅ H
2 2 2
0.0002⋅ m⋅ 0.0273⋅ kg⋅ m m 1 1 N⋅ s
t = − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ln( 0.01) t = 4.00 s
2⋅ π 0.1⋅ N⋅ s 3 0.08⋅ m kg⋅ m
( 0.05⋅ m)
Problem 2.62 Difficulty: [2]
Problem 2.63 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 2.64 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
du
Basic equation τrθ = μ⋅ Shear force F = τ⋅ A Torque T = F⋅ R Power P = T⋅ ω
dr
V2 = ω2(R + δ)
δ (ω1 − ω2)⋅ R
τrθ = μ⋅ Because δ << R
δ
V1 = ω1R
(
μ⋅ ω1 − ω2 ⋅ R )
Then P = T⋅ ω2 = F⋅ R⋅ ω2 = τ⋅ A2 ⋅ R⋅ ω2 = ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R⋅ L⋅ R⋅ ω2
δ
( )
2 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ ω2 ⋅ ω1 − ω2 ⋅ R ⋅ L
3
P=
δ
P⋅ δ
Hence μ=
( )
3
2 ⋅ π⋅ ω2 ⋅ ω1 − ω2 ⋅ R ⋅ L
−4 2 2
10⋅ W × 2.5 × 10 ⋅m 1 min 1 min 1 1 N⋅ m ⎛ rev ⎞ × ⎛ 60⋅ s ⎞
μ = × ⋅ × ⋅ × × × × ⎜ 2 ⋅ π⋅ rad ⎜
2⋅ π 9000 rev 1000 rev
( .01⋅ m)
3 0.02⋅ m s⋅ W ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ min ⎠
N⋅ s
μ = 0.202 ⋅ μ = 2.02⋅ poise which corresponds to SAE 30 oil at 30oC.
2
m
Problem 2.65 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 2.65 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 2.66 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 2.67 [Difficulty: 4]
N (rpm) µ (N·s/m )
2
The data is
10 0.121
20 0.139
30 0.153
40 0.159
50 0.172
60 0.172
70 0.183
80 0.185
The computed data is
k = 0.0449
n - 1 = 0.2068
n = 1.21 The fluid is dilatant
1000
Data
η (N.s/m x10 )
3
Power Trendline
2
100
η = 44.94(ω/θ)0.2068
R2 = 0.9925
10
100 1000
Shear Rate ω/θ (1/s)
Problem 2.69 [Difficulty: 4]
we can use the Bingham plastic formula to solve for µ p given τ , τ y and du/dy from above
2
µp = 0.652 N·s/m
300
250
Linear data fit:
200 τ = 0.9632(du/dy ) + 154.34
150 R2 = 0.9977
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
du/dy (1/s)
Problem 2.70 [Difficulty: 3]
1
1.06 200
1 10 100 1000
1.46 300
1.78 400
0.1 τ = 0.0162(du/dy)0.7934
R2 = 0.9902
0.01
du/dy (1/s)
5 0.0116
10 0.0101 Hence, blood is "thicker" than water!
25 0.0083
50 0.0072
100 0.0063
200 0.0054
300 0.0050
400 0.0047
Problem 2.71 [Difficulty: 5]
Problem 2.72 [Difficulty: 5]
Problem 2.73 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution: ds dz
du z
Basic equation τ = μ⋅ dT = r⋅ τ⋅ dA Infinitesimal shear torque AA
dy
r
Assumptions: Newtonian fluid, linear velocity profile (in narrow clearance gap), no slip condition
Section AA
r U = ωr
tan( θ) = so r = z⋅ tan( θ)
z
a
du ∆u ( ω⋅ r − 0 ) μ⋅ ω⋅ z⋅ tan( θ)
Then τ = μ⋅ = μ⋅ = μ⋅ =
dy ∆y (a − 0) a
As we move up the device, shear stress increases linearly (because rate of shear strain does)
dz
But from the sketch dz = ds ⋅ cos( θ) dA = 2 ⋅ π⋅ r⋅ ds = 2 ⋅ π⋅ r⋅
cos( θ)
3 3
μ⋅ ω⋅ z⋅ tan( θ) dz 2 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ ω⋅ z ⋅ tan( θ)
The viscous torque on the element of area is dT = r⋅ τ⋅ dA = r⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r⋅ dT = ⋅ dz
a cos( θ) a⋅ cos( θ)
3 4
π⋅ μ⋅ ω⋅ tan( θ) ⋅ H
Integrating and using limits z = H and z = 0 T=
2 ⋅ a⋅ cos( θ)
2 ⋅ a⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ T
μ=
Solving for µ 3 4
π⋅ ω⋅ tan( θ) ⋅ H
rev
Using given data H = 25⋅ mm θ = 30⋅ deg a = 0.2⋅ mm ω = 75⋅ T = 0.325 ⋅ N⋅ m
s
2 ⋅ a⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ T N⋅ s
μ = μ = 1.012 ⋅
3 4 2
π⋅ ω⋅ tan( θ) ⋅ H m
Find: Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear stress; Expression for total torque; Total torque
Solution:
du
Basic equation τ = μ⋅ dT = r⋅ τ⋅ dA
dy
Assumptions: Newtonian fluid, narrow clearance gap, laminar motion
du u−0 u
From the figure r = R⋅ sin( θ) u = ω⋅ r = ω⋅ R⋅ sin( θ) = =
dy h h
du μ⋅ ω⋅ R⋅ sin( θ)
Then τ = μ⋅ =
dy a + R⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
θ = acos⎛⎜ ⎞ = acos⎛ 75 ⎞
R
R⋅ cos( θ) − R + a⋅ cos( θ) = 0 ⎜ 75 + 0.5 θ = 6.6⋅ deg
⎝ R + a⎠ ⎝ ⎠
kg
2
m⋅ s 70 rad 1 N⋅ s
τ = 12.5⋅ poise × 0.1⋅ × 2 ⋅ π⋅ ⋅ × 0.075 ⋅ m × sin( 6.6⋅ deg) × ×
poise 60 s [ 0.0005 + 0.075 ⋅ ( 1 − cos( 6.6⋅ deg) ) ] ⋅ m m⋅ kg
N
τ = 79.2⋅
2
m
θ
⌠ max 4 2
⌠ ⎮ μ⋅ ω⋅ R ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ cos( θ) ⎛ R0 ⎞
The torque is T = ⎮ r⋅ τ⋅ A dθ = dθ wher θmax = asin⎜ θmax = 15.5⋅ deg
⌡ ⎮ a + R⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⎝R⎠
⌡ e
0
−3
This integral is best evaluated numerically using Excel, Mathcad, or a good calculator T = 1.02 × 10 ⋅ N⋅ m
Problem 2.77 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 2.78 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
For a steel needle of length L, diameter D, density ρs, to float in water with surface tension σ and contact angle θ, the vertical
force due to surface tension must equal or exceed the weight
2
π⋅ D 8 ⋅ σ⋅ cos( θ)
2 ⋅ L⋅ σ⋅ cos( θ) ≥ W = m⋅ g = ⋅ ρs⋅ L⋅ g or D≤
4 π⋅ ρs⋅ g
−3 N kg
From Table A.4 σ = 72.8 × 10 ⋅ θ = 0 ⋅ deg and for water ρ = 1000⋅
m 3
m
3 2
8 ⋅ σ⋅ cos( θ) 8 −3 N m s kg⋅ m −3
Hence = × 72.8 × 10 ⋅ × × × = 1.55 × 10 ⋅ m = 1.55⋅ mm
π⋅ SG ⋅ ρ⋅ g π⋅ 7.83 m 999 ⋅ kg 9.81⋅ m 2
N⋅ s
Hence D < 1.55 mm. Only the 1 mm needles float (needle length is irrelevant)
Problem 2.79 [Difficulty: 3]
D (in.) ∆h (in.)
0.1 0.232
0.2 0.183
0.3 0.090
0.4 0.059
0.5 0.052
0.6 0.033 A = 0.403
0.7 0.017 b = 4.530
0.8 0.010
0.9 0.006 The fit is a good one (R2 = 0.9919)
1.0 0.004
1.1 0.003
0.3
∆h = 0.403e-4.5296D
R2 = 0.9919
0.2
∆h (in.)
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
D (in.)
Problem 2.80 [Difficulty: 2]
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Slowly fill a glass with water to the maximum possible
level before it overflows. Observe the water level closely. Explain how it can be higher than the rim of the
glass.
Discussion: Surface tension can cause the maximum water level in a glass to be higher than the rim of
the glass. The same phenomenon causes an isolated drop of water to “bead up” on a smooth surface.
Surface tension between the water/air interface and the glass acts as an invisible membrane that allows
trapped water to rise above the level of the rim of the glass. The mechanism can be envisioned as forces
that act in the surface of the liquid above the rim of the glass. Thus the water appears to defy gravity by
attaining a level higher than the rim of the glass.
To experimentally demonstrate that this phenomenon is the result of surface tension, set the liquid level
nearly as far above the glass rim as you can get it, using plain water. Add a drop of liquid detergent (the
detergent contains additives that reduce the surface tension of water). Watch as the excess water runs over
the side of the glass.
Problem 2.81 [Difficulty: 5]
Discussion: Two basic kinds of experiment are possible for an undergraduate laboratory:
1. Using a clear small-diameter tube, compare the capillary rise of the unknown liquid with that of a
known liquid (compare with water, because it is similar to the unknown liquid).
This method would be simple to set up and should give fairly accurate results. A vertical
traversing optical microscope could be used to increase the precision of measuring the liquid
height in each tube.
A drawback to this method is that the specific gravity and co ntact angle of the two liquids must be
the same to allow the capillary rises to be compared.
The capillary rise would be largest and therefore easiest to measure accurately in a tube with the
smallest practical diameter. Tubes of several diameters could be used if desired.
2. Dip an object into a pool of test liquid and measure the vertical force required to pull the object
from the liquid surface.
The object might be made rectangular (e.g., a sheet of plastic material) or circular (e.g., a metal
ring). The net force needed to pull the same object from each liquid should be proportional to the
surface tension of each liquid.
This method would be simple to set up. However, the force magnitudes to be measured would be
quite small.
A drawback to this method is that the contact angles of the two liquids must be the same.
The first method is probably best for undergraduate laboratory use. A quantitative estimate of experimental
measurement uncertainty is impossible without knowing details of the test setup. It might be reasonable to
expect results accurate to within ± 10% of the true surface tension.
*Net force is the total vertical force minus the weight of the object. A buoyancy correction would be
necessary if part of the object were submerged in the test liquid.
Problem 2.82 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 2.83 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
2
u = a + b ⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
+ c⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
Basic equation
⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠
Assumptions: No slip, at outer edge u = U and τ = 0
At y = 0 0=a a=0
At y = δ U= a+ b+ c b+c=U (1)
du
At y = δ τ = μ⋅ =0
dy
2
a + b ⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
+ c⋅ ⎛⎜
d y⎞ b y b c
0= = + 2 ⋅ c⋅ = + 2⋅ b + 2⋅ c = 0 (2)
dy ⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠ δ 2
δ
δ δ
From 1 and 2 c = −U b = 2⋅ U
2 2
u = 2 ⋅ U⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
− U⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
= 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜
u y⎞ ⎛y⎞
Hence − ⎜δ
⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠ U ⎝δ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1
Dimensionless Height
0.75
0.5
0.25
Dimensionless Velocity
Problem 2.84 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
3
u = a + b ⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
+ c⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
Basic equation
⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠
Assumptions: No slip, at outer edge u = U and τ = 0
At y = 0 0=a a=0
At y = δ U= a+ b+ c b+c=U (1)
du
At y = δ τ = μ⋅ =0
dy
3 2
a + b ⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
+ c⋅ ⎛⎜
d y⎞ b y b c
0= = + 3 ⋅ c⋅ = + 3⋅ b + 3⋅ c = 0 (2)
dy ⎝δ⎠ ⎝δ⎠ δ 3
δ
δ δ
U 3
From 1 and 2 c=− b= ⋅U
2 2
3 3
3⋅ U
⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜
U u 3 1 y⎞
Hence u= − = −
2 ⎝δ⎠ 2 ⎝δ⎠ U 2 ⎝δ⎠ 2 ⎝δ⎠
1
Dimensionless Height
0.75
0.5
0.25
Dimensionless Velocity
Problem 2.85 [Difficulty: 1]
Solution:
Basic equation V = M⋅ c and M = 0.3 for compressibility effects
Hence V = M ⋅ c = M ⋅ k ⋅ R⋅ T
1
2
ft⋅ lbf 32.2⋅ lbm⋅ ft 60⋅ mph
V = 0.3 × ⎡1.4 × 53.33 ⋅ × × ( 60 + 460 ) ⋅ R⎤ ⋅ V = 229 ⋅ mph
⎢ lbm⋅ R 2 ⎥ ft
⎣ lbf ⋅ s ⎦ 88⋅
s
Problem 2.86 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
ρ⋅ V⋅ D
Basic equation For pipe flow (Section 2-6) Re = = 2300 for transition to turbulence
μ
2
π⋅ D
Also flow rate Q is given by Q= ⋅V
4
We can combine these equations and eliminate V to obtain an expression for Re in terms of D and Q
ρ⋅ V⋅ D ρ⋅ D 4 ⋅ Q 4 ⋅ Q⋅ ρ 4 ⋅ Q⋅ ρ
Re = = ⋅ = Re =
μ μ 2 π⋅ μ⋅ D π⋅ μ⋅ D
π⋅ D
For a given flow rate Q, as the diameter is reduced the Reynolds number increases (due to the velocity increasing with A -1 or D -2).
4 ⋅ Q⋅ ρ
Hence for turbulence (Re = 2300), solving for D D=
2300⋅ π⋅ μ
Din
The nozzle is tapered: Din = 50⋅ mm Dout = Dout = 22.4⋅ mm
5
− 3 N⋅ s kg
Carbon tetrachloride: μCT = 10 ⋅ (Fig A.2) For water ρ = 1000⋅
2 3
m m
kg
SG = 1.595 (Table A.2) ρCT = SG⋅ ρ ρCT = 1595
3
m
L 4 ⋅ Q⋅ ρCT 4 ⋅ Q⋅ ρCT
For the given flow rate Q = 2⋅ = 1354 LAMINAR = 3027 TURBULENT
min π⋅ μCT⋅ Din π⋅ μCT⋅ Dout
4 ⋅ Q⋅ ρCT
For the diameter at which we reach turbulence D = D = 29.4⋅ mm
2300⋅ π⋅ μCT
Lturb D − Din
But L = 250 ⋅ mm and linear ratios leads to the distance from D in at which D = 29.4⋅ mm =
L Dout − Din
D − Din
Lturb = L⋅ Lturb = 186 ⋅ mm
Dout − Din
Problem 2.87 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
ρ⋅ V⋅ D V⋅ D
Basic equation For pipe flow (Section 2-6) Re = =
μ ν
2
−7 m m 1 s
At 20oC, from Fig. A.3 ν = 9 × 10 ⋅ and so Re = 0.25⋅ × 0.005 ⋅ m × ⋅ Re = 1389
s s −7 2
9 × 10 m
V⋅ D
For the heated pipe Re = = 2300 for transition to turbulence
ν
2
V⋅ D 1 m −7m
Hence ν= = × 0.25⋅ × 0.005 ⋅ m ν = 5.435 × 10
2300 2300 s s
From Fig. A.3, the temperature of water at this viscosity is approximately T = 52⋅ C
Problem 2.88 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
Basic equation V = M⋅ c and c= k⋅ R⋅ T For air at STP, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9J/kg.K (53.33 ft.lbf/lbmoR).
V V
Hence M= =
c k ⋅ R⋅ T
We need to find the viscosity and density at this altitude and pressure. The viscosity depends on temperature only, but at 223.5
K = - 50oC, it is off scale of Fig. A.3. Instead we need to use formulas as in Appendix A
kg kg
At this altitude the density is (Table A.3) ρ = 0.02422× 1.225⋅ ρ = 0.0297
3 3
1 m m
2
b ⋅T −6 kg
For µ μ= where b = 1.458 × 10 ⋅ S = 110.4 ⋅ K
S 1
1+
T 2
m⋅ s ⋅ K
− 5 kg − 5 N⋅s
μ = 1.459 × 10 μ = 1.459 × 10 ⋅
m⋅ s 2
m
3
− 5 kg 1 m 1 1 hr 3600⋅ s
Hence x trans = 1.459 × 10 ⋅ × 500000× ⋅ × × ⋅ × x trans = 0.327m
m⋅ s 0.0297 kg 2700 3 m 1⋅ hr
10
Problem 2.89 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
μ μ
Data on SAE 30 oil SG or density is limited in the Appendix. We can Google it or use the following ν= so ρ=
ρ ν
2
− 3 N⋅ s −5 m
At 100 oC, from Figs. A.2 and A.3 μ = 9 × 10 ⋅ ν = 1 × 10 ⋅
2 s
m
− 3 N⋅ s 1 s kg⋅ m kg
ρ = 9 × 10 ⋅ × ⋅ × ρ = 900
2 −5 2 2 3
m 1 × 10 m s ⋅N m
ρ kg
Hence SG = ρwater = 1000⋅ SG = 0.9
ρwater 3
m
2
kg m N⋅ s 3 N
The specific weight is γ = ρ⋅ g γ = 900 ⋅ × 9.81⋅ × γ = 8.829 × 10 ⋅
3 2 kg⋅ m 3
m s m
2
π⋅ D 4⋅ Q
For pipe flow (Section 2-6) Q= ⋅V so V=
4 2
π⋅ D
−6 3 3
10 ⋅m 1 1 −5m
Q = 100 ⋅ mL × × ⋅ Q = 1.111 × 10
1 ⋅ mL 9 s s
3 2
4 −5 m ⎛ 1 ⋅ 1 × 1000⋅ mm ⎞ m
Then V = × 1.11 × 10 ⋅ × ⎜ 12 mm V = 0.0981
π s ⎝ 1⋅ m ⎠ s
ρ⋅ V⋅ D
Hence Re =
μ
2 2
kg m 1 m N⋅ s
Re = 900 ⋅ × 0.0981⋅ × 0.012 ⋅ m × ⋅ × Re = 118
3 s − 3 N⋅ s kg⋅ m
m 9 × 10
Flow is laminar
Problem 2.90 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
For boundary layer transition, from Section 2-6 Retrans = 500000
where k = 1.4
R = 286.9 J/kg·K (Table A.6)
c = 318 m/s
We also have
V = 700 km/hr
or V = 194 m/s
Hence M = V/c or
M = 0.611
Discussion: The sketch shows the cross-section of a typical airplane wing. The airfoil section is
rounded at the front, curved across the top, reaches maximum thickness about a third of the way back, and
then tapers slowly to a fine trailing edge. The bottom of the airfoil section is relatively flat. (The discussion
below also applies to a symmetric airfoil at an angle of incidence that produces lift.)
In the absence of viscous effects (this is a valid assumption outside the boundary layers on the airfoil)
pressure falls when flow speed increases. Thus the pressures on the top surface of the airfoil where flow
speed is higher are lower than the pressures on the bottom surface where flow speed does not increase.
(Actual pressure profiles measured for a lifting section are shown in the NCFMF video Boundary Layer
Control.) The unbalanced pressures on the top and bottom surfaces of the airfoil section create a net force
that tends to develop lift on the profile.